Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions

$+Centro Ricerche Euron

Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions


Contributors

P. Dilara, R. Hummel, G. De SantiDG-JRC, Environment Institute, Ispra, Italy

F. Giavazzi, G. Martini, R. CarboneAgip Petroli CREA, Milan, Italy

A. KrasenbrinkDLR-IVF, Berlin, Germany


Objectives

• To assess:– the effect of fuel quality and engine technology on

particulate emissions and in particular on the total mass of the emitted particles , on their mass/size distribution and number/size distribution

– the influence of the measurement method and the location of sample extraction on the test results

– the relation between number of particles and mass of particulates

– the relation between the legislative emission test results and the constant speed test results


• 2 Modern 1.9L Diesel Passenger Cars• Direct Injection Rotary Pump (SI)• Common Rail (CR)• Emission level: Euro II

• 2 Fuel Qualities• Standard fuel, current quality (2000 specifications) (SF)• “Clean” Fuel: Sulphur-free, low aromatics, low density

(CF)

• Test conditions• NEDC• Constant Speed: Idle, 30, 50, 120 km/h

Test Matrix


Instrumentation

• Standard Emission Racks• NOx, CO, HC

• Particulates • Filters• Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)• Low Pressure Impactors (LPI-11 and LPI-8)

– The LPI-11 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the diluted exhaust gas sampled from the conventional dilution tunnel

– The LPI-8 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the raw exhaust gas sampled directly from the tailpipe


Instrumentation - Sampling Points

ParticulateFilters

To Vent

CVSUnit

Ambient Air

SMPS LPI-11

LPI-8


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

HC CO NOx PM*10 HC CO NOx PM*10

g/k

m SF

CF

Rotary Pump Vehicle

Common Rail Vehicle

NEDC Cycle- Regulated Emissions


NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

SF SF CF CF

FILTER

IMPACTOR

Rotary Pump Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

SF SF CF CF

g/k

m

FILTER

IMPACTOR

Common Rail Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SF

CF

Common Rail Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SF

CF

Rotary Pump Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Engine Technology Effect

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.) (

mg/

km)

SI 1

SI 2

CR 1

CR 2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.) (

mg/

km)

SI 1

SI 2

CR 1

CR 2

Standard Fuel “Clean” Fuel


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

h)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution

Idle



32 km/h

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF



50 km/h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF



120 km/h

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF


Total Particulate Mass Effect of test conditions and effect of fuel

quality

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

32 km/h 50 km/h 120km/h

cycle 32 km/h 50 km/h 120km/h

cycle

mg

/km SF

CF

Rotary Pump Vehicle

Common Rail Vehicle


Mass/Size Distribution

Mass Median Diameter (MMD)

SI_SF SI_SF SI_CF SI_CF CR_SF CR_SF CR_CF CR_CF

0km/h32km/h

50km/h120km/h

Cycle

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

MMD(nm)


Constant Speed - Total Mass (Impactors)

LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust)

0.01

0.1

1

10

0.01 0.1 1 10

LPI-10 (mg/s)

LP

I-8

(m

g/s

)

CR-Vehicle

SI-Vehicle



LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

CR - SF (Dil)

CR - SF (Raw)

CR - CF (Dil)

CR - CF (Raw)

Common Rail Vehicle




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

CR - SF (Dil)

CR - SF (Raw)

CR - CF (Dil)

CR - CF (Raw)

Common Rail Vehicle




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SI - SF (Dil)

SI - SF (Raw)

SI - CF (Dil)

SI - CF (Raw)

Rotary Pump Vehicle




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SI - SF (Dil)

SI - SF (Raw)

SI - CF (Dil)

SI - CF (Raw)

Rotary Pump Vehicle


Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution

32 km/h

0

1E+13

2E+13

3E+13

4E+13

5E+13

6E+13

7E+13

8E+13

10 100 1000

Diameter (nm)

dN/d

log

D (

1/k

m)

SI - SF

SI - CF

CR - SF

CR - CF


Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution

120 km/h

0

1E+13

2E+13

3E+13

4E+13

5E+13

6E+13

7E+13

8E+13

9E+13

10 100 1000

Diameter (nm)

dN/d

log

D (

1/k

m)

SI - SF

SI - CF

CR - SF

CR - CF


Constant Speed TestsParticle Number (SMPS) vs Mass (LPI-11)

1.E+11

1.E+12

1.E+13

1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01

LPI-10 (mg/s)

SM

PS

(#

/s)

CR-Vehicle

SI-Vehicle


CONCLUSIONS• The effects of fuel quality and engine technology

were more or less pronounced or not even detected; different conclusions can be drawn...

…depending on the measuring method, sampling location and test condition

• Current vehicle exhaust emission standards are based on mass measurement of PM that has proved to be quite simple and reliable

• Much more work is needed before new measures such as particle number can be proposed as a reliable supplement to mass measurements

Documents

Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions