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7/29/2019 Ee1451(Unit II)
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UNIT II
CONSEVATION
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Economics of Generation
Connected load - sum of continuousratings of allsystems
Maximum demand - greatest demand ofload
Demand factor - Maximum demand
Connected load
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Load factor - Average load/Maximum
demand
Diversity factor - Sum of individual
Demand / Max.demand
Capacity factor - Average demand/ plant
capacity
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Load curve
Curve showing the load demand
Very useful in determining the annualrequirements for energy
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Load duration curve
Obtained from load curve
Load elements of load curve are arrangedin descending order
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Load on the power station:
Base load - unvarying load occurs
the whole day.
Peak load - various peak demands
of load over & above
base load
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Cost of Electrical Energy
Fixed cost
Running cost (or ) cost of energy
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Fixed cost:
Cost which is independent of
maximum demand &units generated
Capital cost of power plant
Interest on capital, taxes &
insurance
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Running cost :
Depends on only upon the no of
units generated
Cost of fuel
Maintenance cost
Operation cost.
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Tariff
Different methods ofcharging
consumers are known as tariff
It should be simple and
comprehensible to the public
It should be uniform
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Types of tariff:
Simple tariff
Flat rate tariff
Block rate tariff
Two part tariff
Maximum demand tariffPower factor tariff
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Need for Electrical EnergyConservation
In order to save the scarce and fast
depleting non renewable energy, sources
such as coal, gas etc. To protect the environment from the
pollution caused by them
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Effect on Energy Conservation
The energy conservation results in
Optimal utilization energy
Prolong the usage of energyavailable in the earth
Reduce green house gas emission
Minimize the global warming
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Energy Management
The judicious and effective use of energy
cost to minimize energy cost & to
maximize profits. Reduce avoidable losses
Use energy efficient technologies
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Energy management strategy
Appoint Energy Manager Conduct Energy Audit
Formalize an Energy Management Policy
Statement
Conduct Staff Awareness & Training
Programme
Annual report
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Energy Auditing
Key to a systematic approach for decisionmaking area of energy management.
Quantifies energy usage according to its
discrete function Verification, Monitoring & Analysis of use
of energy including submission of
technical report
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Energy Audit methodology
Macro level - methodology
Energyinput ( A)
Unavoidable losses(C)
Avoidable losses(D)
Theoreticalrequirement (B)
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Energyconservation
Capacity utilization
Fine tuning
Technology up -gradation
Energy conservation at Macro level
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Types of Energy Audit:
Preliminary Energy Audit
Detailed Energy Audit
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Preliminary Energy Audit
To establish energy consumption
To estimate the scope for energy
savings
Identify simple energy saving
proposals
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Detailed Energy Audit
Pre Audit phase
Detailed Audit phase
Post Audit phase
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Economics of power factorimprovement
The power factor can be improved by
Installing static power capacitors
Operating synchronous motor in over
excited
Installing static VAR compensators
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Method of Power factor improvement
Centralized / group compensation
Distributed / Individualcompensation
Mixed compensation
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POWER QUALITY
It means that supply of powerwithin the permitted variation of
voltage and frequency and withoutdistortion of sinusoidal wave form in
balance condition
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Parameters
Voltage Frequency
Harmonics
Power supply disturbances (sags,
swells, transients, flickers, interruptsoutages etc.)
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Harmonics :
Multiples of fundamental frequency.
Reduced equipment life time &energy efficiency.
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Voltage tags :
Decreased in rms voltage or current.
Caused by faults, energy heavy loads
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Voltage swells:
Increased in rms value of voltage or
current at the power frequency
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Voltage transients:
Very short duration over voltagesassociated with impulses
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Flickers:
Variation of input voltage
Caused by AC,DC arc furnaces