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7/29/2019 EES01-Embeded Sys. Introduction
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Embedded Electronic Systems
G
raphics:
AlexandraNolte,GesineMarwedel,2003
Davide BrunelliDISI University of Trento
AA 2010-2011 P.Marwedel
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Motivation for Course (1)
According to forecasts characterizedby terms such as
Disappearing computer,
Ubiquitous computing,
Pervasive computing,
Ambient intelligence,
Post-PC era,
Cyber-physical systems.Basic technologies:
Embedded Systems
Communication technologies
P.Marwedel
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Motivation for Course (2)
Information technology (IT) is on the verge of anotherrevolution. Driven by the increasing capabilities and ever declining costsof computing and communications devices, IT is being embedded into agrowing range of physical devices linked together through networks andwill become ever more pervasive as the component technologies become
smaller, faster, and cheaper... These networked systems of embeddedcomputers ... have the potential to change radically the way people interactwith their environment by linking together a range of devices and sensorsthat will allow information to be collected, shared, and processed in
unprecedented ways. ... The use of [these embedded computers]
throughout society could well dwarf previous milestones in theinformation revolution.
National Research Council Report (US)Embedded Everywhere
Source. Ed Lee, UC Berkeley,ARTEMIS Embedded SystemsConference, Graz, 5/2006]
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Growing importance of embedded systems (1)
Spending on GPS units exceeded $100 mln during Thanksgivingweek, up 237% from 2006 More people bought GPS units thanbought PCs, NPD found. [www.itfacts.biz, Dec. 6th, 2007]
, the market forremote home health monitoringis expected to
generate $225mln revenue in 2011, up from less than $70mln in2006, according to Parks Associates. . [www.itfacts.biz, Sep. 4th, 2007]
According to IDC the identity and access management(IAM) marketin Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) is expected to increase at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of13.1% to reach $189.3 mln
by 2012 [www.itfacts.biz, July 26th, 2008].
Accessing the Internet via a mobile device up by82% in the US, by49% in Europe, from May 2007 to May 2008 [www.itfacts.biz, July29th, 2008]
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Growing importance of embedded systems (2)
.. but embedded chips form the backbone of theelectronics driven world in which we live ... they arepart of almost everything that runs on electricity[Mary Ryan, EEDesign, 1995]
The future is embedded, Embedded is the future!
Foundation for the post PC era
ES hardly discussed in other CS coursesES important for Technical University
ES important for Europe
Scope: sets context for specialized courses
1.3 importance
Importanceof
education
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Where are the CPUs?
Estimated 98% of 8 Billion CPUs produced in 2000 used for embedded apps
Where Has CS Focused?
InteractiveComputers
Servers,etc.
200Mper Year
In Vehicles
Embedded
In Robots
Where Are the Processors?
Look for the CPUsthe Opportunities Will Follow!
8.5B Partsper Year
Robots6% Vehicles12%
Direct2%
Source: DARPA/Intel (Tennenhouse)
Copyright 2003 Mani Srivastava
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History of Computing
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
19982000
Mainframe
Mini
Workstation
PCRouters
Cell phones, PDAs
Networked Embedded
Systems?
IBM
DEC
Sun, HP
Intel, DellCisco
Nokia, Palm
???
Increasing # of computers / personIncreasing connectivity
Technology discontinuities drive new computing paradigms and applications
Copyright 2003 Mani Srivastava
U i ittD t dU i ittD t dU i ittD t d
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Embedded systems
and ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing: Information anytime, anywhere.Embedded systems provide fundamental technology.
