Effect of Associated Bacteria on the Growth and Toxicity of Alexandrium catenella

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  • 8/8/2019 Effect of Associated Bacteria on the Growth and Toxicity of Alexandrium catenella

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    evcurd rc `dl`j rdl ntlkm` prnr|p: dculqlv) rdl} bmb kcrvlxcvr rdl avl~|lk`} ca ockmrcvmke f} om`vcp`cx}+ Ocvlvl`lkri}) Dcib lr ni+ $>>- blrlvomklb f} dmed/xlvacvonk`lim~|mb `dvconrcevnxd} $DXI@- rdl nfmimr} ca ruc Niltnk/bvm|o pxl`mlp rc xvcb|`l rctmkp mk fn`rlvm|o/avll `|ir|vlp+Rdl} ac|kb rdnr rdl evcurd vnrl nkb rctmk xvcil ca Nilt/nkbvm|o i|pmrnkm`|o ulvl pmominv mk fn`rlvm|o/avll nkb `ck/rvci `|ir|vlp) nirdc|ed rdl fn`rlvm|o/avll `|ir|vl elklvnii}xvcb|`lb n invelv noc|kr ca rctmkp+ Fn`rlvmn limomknrmck mkrdl crdlv pxl`mlp ltnomklb) Niltnkbvm|o rnonvlkpl) bmb kcrnaal`r rdl evcurd vnrlp nkb rctmk xvcil f|r mk pcol `nplpbl`vlnplb rdl noc|kr ca pcol rctmkp+ Dculqlv) pmk`l ocprf|r kcr nii rctmkp xvcb|`lb f} N+ rnonvlkpl ulvl olnp|vlb)

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    ulvl onmkrnmklb f} evcurd mk a#6 olbm|o $1) >1- nr >5 @ umrd288 om`vclmkprlmkp#o6) |kblv n >174 imedr/bnvjklpp mii|omkn/rmck `}`il+ Rc cfrnmk ntlkm` `|ir|vlp) `liip avco n xvlqmc|pi}blp`vmflb `ickni `|ir|vl) N@@85 $60-) ulvl p|fgl`rlb rc pl/~|lkrmni unpdmke $narlv nfc|r rdvll b|xim`nrmckp- nkb rvlnr/olkr umrd elkrnom`mk $8+8< oe#oi- nkb xlkm`miimk E $8+6 oe#oi- $Pmeon @dlom`ni @c+) Pr+ Ic|mp) Oc+-+ Acv unpdmke) 68 rc08 oi ca olbmn) `ckrnmkmke nxxvctmonrli} >82 `liip) ulvl i/rlvlb rdvc|ed nk >>/o/xcvl/pmwl k}ick olpd nrrn`dlb rc rdllkb ca n >6) >2-: rdl xvc`lb|vl acv om`vcp`cx} niiculbblrl`rmck rc ckl fn`rlvmn xlv bmkcstneliinrl+ Acv blrl`rmck f}X@V noxim`nrmck ca fn`rlvmni >1P/60P vBKN pxn`lvp) BKN

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    `cx} narlv ql p|``lppmql rvlnrolkrp+ Vlocqni ca fn`rlvmn unpn`dmlqlb narlv ql rc plqlk rvlnrolkrp mk ac|v mkblxlkblkrltxlvmolkrp+ Rdl nfplk`l ca fn`rlvmn mk rdl nkrmfmcrm /rvlnrlb`|ir|vl unp `dl`jlb f} blrl`rmck ca fn`rlvmni elklp $m+l+) rdl

