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1 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Public Service of Colorado Ponnequin Wind Farm
Geothermal Technologies Office 2015 Peer Review
Surprise Valley Geochemistry PI: Nicolas Spycher
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Track 2, HRC: Tracers / Zonal Isolation /
Geochemistry
Project Officer: Holly Thomas
Total Project Funding: $206,000
May 14, 2015
This presentation does not contain any proprietary
confidential, or otherwise restricted information.
Photo: GRC Global Geothermal News, by Joe LaFleur
2 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Relevance/Impact of Research
• Project Objective
– Evaluate the deep thermal fluid(s) temperature in Surprise Valley
– Apply geothermometry and modeling approaches recently tested at Dixie
Valley (Spycher et al., Peiffer et al., and Wanner et al., Geothermics, July 2014)
– Integrate water geochemistry with geological, structural, and geophysical
data (in collaboration with other related projects)
– Further test/develop the multicomponent geothermometry code GeoT
(http://esd.lbl.gov/research/projects/geot/)
• Challenges
– Dilution/mixing and gas loss mask deep chemical signatures of waters
• Knowledge Gaps
– Tectonic transition zone less studied than Cascades or Basin & Range
• Impacts
– Provide early-phase exploration data
– Reduce development costs
• Innovation
– Optimized multicomponent geothermometry (development of iGeoT)
– Integration with geochemical and reactive transport modeling
3 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Relevance/Impact of Research
• Meets two of the Geothermal Technologies Office’s goals
– “Accelerate Near Term Hydrothermal Growth”
– “Systems Analysis”
(Both goals lower risks and costs of development and exploration)
• Integration/synergies with other projects
– Estimates of Deep Permeability project (LBNL): Drew Siler is contributing
his structural geology expertise and data integration skills using GIS
– Play/Fairway project “Analysis of Potential Geothermal Resources in NE
California, NW Nevada, and Southern Oregon”: UC Davis/LBNL
collaborative project (includes Modoc plateau/Surprise Valley area)
– UC Davis Surprise Valley investigations (California Geothermal Energy
Collaborative): Collaborate with Prof. R. Zierenberg’s students Carolyn
Cantwell and Andrew Fowler – hired as Summer interns at LBNL in 2014
4 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Scientific/Technical Approach
Completed
• Compile chemical analyses of thermal waters and groundwater from
Surprise Valley
• Integrate these data into a GIS database including other exploration-
relevant data such as structural, geophysical, and geological data
• Perform solute geothermometry analyses to infer deep reservoir
temperatures
– Optimized multicomponent geothermometry: use the GeoT code with
iTOUGH2 to reconstruct the composition of deep fluid(s) (estimate CO2
loss, dilution, deep Al concentration) and estimate deep temperature
– “Classical” geothermometry with reconstructed waters
• Apply various modeling techniques to infer relationships between
thermal waters, cold groundwater, and alkali lake waters
– “Classical” graphical analyses of geochemical data
– Reaction path geochemical modeling of evaporation to investigate alkali
lake water compositions
5 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Scientific/Technical Approach
In Progress
• Develop conceptual and numerical model(s) to help assess flow and
recharge patterns towards a better understanding of the study area
– Develop local and regional geologic/structural cross sections
– Reactive transport simulations using TOUGHREACT
(http://esd.lbl.gov/research/projects/tough/)
• Develop a stand-alone GeoT optimization package: iGeoT
– Incorporates iTOUGH2 optimization routines directly into GeoT
– More practical than using both codes in tandem
Project Execution
• Specific tasks/milestones were closely mapped to the technical
approach (see table in next slide)
• Key Issues
– Some milestones were delayed (competing project deadlines)
– Addressed by hiring Summer interns (2014) and accelerating effort/burn
rate in 2015
6 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Original Planned Milestone/
Technical Accomplishment
Actual Milestone/Technical
Accomplishment
Date
Completed
FY14-Q1: literature review and
compilation of water chemistry data
Data compiled as planned. Submitted to
the GDR April 2, 2015
Aug. 2014
FY14-Q2: review and integrate
geochemical data with other data
Data integrated with geological, struc-
tural and geophysical data into an
ArcInfo GIS database (Drew Siler)
Sept. 2014
FY14-Q3: integrated
geothermometry/modeling analyses
Optimized multicomponent
geothermometry with GeoT-iTOUGH2
Oct. 2014
FY14-Q4: complete conceptual
model, conference/publications
Geologic/structural cross-sections
developed; papers published
Partly
completed
FY15-Q1 – Complete numerical
discretization of model domain
Conceptual and numerical model
currently being developed
In progress
FY15-Q2 – Finish testing and
release of iGeoT V1.0
iTOUGH2 optimization routines were
incorporated into GeoT; The new iGeoT
is functional and being tested
In progress,
release by
Summer 2015
7 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Original Planned Milestone/
Technical Accomplishment
Actual Milestone/Technical
Accomplishment
Date
Completed
FY15-Q3 – Development of
alternative conceptual models
Started in Q3 Expected
June 2015
FY15-Q4 – Complete reactive
transport modeling analyses of the
Surprise Valley area
Started in Q3
Expected
September
2015
Publications (FY14-FY15) Fowler, A., Cantwell, C., Spycher, N., Siler, D., Dobson, P., Kennedy, B.M., Zierenberg, R., 2015. Integrated
Geochemical Investigations of Surprise Valley Thermal Springs and Cold Well Waters. PROCEEDINGS, 40th
Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, SGP-TR-204
Spycher, N., Peiffer, L., Saldi, G., Sonnenthal, E., Reed, M.H., Kennedy, B.M., 2014. Integrated
multicomponent solute geothermometry. Geothermics, 51, 113–123.