CommunicationTechnology
Optical networkingNetwork management
Distributed applicationsService provision
UMTS, DECT, Hiperlan, ATM
European Commission
EmbeddedSystems
RobotsControl systemsFeature extractionand recognitionSensors/actorsA/D-converters
Pervasive/Ubiquitous computingDistributed systems
Embedded web systems
Real-time
Dependability
Qualityof
service
P.Marwedel
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Welcome to EES
Logistic
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Structure of this course
Design Tools
AlgorithmsInfrastructureDesign flows
Architectures
Low-costLow-power
ctrlMSP430
EnergyEfficientMultimedia
proc.ARM-Cortex
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Course Program (1)
MICROCONTROLLER-BASED SYSTEMS- Levels of abstraction in modern microprocessors- Microprocessor-based system architecture- CPU microarchitecture- I/O devices and techniques- Parallel/serial interfaces
- Asynchronous and synchronous communication- Timers- PWM and watchdog- CAN bus and AMBA bus
MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SYSTEMS
- Architecture- Pipelining
SENSORS- Definition of sensor; classification criteria- Active and passive sensors
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Course Program (2)
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (IMS)
Functional block diagram of a communication system; i/o relationshipIMS evolution- wireless sensor networks: organization and characteristics- node architecture
Functional units of a IMS:- sensor: definition, classification criteria, examples
- conditioning: definition, examples- information extraction: definition, examples- analog and digital signal processing: basic components
Analog section: characteristics and performanceA/D section:
- performed functions
- basic components- sampling-and-hold amplifier- quantizationDigital section:- characteristics and performance- definition of on-line and off-line processing- definition of real-time processing (both sequential and block)
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Course Logistics: Instructor Info
Email: [email protected]: +39 0461 28 5221
Office hours: by appointment Im very responsive by email
Please put [EES course] in mail subject line
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Exam
1-hour written examination.There will be two questions:a- general questionb- practical question(e.g. MCU configuration, experience in lab, )
each contributing up to 15 points to the total score.
You can consult your notes and datasheet
The exam is passed if the evaluation of the written test is
at least 18/30.
Final mark can be integrated with a short oral testThe oral test will contribute to the total score with up to amaximum of 3 points,
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Alternative Exam
(strongly encouraged)
Implementation Project work Groups of 1-2 students A set of possible project proposals will be available in the last part of the course.
If you have proposal, come and discuss possible project ideas with me!
Project work completion is not mandatory. The project will be evaluated mainly forthe diligence and the effort of the students
Up to 15 minute power point interactive presentation (slide in English)
like a conference talk with a demo
Up to 12 page report in the style of a technical conference paper (Italian or English)(e.g. IEEE style
www.ieee.org/web/publications/pubservices/confpub/AuthorTools/conferenceTemplates.html )
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Experimenters Board Integrated 12-bit ADC & DAC, Op-
Amps, DMA, Multiplier, LCD Controller
Board: mic, buzzer, LCD,touch-pad, buttons, proto space, RS232,JTAG, 3.5mm audio jack
Chipcon expansion: CCxxx0EMK EVMinteface
Interfaces:SPI, UART, I2C, IrDA
MSP-EXP430FG4618
Tools for Labs & Projects
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Kit includes:2 x eZ430-RF2500T target boards1 x eZ430-RF USB emulator
1 x AAA battery packIAR Kickstart Development ToolWireless Sensor Monitor DemoSimpliciTI preloaded
Documentation and source code
CC2500 Radio
MSP430F2274 MCU
eZ430-RF2500
Tools for Labs & Projects
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WSN, Body Sensors SDK
32 bit RISc architecture (ARC)
Onboard temperature
Light level and humidity sensors
Bitmapped LCD display 128x64
USB connection
Jennic
Tools for Labs & Projects
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Texas Instruments OMAP 3503 ApplicationProcessor with ARM Cortex-A8 CPU600 MHz
256MB RAM 256MB Flash 802.11(g) and Bluetooth
GumStix Overo Air
Tools for Labs & Projects
3.2 Mpixel camera board
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Some Books (for your interest only)
Embedded, Everywhere: A Research Agenda for Networked Systems of Embedded
Computers, National Research Council. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309075688/html/
G.D. Micheli, W. Wolf, R. Ernst, Readings in Hardware/Software Co-Design, Morgan
Kaufman.
S.A. Edwards, Languages for Digital Embedded Systems, Kluwer, 2000.
R. Melhem and R. Graybill, Power Aware Computing, Plenum, 2002.
M. Pedram and J. Rabaey, Power Aware Design Methodologies, Kluwer, 2002.
Hassan Gomaa, "Software Design Methods for Concurrent and Real-Time Systems," Addison-
Wesley, 1993.
P. Lapsley, J. Bier, A. Shoham, and E.A. Lee, DSP Processor Fundamentals: Architecturesand Features, Berkeley Design technology Inc,, 2001.
R. Gupta, "Co-synthesis of Hardware & Software for Embedded Systems," Kluwer, 1995.
Felice Balarin, Massimiliano Chiodo, and Paolo Giusto, "Hardware-Software Co-Design of
Embedded Systems : The Polis Approach," Kluwer, 1997.
