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EE LAB 1
Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS Lab Manual [CS05188]
I- B .Tech [ Branch: CSE & IT ]
Academic Year 2008-2009.
SLCS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Piglipur, Hayathnagar(M), R R District 501 512 (A.
P.)
1st B.Tech. (2007-08)
List of Experiments
Electrical & Electronics Lab
(CSE& IT Branches)
Section A
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EE LAB 2
Sl.
No.Name of the Experiment Page No.
1Series and Parallel Resonance Timing, Resonantfrequency, Bandwidth and Q-factor determination for RLC
network
4
2Time response of first order RC/RL network for periodicnon-sinusoidal inputs time constant and steady state error
determination
8
3Two port network parameters Z-Y Parameters, chain
matrix and analytical verification11
4 Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity theorems 16
5Verification of maximum power transfer theorem.Verification on DC, verification on AC with Resistive and
Reactive loads
19
6
Experimental determination of Thevenins and Nortons
equivalent circuits and verification by direct test. 23
7Magnetization characteristics of D.C. Shunt generator.
Determination of critical field resistance.29
8Swinburnes Test on DC shunt machine (Predeterminationof efficiency of a given DC Shunt machine working as
motor and generator).
36
9Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of
performance characteristics42
10OC & SC tests on Single-phase transformer(Predetermination of efficiency and regulation at given
power factors and determination of equivalent circuit).
49
11 Brake test on 3-phase Induction motor (performance
characteristics).58
12Regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method
63
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EE LAB 3
NETWORKS
LABEXPERIMENTS
1. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
AIM: - To obtain frequency characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits,Resonance frequency, Band width and Q factor for RLC network
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No. Name of the
Component
Specifications Quantity
1 Resistors 1 K 12 Capacitors 1 F 13 Decade Inductance Box
(DIB)
10mH 1
4 Function Generator 0.01HZ-1MHZ 15 Ammeters 0-20 mA ac 2
6 Bread board 1
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EE LAB 4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
SERIES RESONANCE:
Fig (a)
PARALLEL RESONANCE Fig (b)
PROCEDURE:-
Series
Resonance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a)
2. Connect the Function Generator to the CRO and set the input voltage to a constant
value (say 5 volts).
3. Vary the frequency through Function Generator and note down the current values
from the Ammeter.
4. Plot the graph between frequency and current values.
5. Find f o, 3db frequencies and Band Width from the graph.
6. Compare theoretical and practical values of fo and Q factor.
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EE LAB 5
Parallel Resonance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (b).
2. Keep voltage source constant and vary source frequency.
Note voltmeter readings. Calculate I in the circuit using relation VR / R = I3. Calculate the Z of the circuit using Vs / I = Z where I is obtained in the above step.
4. Plot Z Vs freq
5. Find f o, Band Width and Q factor from graph.
6. Compare theoretical and practical values of fo and Q factor.
EXPECTED GRAPHS:
Series resonance parallel resonance
OBSERVATIONS:
SERIES RESONANCE:
SL.NO FREQUENCY
(HZ)
CURRENT
(AMPS)
PARALLEL RESONANCE:
SLNO FREQUENCY
(HZ)
INPUT
VOLTAGE
(VOLTS) VS
CURRENT
(Amps)
ZS = VS/I
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EE LAB 6
CALCULATIONS:
Series resonance
B. W = f2 f1 Hz. =RL
RC
2=
3
3
10102
101
xx
x
= 15.9 x 103
Q =12
0
ff
f
= 3109.15
59.1
x= 0.1
f0 =LC2
1. =
6310110102
1
xxx= 1.59 K HZ
RESULTS: -
PRACTICAL:Frequency Band width Q factor
Series resonance:
Parallel
resonance:
THEORETICAL:
Frequency Band width Q factor
Series resonance:
Parallelresonance:
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EE LAB 7
2. TIME RESPONSE OF RC, RL NETWORKS
AIM: To find the time response of RL, RC network:
CIRCUITS:
RC RL
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sl.
No.
Name of the Component Specifications Quantity
1 Decade Inductance Box (DIB) 10 H-1H 12 Decade Resistance Box (DRB) 10 -1M 13 Decade Capacitance Box (DCB) 100pf-10 f 14 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 1
5 Function Generator 0.01H-1M H 1
6 Bread Board 1
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown Adjust the signal generator frequency to 1 K Hz
and adjust the amplitude of voltage to 1 V2. Now switch on the CRO and first adjust the waveforms such that they coincide
with the horizontal reference axis. Then observe the waveform.