    vlemck xvlplkr flrullk rdl vVKN elklp >1P nkb 60P-+ BKNltrvn`rlb avco `|ir|vlp `ckrnmkmke fn`rlvmn nkb rdnr ltrvn`rlbavco rdl ntlkm` `|ir|vlp ulvl |plb np rloxinrlp acv rdl no/xim`nrmck ca >1P/60P vBKN pxn`lvp) umrd xvmolvp `coock acvocpr ca rdl jkcuk fn`rlvmni pxl`mlp $>0-+ Rdmp nppn} uc|ibniicu blrl`rmck ca xcrlkrmni fn`rlvmn |kcfplvqnfil f} om`vcp/`cx} rdnr rmedri} nbdlvlb rc ltrlvkni cv mkrlvkni `coxcklkrp cardl bmkcstneliinrl `liip+ Rdl vlp|irp ca rdmp nppn} nvl mii|prvnrlbmk Ame+ 6 nkb pdculb rdl nfplk`l ca noximnfil fn`rlvmni BKNmk rdl ntlkm` `|ir|vl) lqlk udlk |pmke nr ilnpr >8 rmolp ocvlrloxinrl BKN rdnk mk rdl fn`rlvm|o/ ckrnmkmke `|ir|vl+ Fn`/rlvmn ulvl nipc `dl`jlb narlv icke/rlvo mk`|fnrmck mk rdl nf/plk`l ca nkrmfmcrm`p+ Mk rdmp nppn}) mr unp ltxl`rlb rdnr nk}

    fn rlvmn vlonmkmke mk `|ir|vl uc|ib lqlkr|nii} mk`vlnpl mkk|oflv) np cfplvqlb umrd rdl `|ir|vl |krvlnrlb umrd nkrmfmcr/m`p+ Kckl ca plqlvni nkrmfmcrm /rvlnrlb `|ir|vlp pdculb rdlxvlplk`l ca fn`rlvmn narlv pmt ocvl p|f`|ir|vlp ca > rc >8bmi|rmckp f} fcrd lxmst|cvlp`lk`l om`vcp`cx} nkb X@V noxim/`nrmck ca rdl fn`rlvmni vmfcpconi pxn`lv $vlp|irp kcr pdcuk-+

    Rdl evcurd xnvnolrlvp ca rdl |krvlnrlb `|ir|vl nkb rdlrvlnrlb ntlkm` `|ir|vlp nvl pdcuk mk Ame+ 0+ Rdl evcurd vnrlp caN+ `nrlkliin ulvl mkbmprmke|mpdnfil flrullk rdl ruc) umrd nqni|l ca 8+6 bn}>) `cvvlpxckbmke rc nk nxxvctmonrl bc|fimkermol ca 0+0 bn}p+ Rdl prnkbnvb blqmnrmck ca rdl evcurd vnrlcfplvqlb mk ocvl rdnk >8 evcurd `|vqlp umrd rdmp mpcinrl unp8+80 bn}>+ Fcrd `|ir|vlp vln`dlb n prnrmcknv} xdnpl nr n`ck`lkrvnrmck ca nfc|r 0 >82 `liip#oi+ Rdl bmaalvlk`l cf/

    AME+ >+ Evcurd caN+ `nrlkliin nkb fn`rlvmn mk fnr`d `|ir|vlp narlvp|``lppmql unpdmke $N- nkb narlv p|``lppmql unpdmke nkb nkrmfmcrm`rvlnrolkrp $F-+ Bmkcstneliinrl nkb fn`rlvmni `liip ulvl blrlvomklb f}bmvl`r nkb lxmst|cvlp`lk`l om`vcp`cx}) vlpxl`rmqli}+ Bmkcstneliinrl `lii`ck`lkrvnrmck $-) fn`rlvmni `lii `ck`lkrvnrmck $-) nkb k|oflv cafn`rlvmni `liip xlv bmkcstneliinrl `lii $A- nvl pdcuk+ Nvvcup mkbm`nrlrdl xcmkrp nr udm`d unpdmke unp `ckb|`rlb+ Bvcxp mk bmkc stneliinrl `lii`ck`lkrvnrmck nr rdlpl xcmkrp `cvvlpxckb rc bmi|rmck narlv unpdmke+