P. Marwedel, "Embedded System Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
No books required
unfortunately NO single adequate book existsId mention books as we go along
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Embedded Electronic Systems
Scenarios & Examples
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Application areas (1)
Automotive electronics
Avionics
Trains
Telecommunication
1.2 Application areas P.Marwedel
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Application areas (2)
Medical systemsFor example:
Artificial eye: severalapproaches, e.g.: Camera attached to
glasses; computer worn atbelt; output directly
connected to the brain,pioneering work by WilliamDobelle. Previously at[www.dobelle.com]
Translation into sound; claimingmuch better resolution.[http://www.seeingwithsound.com/etumble.htm]
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Application areas (3)
Authentication
Military applications
http://www.submarine.co.mp/wallpaper/submarine_640.jpg
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Application areas (4)
Consumerelectronics
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Application areas (5)
Smart buildings
Industrial automation
Show movie http://www.date-conference.com/conference/2003/keynotes/index.htm P.Marwedel
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http://www.date-conference.com/conference/http://www.date-conference.com/conference/http://www.date-conference.com/conference/http://www.date-conference.com/conference/http://www.date-conference.com/conference/7/29/2019 EES01-Embeded Sys. Introduction
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Application areas (6)
Robotics
Pipe-climber RobotJohnnie(Courtesy
and :H.Ulbrich, F.Pfeiffer, TUMnchen)
Show movie of 2-legged robot(s) P.Marwedel
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Application Examples
Some embedded systems fromreal life
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Smart Beer Glass
8-bit processor
Capacitive sensor
for fluid level
Inductive coil for RF
ID activation &
power
CPU and reading coil in the table.Reports the level of fluid in the glass,alerts servers when close to empty
Contact less
transmission
of power and
readings
Jakob Engblom
Integrates several technologies:
Radio transmissions Sensor technology Magnetic inductance for
power Computer used for
calibrationImpossible without the computerMeaningless without the
electronics
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Pedometer
Obvious computer work: Count steps
Keep time
Averages
etc.
Hard computer work:
Actually identify when a step is
taken Sensor feels motion of device,
not of user feet
Jakob Engblom
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Mobile phones
Multiprocessor
8-bit/32-bit for UI
DSP for signals
32-bit in IR port
32-bit in Bluetooth
8-100 MB of memory
All custom chips
Power consumption & battery lifedepends on software
Jakob Engblom
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If you want to play
Lego mindstorms robotics kit
Standard controller
8-bit processor
64 kB of memory
Electronics to interface tomotors and sensors
Good way to learnembedded systems
Jakob Engblom P.Marwedel
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Mobile base station
Massive signal processing
Several processing tasks per connectedmobile phone
Based on DSPs
Standard or custom
100s of processors
Jakob Engblom
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Telecom Switch
Rack-based Control cards IO cards
DSP cards ...
Optical & copperconnections
Digital & analog signals
Jakob Engblom
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Smart Welding Machine
Electronics control voltage & speed ofwire feed
Adjusts to operator
kHz sample rate 1000s of decisions/second
Perfect weld even for quite clumsyoperators
Easier-to-use product, but no obviouscomputer
Jakob Engblom
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Sewing Machine
User interface Embroidery patterns Touch-screen control
Smart Sets pressure of foot depending
on task Raise foot when stopped
New functions added by upgradingthe software
Jakob Engblom
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Inside your PC
Custom processors Graphics, sound
32-bit processors
IR, Bluetooth
Network, WLAN
Harddisk
RAID controllers
8-bit processors USB
Keyboard, mouse
Jakob Engblom
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Forestry Machines
Jakob Engblom
Networked computersystem
Controlling arms &tools
Navigating the forest Recording the trees
harvested
Crucial to efficient
workTough enough to be outin the woods
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Cars
Multiple networks Body, engine, telematics,
media, safety
Multiple processors Up to 100 Networked together
Jakob Engblom
Functions by embeddedprocessing: ABS: Anti-lock braking
systems ESP: Electronic stability
control Airbags Efficient automatic
gearboxes
Theft prevention with smartkeys
Blind-angle alert systems ... etc ...
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Automobiles as distributed embedded systems
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How many CPUs in a car?
Todays high-end automobile may have more than 100 microprocessors:
4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt;
8-bit for door locks, lights, etc.
16-bit for most functions (e.g. Microcontrollers run dashboard
devices);
16/32-bit microprocessor controls engine, airbags...