Peiffer, L., Wanner, C., Spycher, N., Sonnenthal, E.L., Kennedy, B.M., Iovenitti,J., 2014. Multicomponent vs.
classical geothermometry: insights from modeling studies at the Dixie Valley geothermal area. Geothermics
51, 154–169.
Wanner, C., Peiffer, L., Sonnenthal, E., Spycher, N., Iovenitti, J., Kennedy,B.M., 2014. Reactive transport
modeling of the Dixie Valley geothermal area: insights on flow and geothermometry. Geothermics 51,130–141.
8 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
• Most of the data are from the western
part of the valley – Thermal waters (hot springs and wells)
– Many groundwater wells
– Alkali Lake waters
• Build on previous work by Cantwell &
Fowler (2014, Stanford Geoth. W.)
Larkspur Hills
Boyd Warm Spring
Seyferth Hot Springs
Leonard Hot Springs
SV Resort
Upper
Alkali
Lake
Middle
Alkali
Lake
Lower
Alkali
Lake Eagleville
Cedarville
Lake City
Fort Bidwell
9 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Reconstruction of Deep Thermal Component
• Started with a fluid analysis from the Phipps #2 well (near Lake City)
(Sladek et al., 2004, GRC)
• Deepest (~1500 m) and hottest (~170ºC) well drilled to date
• Significant reported boiling fraction (~11%)
• Optimized multicomponent geothermometry
– Use GeoT coupled with iTOUGH2 optimization software (Finsterle & Zhang,
2011, Env. Mod.& Softw.)
– Solve for amount of CO2 loss from sample, as well as unknown Al and Mg
concentrations (following Peiffer et al., 2014)
• Geothermometry method relies on alteration mineral assemblage
– Use core alteration mineralogy (Benoit et al., 2005, GRC)
– Calcite, albite, microcline; quartz or chalcedony (silica polymorphs);
pyrophyllite (sericite analog); and talc and montmorillonite (clay analogs)
• Consider two cases: result in different temperatures (190 and 228ºC)
– Calcite-quartz equilibrium constraint
– Calcite-chalcedony equilibrium constraint
10 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Quartz Case
Chalcedony Case
• Quartz case
is favored
11 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Integrated Hot Spring Geothermometry
• Apply similar methods, process data from multiple springs simultaneously
when possible, also optimize for dilution factor in addition to CO2, Al and Mg
• Quartz case yields the most consistent results
• Lake City (208-215ºC, using samples from 3 springs)
• Similar results at Fort Bidwell (226ºC)
• Dilution factor
1.1–1.2
• Dilution factor
3–4
12 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
0.01
0.1
1
10
F HCO3 SO4 Cl Ca Na K Mg
meq
/kg
Lake City Hot Springs
T-4LC1
T-3LCI
T-6LCN
SV-2LCS
T-1LCS
F-9LCS (Duffield and Fournier 1974)
T-2LCS
44N-15E-24B01
F-10LCS (Duffield and Fournier 1974)
SVF 10 Spring (mud volcano area)
T-5LCN
Unnamed spring (Lake City Mud Volcano)LCGC-2 (Boiling spring)
R-2LCS (Reed 1975)
Unnamed spring (Lake City Mud Volcano)LCGC-2 (Boiling spring)
Lake City (Parman) Hot Springs
SV-5LCW
HS-1LCS
SV-6LCW
HS-2LCS
0.01
0.1
1
10
F HCO3 SO4 Cl Ca Na K Mg
meq
/kg
Eagleville Hot Springs
Menlo Baths
Menlo Baths
Menlo Baths
Menlo Baths
Menlo Baths (Adjacent 1)
Menlo Baths (Adjacent 2)
Menlo Baths (Adjacent 2)
Menlo Baths (Adjacent 2)
Squaw Baths
Squaw Baths
Unnamed Spring Close to
SquawUnnamed spring near Squaw
BathUnnamed spring SE of Squaw
BathUnnamed spring SE Squaw Bath
Reconstructed Phipps-2
Fingerprinting Thermal Waters
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Reconstructed
deep thermal
component is
shown in red
• Remarkably similar
compositions across
the valley
• Dilution at Ft. Bidwell
and Eagleville
• Mg strongly affected
by temperature
0.01
0.1
1
10
F HCO3 SO4 Cl Ca Na K Mg
meq
/kg
Eastern Hot Springs
Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (East)Leonard Hot Springs (West)Leonard Hot Springs (West)Leonard Hot Springs (West)Leonard Hot Springs (West)Leonard Hot Springs (West)Leonard Hot Springs (West)Seyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSeyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSeyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSeyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSeyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSeyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSeyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSeyferth (Chicken) Hot SpringSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley Hot SpringsSurprise Valley ResortSurprise Valley ResortSurprise Valley ResortSurprise Valley ResortSurprise Valley ResortSurprise Valley ResortReconstructed Phipps-2
0.01
0.1
1
10
F HCO3 SO4 Cl Ca Na K Mg
meq
/kg
Fort Bidwell (Wells and Hot Springs)
FB-1
FB-1
FB-1?