    118 \VMFL NKB LPXLGC NXXI+ LKQMVCK+ OM@VCFMCI+

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    plvqlb flrullk `|ir|vlp unp nr rdl prnrmcknv} xdnpl) udlk rdlk|oflv ca bmkcstneliinrl `liip cfplvqlb |kblv rdl om`vcp`cxlbl`vlnplb o|`d anprlv mk rdl fn`rlvm|o/`ckrnmkmke `|ir|vl+Rdmp p|eelprp rdnr bmpmkrlevnrmck ca prnvqmke cv blnb N+`nrlkliin `liip mp onmki} b|l rc rdl xvlplk`l ca fn`rlvmn mk rdl`|ir|vl+ A|vrdlvocvl) rdl evcurd ca fn`rlvmn mk rdl |krvlnrlb`|ir|vl xnvniililb rdl mk`vlnpl ca bmkcstneliinrlp b|vmke rdlltxcklkrmni evcurd xdnpl) onmkrnmkmke n vc|edi} `ckprnkr vnrmcca 0)888 fn`rlvmn xlv bmkcstneliinrl `lii+ Rdl rcrni k|oflv cafn`rlvmn vlonmklb `ckprnkr narlv rdl bmkcstneliinrlp vln`dlbrdl prnrmcknv} xdnpl: dculqlv) rdl} iccjlb pmekm`nkri} invelv+Rdlpl inpr cfplvqnrmckp p|eelpr rdnr fn`rlvmn mk rdmp `|ir|vl nvlpnxvcxd}rm`) xvcfnfi} allbmke ck bmkcstneliinrl f}/xvcb|`rp+Rdl evcurd `|ir|vl xnvnolrlvp) evcurd vnrl) nkb prnrmcknv}/xdnpl `lii `ck`lkrvnrmck ulvl dmedi} vlxvcb|`mfil acv fcrdbmkcstneliinrlp nkb fn`rlvmn+

    Rctm`mr} unp blrlvomklb mk rdlpl ltrvn`rp f} rdl bmaalvlkrolrdcbp blp`vmflb nfcql+ Np cfplvqlb mk Rnfil >) kc pmekm /`nkr bmaalvlk`l unp cfplvqlb flrullk ntlkm` nkb kckntlkm``|ir|vlp f} rdl Lil`rvcrlpr nppn}) f|r fcrd oc|pl fmcnppn} nkbDXI@ pdculb n iculv ilqli ca rctm`mr} mk rdl ntlkm` `|ir|vlp+Rdl vlp|ir ca rdl Pr|blkr r rlpr acv rdl bmaalvlk`lp cfplvqlb

    ulvl 8+>6 acv rdl Lil`rvcrlpr nkb 8+8< acv rdl oc|pl nppn}+Rdc|ed rdl bl`vlnpl cfplvqlb `c|ib fl `ckpmblvlb pmekm`nkracv rdl oc|pl nppn} nkb kcr acv rdl Lil`rvcrlpr) rdl} nvl kcr

    `ckrvnbm`rcv}+ Rdl vlp|irp ca rdl r rlpr mkbm`nrl rdnr rdl xvcf/nfmimr} rdnr rdl bmaalvlk`l cfplvqlb `c|ib fl b|l rc n bmaalvlkrolnk rctm`mr} flrullk ntlkm` nkb kckntlkm` `|ir|vlp mp 8+44 mkckl `npl nkb 8+=< mk rdl crdlv+ Rdl Pr|blkr r rlpr `c|ib kcr flnxximlb acv rdl vlp|irp cfrnmklb f} DXI@ fl`n|pl cki} cklntlkm` `|ir|vl `c|ib fl nkni}wlb+ Dculqlv) rdl `ckblk`lmkrlvqni vnkel umrd n ==, ilqli flrullk rdl qni|lp acv rdlntlkm` nkb kckntlkm` `|ir|vlp bmb kcr cqlvinx) p|eelprmke rdnrrdl bmaalvlk`l cfplvqlb mp pmekm`nkr+ Mkbmqmb|nii}) ln`d rctmkbl`vlnplb rc n pmominv ltrlkr) lt`lxr klcpntmrctmk) udm`d vl/onmklb nr rdl pnol ilqli mk ntlkm` nkb kckntlkm` `|ir|vlp $Ame+2-+ Pmk`l mk lqlv} nppn} rctm`mr} unp olnp|vlb mk ltrvn`rp caxliilrlb `liip) rdl bnrn vlstl`r lt`i|pmqli} rdl ilqli ca rctmk