DSP for Automatic stability control
16/32-bit microprocessor for Automatic stability control
Intelligent Sensors and actuators distributed all over the vehicle
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Extremely Large
Functions requiring computers: Radar
Weapons
Damage control
Navigation
basically everything
Computers:
Large servers 1000s of processors
Jakob Engblom
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Networks and embedded systems
An increasing number of embedded systems connect to theInternet. Resource management. Security.
Many specialized networks have been developed forembedded systems: Automotive. Device control.
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Embedded system at glance
Real-Time Operation
Reactive: computations must occur in response to external events
Correctness is partially a function of time
Small Size, Low Weight
Hand- held electronics and Transportation applications -- weight costsmoney
Low Power
Battery power for several hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)
Harsh environment
Heat, vibration, shock, power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning,corrosion
Safety- critical operation Must function correctly and Must notfunction in correctly
Extreme cost sensitivity
$. 05 adds up over 1,000, 000 units
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An Embedded Control System Designers View
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Complexity and Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity within H/W & S/W parts as well S/W: control oriented, DSP oriented H/W: ASICs, COTS ICs
controller
control panel
Real-timeOS
controllerprocesses
UIprocesses
ASIC
ProgrammableDSP
ProgrammableDSP
DSPAssembly
Code
DSPAssembly
Code
Dual-portedRAM
CODEC
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Increasingly on the Same Chip
System-on-Chip (SoC)
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Many Types of Programmable Processors
Past
Microprocessor
MicrocontrollerDSP
Graphics
Processor
Now / Future
Network Processor
Sensor ProcessorCryptoprocessor
Game Processor
Wearable ProcessorMobile Processor
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More SoCs
Camera-on-chip (Bell Labs) Solar-power Wireless Sensor (Berkeley)
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SoCs with Mechanics: Berkeleys Smart Dust
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Characteristics
Graphics:
AlexandraNolte
,GesineMarwedel,2003
P.Marwedel
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Many Implementation Choices
MicroprocessorsDomain-specific processors
DSP
Network processors
Microcontrollers
ASIPsApplication-specific instruction-set processor
Reconfigurable SoC
FPGA
Gatearray
ASICApplication-specific integrated circuit
Speed Power Cost
High LowVolume
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (1)
Must be dependable,
Reliability R(t) = probability of system working correctlyprovided that is was working at t=0
Maintainability M(d) = probability of system workingcorrectly dtime units after error occurred.
Availability A(t): probability of system working at time t
Safety: no harm to be caused
Security: confidential and authentic communication
Even perfectly designed systems can fail if the assumptionsabout the workload and possible errors turn out to be wrong.Making the system dependable must not be an after-thought,it must be considered from the very beginning
1.1 terms and scope P.Marwedel
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (2)
Must be efficient
Energy efficient
Code-size efficient(especially for systems on a chip)
Run-time efficient Weight efficient
Cost efficient
Dedicated towards a certain applicationKnowledge about behavior at design time can be used tominimize resources and to maximize robustness
Dedicated user interface (no mouse, keyboard and screen)
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (3)
Many ES must meet real-time constraints A real-time system must react to stimuli from the controlled
object (or the operator) within the time interval dictated by theenvironment.
For real-time systems, right answers arriving too late are wrong.
A real-time constraint is called hard, if not meeting that
constraint could result in a catastrophe [Kopetz, 1997].
All other time-constraints are called soft.
A guaranteed system response has to be explained withoutstatistical arguments
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Real-Time Systems
Embedded and Real-Time Synonymous?
Most embedded
systems arereal-time
Most real-time
systems areembedded
embedded
real-time
embedded
real-time
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems (4)
Frequently connected to physical environmentthrough sensors and actuators
Hybrid systems (analog + digital parts).
Typically, ES are reactive systems:
A reactive system is one which is in continual
interaction with is environment and executes at a
pace determined by that environment [Berg, 1995]Behavior depends on input and current state.
automata model appropriate,
model of computable functions inappropriate.
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Quite a number of challenges, e.g. dependability
Dependability?
Non-real time protocols used for real-time applications
Over-simplification of models(e.g. aircraft anti-collision system)
Using unsafe systems for safety-critical missions(e.g. voice control system in Los Angeles; ~ 800planes without voice connection to tower for > 3 hrs
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M L
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Moores Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chipdoubled every 18 to 24 months
He made a prediction that semiconductortechnology will double itseffectiveness every 18 months
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
LOG2
OFT
HENUMBER
OF
COMPONENTSPER
INTEGRATED
FUNCTION
Electronics, April 19, 1965.
