EE453/ECG 653Introduction to nanotechnology

Dr. B. DasNevada Nanotechnology Center

UNLV

Current Computer Chip Manufacturing• Gordon Moore: co-founder of Intel

• Predicted that number of transistors per chip would grow exponentially (double

every 18 months)

Integrated Circuits

Transistor is the smallest unit of the circuit

Smallest feature in a transistor can be as smallas 45 nm (next generation : 35 nm)

Courtesy : Intel

Graph Demonstration for size of matters in the universe (from www.nano.gov):

Scale of Things (from www.nano.gov)

•A human hair is about 80,000 nanometers wide :

courtesy : IBM

Nano World

Properties of material changes at the nanoscale : Novel effects (quantum mechanical)

In general material properties are better at the nanoscale

Nano Materials

Nanoparticles : small spheres

Nanotubes

Nanopillars or nanorods

Nanoshells

Light emission from nanoparticles

Same material with different size can emit different colors

Diameter Emission

1.9nm - 6.7nm 465nm-640nm

Courtesy : Evident Technologies

Nanofabrication

Chemical techniques

Lithographic techniques (IC fabrication)

Nonlithographic techniques– Natural self-organization– Biomimetic

Equipment Chemical Technique at UNLV

UNLV Nanodeposition System

Unique

One-of-a-kind in the world

Load locked magnetically coupled sample mount.System base pressure ~ 1x10-10 mbar Sample holder could be heated to 800oC and rotated at 50RPM.Water-cooled quartz crystal monitor for thickness measurement

High Power electron microscopeat UNLV

600,000magnification

UNLV Atomic Force Microscope

Atomic resolution

UNLV Optical characterization

Si nanoparticles with an average 10 nm diameter

Nanoparticles deposited at UNLV

UNLV : Si Nanoparticle

High density CdS QD samples werecreated for TEM characterization.High resolution TEM data showsexcellent single crystalline natureof the QDs.

This is significant for efficient opticalemission.

UNLV Nanotechnology Laboratory

UNLV : Nanoporous Materials

Cross-section Top view

UNLV : Nanopillars

A 40-nanometer-wide NIST logo made with cobalt atoms on a copper surface.

•There are one billion nm's to a meter. Each nm is only three to five atoms wide

Courtesy : NIST

Prediction

Molecular Assembler Nanocomputer Cell Repair Commercial Product Nanotech Law

Robert R. Birge 2005 2040 2030 2002 1998

Donald W. Brenner 2025 2040 2035 2000 2036

K. Eric Drexler 2015 2017 2018 2015 2015

J. Storrs Hall 2010 2010 2050 2005 1995

Richard E. Smalley 2000 2100 2010 2000 2000

Bottom Line 2011 2041 2029 20042009 David Pescovitz

Nanoparticles and Photovoltaics

Carbon Nanotube• Basically graphene hexagonal sheets rolled into tubes

• The strongest fiber that will be ever made (1000 times stronger than steel)

• Electrical conductivity of copper or silicon

• Thermal conductivity of Diamond

• The chemistry of carbon

• The size and perfection of DNA

Carbon Nanotube Applicatons• Combat clothes: MIT is working on such project• Concrete: increase tensile strength• Artificial muscles• Computer circuits

Motorola's display is 3.3 millimetres thick. The prototype is a 5-inch diagonal section of a 42-inch 1280x720 high-definition television and has a refresh rate of 60 Hz.

Courtesy : Motorola

ApplicationsTreatment and Detection of Cancer.

When the vaccine is injected into patients, the virus enters specialized cells known as "antigen presenting cells." The vaccine produces 5T4, an antigen naturally made by the kidney cancer cells. This induces an immune response. This results in destruction of the kidney tumor cells by the immune system.ILLUSTRATION CREDIT: Nancy Heim

• Purple cell clusters: normal breast tissue

• Red cell clusters: breast carcinoma

Credit : T. Wu

• Purple cell clusters: normal breast tissue

• Red cell clusters: breast carcinoma

Credit : T. Wu

Nano-motors to Nano-robotsOnce the structural and operating functions of artificial and natural biological machines is known, we can develop robots to perform standard operations such as the delivery and distribution of medicines.

Here, a nanorobot delivers a molecule to the organ inlet --represented by the white cylinder. (Credit: Adriano Cavalcanti)

Nanorobot

Nano Applications to Environment

Researchers aim to use nanotechnology to provide efficient and effective filters for water and air, leading to reduced pollution.Using Carbon Nanotube Fuel Cells to Store HydrogenBiomimicry:

scientists attempt to copy plants’ photosynthesis mechanism

Nano Applications to Environment

cost-effective nanomaterial to remove mercury from industrial wastes without producing harmful byproducts or secondary waste