FB-2
FB-3
Fort Bidwell Hydro Energy Corp. WellHot well west of Fort Bidwell
Unnamed spring N of Fort Bidwell
Unnamed spring N of Fort Bidwell
Unnamed Well
Unnamed well E of Fandango Pass
Unnamed well E of Fandango Pass
FB Unnamed well Qtz
FB unnamed well Chalcedony
13 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
B (
mg
/L)
Cl (mg/L)
Surprise Valley Thermal Water
Fort Bidwell Hot Springs
Eagleville Hot Springs
Lake City Hot Springs
East Side Hot Springs
Reconstructed Phipps-2
Middle Alkali Lake
(CARWQCB)
Lower Alkali Lake
(Livingstone, 1963)
SVF 8 Domestic water
supply for hotel
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
B (
mg
/L)
Cl (mg/L)
Surprise Valley Cold Water
Fort Bidwell Cold
Wells
Eagleville Cold Wells
Lake City Cold Wells
East Side Cold Wells
Cedarville Cold Wells
Reconstructed Phipps-
2
Middle Alkali Lake
(CARWQCB)
Lower Alkali Lake
(Livingstone, 1963)
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Signatures of Thermal and Alkali Lake Waters in Groundwater
• Distinguishing signatures of deep
thermal and alkali lake components
not always straightforward
14 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments, Results and Progress
Reactive Transport Modeling
• Develop/test conceptual model(s) of the Lake City area
• Effort started in Q3, along E-W cross section cutting through Lake City area
• Investigate recharge/circulation
patterns (mixing/boiling/dilution,
upflow, outflow scenarios)
• Use TOUGHREACT V3 (Sonnenthal et al., 2014)
• Eventually extend the modeling
to East side of the valley
15 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Future Directions
• Apply similar exploration approach at various other locations within
Surprise Valley and/or further North in the Southern Cascades to
estimate deep reservoir temperatures in these areas
• Conduct additional water sampling and analyses as needed to fill any
identified data gaps
• Integration of our results with the ongoing UC Davis/LBNL Play/Fairway
project covering the study area
Milestone or Go/No-Go Status & Expected Completion
Date
Have high-temperature zones been
identified to target exploration wells?
Current results suggest elevated
temperatures at Lake City and Fort
Bidwell, still evaluating other
locations. Completion by Sept. 2015
How well does the RT model capture
observed water chemistries and help
develop the conceptual/exploration model ?
Modeling effort has just started.
Completion by Sept. 2015
16 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
• A database of Surprise Valley thermal and groundwater chemical
compositions was completed and integrated into a GIS database with
geological, structural and geophysical data
• The geochemical variability of Surprise Valley thermal waters and cold
groundwater was explored
• Optimized multicomponent geothermometry was performed to
reconstruct the deep fluid composition and assess deep temperatures
• Deep reservoir temperatures may reach up to 230ºC in the Lake City
and Fort Bidwell areas
• Hot spring water compositions exhibit quite similar characteristics
across the valley
• Some thermal springs may be impacted by alkali lake waters
• The GeoT code continues to be upgraded; a release of iGEOT is
planned for release by Summer 2015
• A reactive transport modeling effort was started to help assess
recharge, mixing and deep flow patterns in the study area
Mandatory Summary Slide
17 | US DOE Geothermal Office eere.energy.gov
Additional Information
Assessing the Alkali Lake Component
• Evaporation simulations using CHILLER/CHIM-XPT (Reed, 2006)
– Composition varies following evaporative cycles
– Compositional variations upon evaporation provides bounds for mixing scenarios
– Observed trends can be reproduced by suppressing calcite (allowing
supersaturation on grounds of slow kinetics in this environment)
•