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Moores law in Microprocessors
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Moore s law in Microprocessors
4004
80088080
8085 8086
286386
486Pentium proc
P6
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Transisto
rs(MT)
2X growth in 1.96 years!
Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years
Courtesy, Intel
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Die Size Growth
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Die Size Growth
40048008
80808085
8086286
386 486
Pentium procP6
1
10
100
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Diesiz
e(mm)
~7% growth per year
~2X growth in 10 years
Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moores Law
Courtesy, Intel
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E b dd d HW M L
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Embedded HW: Moores Law
Margarshack03
65nm1400Kgates/mm2
45nm
2600Kgates/mm
2
STMicroelectronicsRoadmap
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
F
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Frequency
P6
Pentium proc486
38628680868085
8080
80084004
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Frequen
cy(Mhz)
Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years
Doubles every2 years
Courtesy, Intel
Now its over!
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Power is a major problem
5KW18KW
1.5KW
500W
40048008
80808085
8086286
386486
Pentium proc
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008
Year
Power(Watts)
Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive
Courtesy, Intel
Hard bound
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Power density
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Power density
40048008
8080
8085
8086
286386
486Pentium proc
P6
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
PowerDens
ity(W/cm2)
Hot Plate
Nuclear
Reactor
RocketNozzle
Power density too high to keep junctions at low temp
Courtesy, Intel
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Not Only Microprocessors
Digital Cellular Market
(Phones Shipped)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Units 48M 86M 162M 260M 435MAnalog
Baseband
Digital Baseband
(DSP + MCU)
Power
Management
Small
Signal RFPower
RF
(data from Texas Instruments)
CellPhone
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
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Challenges in Digital Design
Microscopic Problems Ultra-high speed design
Interconnect Noise, Crosstalk
Reliability, Manufacturability
Power Dissipation
Clock distribution.
Everything Looks a Little Different
Macroscopic Issues Time-to-Market
Millions of Gates High-Level Abstractions
Reuse & IP: Portability
Predictability
Verification
and Theres a Lot of Them!
DSM 1/DSM
?
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Design productivity gap
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1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
2003
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2005
2007
2009
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
Logic Tr./Chip
Tr./Staff Month.
xxx
xxx
x
21%/Yr. compound
Productivity growth rate
x
58%/Yr. compoundedComplexity growth rate
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Logic
Trans
istorper
Ch
ip(M)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
Pro
duc
tiv
ity
(K)Trans./
Staff-
Mo
.
Source: Sematech
Complexity outpaces design productivity
Comp
lex
ity
ITRS Roadmap
1981 leading edge chip required 100 designer months 10,000 transistors / 100 transistors/month
2002 leading edge chip requires 30,000 designer months 150,000,000 / 5000 transistors/month
Designer cost increase from $1M to $300M
Design productivity gap
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The mythical man month
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The mythical man-month
The situation is even worse than the productivity gap indicatesIn theory, adding designers to team reduces project completion timeIn reality, productivity per designer decreases due to complexities of team
management and communicationIn the software community, known as the mythical man-month (Brooks 1975)At some point, can actually lengthen project completion time! (Too many cooks)
10 20 30 400
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
43
24
19
1615
1618
23
Team
Individual
Months until completion
Number of designers
1M transistors, 1 designer=5000trans/month
Each additional designer reducesfor 100 trans/month
So 2 designers produce 4900trans/month each
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Challenges for implementation in hard are
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Challenges for implementation in hardware
Lack of flexibility (changing standards).
Mask cost for specialized HW becomes very expensive
[http://www.molecularimprints.com/Technology/tech_articles/MII_COO_NIST_2001.PDF9]
Trendtowardsimplementationin Software
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Situation Worse in S/W
Copyright 2003 Mani Srivastava
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Situation Worse in S/W
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
Hardware
Software
Embedded System Costs
Billion$/Y
ear
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Software complexity is a challenge
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Software complexity is a challenge
Rob van Ommering, COPA Tutorial, as cited by: Gerrit Mller:
Opportunities and challenges in embedded systems,Eindhoven Embedded Systems Institute, 2004
Exponential increase in softwarecomplexity
In some areas code size isdoubling every 9 months [STMicroelectronics, Medea Workshop, Fall2003]
... > 70% of the development costfor complex systems such asautomotive electronics and
communication systems are dueto software development[A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, 1999]
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Challenges for Embedded Software
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Challenges for Embedded Software
Dynamic environments
Capture the required behaviour!
