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EEE 105
http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ID: eee105Password: prAIRie
Lec4 1/23/02
EcosystemsEcosystemsEcosystemsEcosystems
The pattern of interaction between The pattern of interaction between organisms and their physical organisms and their physical environmentenvironment
EnergyEnergy
MaterialsMaterials
InformationInformation
EnergyEnergy
Energy
Energy flows through ecosystems beginning with photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2sugars carbon
dioxide
oxygen
Energy
biological energy
EnergyPhotosynthesis evolved more than 2 billion years ago
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2sugars carbon
dioxide
oxygen
in the cyanobacteria
EnergyPhotosynthesis evolved more than 2 billion years ago
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2sugars carbon
dioxide
oxygen
in the cyanobacteria
Energy
causing the greatest environmental disaster
Photosynthesis evolved more than 2 billion years ago
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2sugars carbon
dioxide
oxygen
in the cyanobacteria
an oxidizing atmosphere
Energy
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of green plants
EnergyChloroplasts evolved from photosynthetic bacteria
Endosymbiosis
EnergyEnergy flows through ecosystems
plants
energy
respirationCO2 + H2O
C6H12O6sugars carbon
dioxide
+ O2
Releases energy
For growth & maintenance
Energy flows through ecosystems
(photosynthesis)
EnergyEnergy flows through ecosystems
plants
energy
respiration
Energy flows through ecosystems
decompositionDeath of plants
EnergyEnergy flows through ecosystems
plants
energy
respiration
Energy flows through ecosystems
decomposition
calories ofenergy
Growth &reproduction= netproductivity
biomass
Energy budgets
plants
energy
respiration
decomposition
biomass
calories ofenergy
Growth &reproduction= netproductivity
Energy
Measured in calories
Energy strategies
Energy
growth vs. reproduction
EnergyEnergy strategies
growth vs. reproduction
r vs. K strategies
grass is an r strategistgrass is an r strategist
bracken fern is rbracken fern is r
trees are Ktrees are K
Energy strategies
Energy
growth vs. reproduction
r vs. K strategies
many small vs. fewer large seedsmany small vs. fewer large seeds
Energy strategies
Energy
growth vs. reproduction
r vs. K strategies
many small vs. fewer large seeds
Energy strategies
Energy
growth vs. reproduction
r vs. K strategies
many small vs. fewer large seeds
plants
respiration
decomposition
calories ofenergy
biomassprimary
consumer
ProducerProducer
decomposition& waste
respiration& behavior
Energy
Animal energy strategiesAnimal energy strategies
plants
respiration
decomposition
calories ofenergy
biomassprimary
consumer
ProducerProducer
decomposition& waste
respiration& behavior
Energy
Animal energy strategies
Energy
r vs. K strategies
Animal energy strategies
Energy
r vs. K strategies
Bumblebee Economicsby Berndt Heinrich
Bumblebee Economicsby Berndt Heinrich
Animal energy strategies
Energy
r vs. K strategies
“warm-blooded” vs. “cold-blooded”
(endothermy vs. exothermy)
plants
respiration
decomposition
calories ofenergy
biomassprimary
consumer
ProducerProducer
Energy
secondarysecondaryconsumerconsumer
Energy flows through ecosystemsEnergy flows through ecosystems
plants
respiration
decomposition
calories ofenergy
biomassprimary
consumer
ProducerProducer
Energy
secondarysecondaryconsumerconsumer
Energy flows through ecosystems
EnergyFood chain
E
producer primary secondaryconsumer consumer
Trophic levels
autotroph herbivore predator
heterotrophs
Why a pyramid?Why a pyramid?
EnergyFood chain
E
producer primary secondaryconsumer consumer
Trophic levels
autotroph herbivore predator
respiration
decomposition
90% used at each trophic level
EnergyFood webs
EnergyFood chain
E
producer primary secondaryconsumer consumer
Trophic levels
autotroph herbivore predator
respiration
decomposition
90% used at each trophic level
Photosynthetic food chain
EnergyDetritus food chains
detritus = dead and excreted material
detritus
EnergyFood chain
E
producer primary secondaryconsumer consumer
Trophic levels
respiration
90% used at each trophic level
Photosynthetic food chain
EnergyDetritus food chains
detritus = dead and excreted material
EnergyStrangest food chain
first found off the Galapagos
EnergyStrangest food chain
hydrothermal vents
EnergyStrangest food chain
hydrothermal vents
“gutless” vent worms
ArchaeaArchaea
endosymbiosisendosymbiosis
a chemosynthetic food chaina chemosynthetic food chain
EnergyFood chains
photosynthetic
detritus
chemosynthetic