    vlonmkmke mkpmbl rdl `liip) nkb nbbmrmckni ucvj mp vl~|mvlb rcocvl `coxilrli} `dnvn`rlvmwl rdl laal`rp ca fn`rlvmni vlocqnick rctmk+ Rdlpl e|vlp `nkkcr fl ltrvnxcinrlb rc rctmk xvc/b|`rmck pmk`l rdl ltrlkr ca lt`vlrmck mp |kjkcuk+ Dculqlv) ulpdcu dlvl rdnr N+ `nrlkliin `liip vlonmk rctm` mk fn`rlvm|o/avll`|ir|vl rdc|ed rdmp rctm`mr} on} fl bl`vlnplb rc nfc|r ckl/ard+ Ul nipc pdcu rdnr vlocqni ca rdl cvmemkni n``coxnk}mkefn`rlvmn bclp kcr `dnkel N+ `nrlkliin evcurd xvcxlvrmlp) lt`lxracv `ckalvvmke n dmedlv prnfmimr} narlv vln`dmke rdl prnrmcknv}xdnpl+ Ma rdl laal`r ca nppc`mnrlb fn`rlvmn mk lib `ckbmrmckp mppmominv rc rdnr cfplvqlb mk rdmp ucvj) rdl} `c|ib dnql n onvjlblaal`r ck rdl rctm`mr} ca rdl bmkcstneliinrl evcumke mk n ficco+Rdl nppc`mnrlb fn`rlvmn `c|ib nipc mk`vlnpl bmkcstneliinrl bl/rlvmcvnrmck narlv rdl ficco vln`dlp ontmo|o blkpmr}) dnqmke n

    AME+ 6+ Xci}n v}inombl eli lil`rvcxdcvlpmp ca rdl X@V noxim`n/rmck xvcb|`rp cfrnmklb avco kckrvlnrlb $KR- nkb nkrmfmcrm`/rvlnrlb$R- N+ `nrlkliin `|ir|vlp+ BKN ltrvn`rlb avco bmkcstneliinrl nkb fn`/rlvmni `liip `ck`lkrvnrlb f} `lkrvma|enrmck unp |plb acv noxim`nrmck cafn`rlvmni >1P/60P vBKN pxn`lvp rc blrl`r rdl xvlplk`l ca fn`rlvmn+ 64PvBKN ca bmkcstneliinrlp unp nipc noximlb np n `ckrvci ca BKNltrvn`rmck+ Inklp B `cvvlpxckb rc rdl xvcb|`r narlv noxim `nrmck acv64P vBKN avco N+ `nrlkliin $B>/B6 avneolkr ca 1== fx-+ Inklp F`cvvlpxckb rc noxim`nrmck acv >1P/60P fn`rlvmni vBKN pxn`lvp+ P|f/p`vmxrp mkbm`nrl rdl BKN bmi|rmck $ice >8 bmi|rmck- loxic}lb acv no/xim`nrmck+ Inkl O `cvvlpxckbp rc rdl ocil`|inv pmwl inbblv onvjlv:rdl nvvcu mkbm`nrlp + Rctm`mr} $alorcocilp ca pntmrctmk l~|mqnilkrp#`lii- mkltrvn`rp avco N+ `nrlkliin `|ir|vlp umrd qnv}mke k|oflvp ca

    nppc`mnrlb fn`rlvmnn

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    xcklkrmni xdnpl udlk rdl `ck`lkrvnrmck unp >8)888 rc 68)888 `liip#oi+ Rvlnrlbvlalvp rc pnoxilp `ciil`rlb avco `|ir|vlp nr bmaalvlkr prnelp ca rdl p|``lppmqlnkrmfmcrm` rvlnrolkr+

    QCI+ 1=) 6880 RCTM@MR] MK NTLKM@ N+ @NRLKLIIN @\IR\VLP 11>

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