Validate specifications
Efficient translation of specificationsinto implementations!
How can we check that we meet real-time constraints?
How do we validate embedded real-time software? (large volumes of data,testing may be safety-critical)
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
It is not sufficient to consider ES
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just as a special case of software engineering
CS EE
EE knowledge must be available,Walls between EE and CS must be torn down
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Hardware/software design flow
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Hardware/software design flow
requirements and
specification
architecture
hardware design software design
integration
testing
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Co-design methodology
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Co-design methodology
Must architect hardware and software together: provide sufficient resources; avoid software bottlenecks.
Can build pieces somewhat independently, butintegration is major step.
Also requires bottom-up feedback.
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Hierarchical design flow
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Hierarchical design flow
Embedded systems must be designed across multiplelevels of abstraction: system architecture; hardware and software systems; hardware and software components.
Often need design flows within design flows.
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Hierarchical HW/SW flow
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Hierarchical HW/SW flow
spec
architecture
HW SW
integrate
test
system
spec
HW architecture
detailed design
integration
test
hardware
spec
SW architecture
detailed design
integration
test
software
P.Marwedel
Universitt DortmundUniversitt DortmundUniversitt Dortmund
Codesign in time
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Fabrication Test
Codesign in time
Systemdesign
ASIC design
SW design
PCB test
SW test
Time
Tasks
Copyright J. Madsen,
some modifications applied
Traditional System Design Process
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Codesign in time II
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Codesign in time II
Shared Design
Co-Design Process
SW design
ASIC design Fabrication Test
PCB test
SW test
Time
Tasks
Systemdesign
System-Level Partitioning
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Goals of computer-aidedhardware/software co design
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hardware/software co-design
Explore different design alternatives Search for the best solution
Reduce system design time Reduce product time to market
Support coherent design specification Facilitate hardware and software reuse
Provide integrated environment for synthesis and validationof hardware and software components
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Synthesis
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Synthesis
Specification
Detailed Representationof Implementation
Synthesis
HW: HDL(Behavioral,
DataFlow, Structural),Schematic
RTL, Gate level,
Transistors,Layout
SW:Algorithm,
Textual/Graphicalrepresentation
Executable orCompilable
code: Theprogram(s), OS
routines
Co-Synthesis
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System architecture
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System architecture
CPU
accelerator
memory
I/OSoftware
Hardware
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HW/SW co-design process
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/S co des g p ocess
co-design & synthesis
evaluation (co-simulation)
architecture design,
HW/SW partitioning
and interfacing
HW design SW design
co-specification
reused functions
and processes
process impl. &
transformations
HW architecture
and components
high-level
transformation
system
architect
results
customer/marketing
systems architect
SW
developer
HW
developer
system analysis
reused and
manually optimized
HW and SW components
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Example: GPS moving map requirements
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p g p q
Moving map obtains
position from GPS,paints map from local
database.
lat: 40 13 lon: 32 19
I-78
ScotchRoad
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GPS moving map needs
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g p
Functionality: For automotive use. Show major roads andlandmarks.
Userinterface: At least 400 x 600 pixel screen. Three buttonsmax. Pop-up menu.
Performance: Map should scroll smoothly. No more than 1 secpower-up. Lock onto GPS within 15 seconds.
Cost: $500 street price = approx. $100 cost of goods sold.
Physical size/weight: Should fit in hand.
Power consumption: Should run for 8 hours on four AA batteries.
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GPS moving map block diagram
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g p g
GPS
receiver
search
enginerenderer
user
interfacedatabase
display
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GPS moving map hardware architecture
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g p
GPS
receiver
CPU
panel I/O
display frame
buffer
memory
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GPS moving map software architecture
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g p
position database
searchrenderer
timeruser
interface
pixels
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System integration
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y g
Must spend time architecting the system before you start
coding.
Some components are ready-made, some can be modifiedfrom existing designs, others must be designed from
scratch.
Put together the components.Many bugs appear only at this stage.
Have a plan for integrating components to uncover bugsquickly, test as much functionality as early as possible.