3. For RL circuit as shown in figure 2 observe the fall time tfand time constant is
given as = L / R (theoretical) = tf
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EE LAB 8
4. For RC circuit note the rise time of the wave in the CRO and then substitute in the
Relation tr = 2. 2 (time constant) , and calculate the time constant.5. Note the graphs from CRO and plot the same.
EXPECTED GRAPHS:
R-C N/W R-L N/W
OBSERVATIONS:R C N /W:
tr =
theo = RC (s) = 2.2K x 100 KPf = 0.22 ms practical x 2. 2 = tr (sec) =R L N/W:
f =
theo =R
L(sec) =
K
mH
2.2
100= 0.04 m Sec
practical = tf =
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EE LAB 9
RESULT: (RL) = (RC) =
3. TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS - Z AND
Y PARAMETERS
AIM: To measure Z and Y parameter of a given two port passive network
Apparatus required: -
Sl.
No.
Name of the Component Specifications Quantity
1 Resistors1 K 2 K
2
1
2 Multi-meters 13 Dual Regulated Power Supply 0-30 v 1
4 Ammeters 0-20 mA 2
5 Bread Board 1
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EE LAB 10
Circuit Diagrams:For Z Parameters:
Figure (1)
For Y Parameters
Figure (3)]
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EE LAB 11
PROCEDURE: -
For Z parameters:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1)
2. Keep port 2 open: I2 = 0
3. Set different voltages on V1.
4. Measure V2 and I1 and tabulate V1, V2 and I1
5. Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port 1 open circuit i.e. I1 = 0as shown in figure (2). Measure V1, I2. Set different voltages at V2 and measure
I2 and V1 for each setting and tabulate
Observations:
For Z parameters:
When I2 = 0 When I1 = 0
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EE LAB 12
V2 V1 I2 Z22 Z12
2 v
5 v
8 v
10 v
12 v
When: I2 = 0. When: I1 = 0
Z11 = V1 / I1 Z22 = V2 / I2Z21 = V2 / I1 Z12 = V1 / I2
THEORITICAL CALUCULATIONS:-
FOR Z PARAMETERS :-
By loop analysis we can write as
V1 = 1 x 103 + 2.2 (i1-i2)
-V1 = 1 x 103 i2+ 2.2 (i2-i1)
V1 = i1+ 2.2 i1 2.2 i2-V2 = i2 + 2.2 i2 2.2 i1V1 = 3.2 i1 + 2.2 i2 ------ 1
V2 = 2.2 i1 + 3.2 i2 ------ 2
GIVEN BY SANDEEP, Sravya
V1 V2 I1 Z11 Z21
2 v
5 v
10
v
12
v
Average
Values
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EE LAB 13
The Z parameters equations are
1 11 1 12 2V Z I Z I = + --------3
2 21 1 22 2V Z I Z I = + --------4
PROCEDURE:-
For Y Parameters:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (3) connect the variable voltage at port 1 .
Short-circuit the port 2. By varying the V1, note down the I1, I2 and tabulate
2. Connect the variable voltage at port 2 short circuit the port 1 as shown in figure(4)
3. By varying the V2, note down the I1, I2 and tabulate
For Y Parameters:
When output short circuited, V2 = 0 When input short circuited, V1 = 0
V2 I1 I2 Y22 Y21
2
5
GIVEN BY SANDEEP, Sravya
V1 I1 I2 Y11 Y21
2
5
8
10
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EE LAB 14
8
10
So, if inverse of the Z-Parameters are the Y-Parameters.Y-Parameters are naturally given as in steps
1 11 1 12 2I Y V Y V = + ----------1
2 21 1 22 2 I Y V Y V = + ---------2
111
1
160.59
27
IY MOHS MOHS
V= = =
221
1
110.407
27
IY MOHS MOHS
V= = =
222
2
160.59
27
IY MOHS MOHS
V= = =
112
2
110.407
27
IY MOHS MOHS
V= = =
3.2 2.2
2.2 3.2Z
=
1 16 / 27 11/ 27
11/ 27 16 / 27Z Y = =
1 11 1 12 2
21 22 2
0.59 0.4
0.4 0.59
2 1
Y
I Y V Y V
I Y V Y V
=
= += +
Y11 = I1/v1 y21 = I2/V1
Y12 = I1/v2 y22 = I2/V2
Y11 = 0.59 y21 = 0.4
Y12 = 0.4 y22 = 0.59
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EE LAB 15
RESULT:
4. SUPER POSITION AND RECIPROCITY THEOREMS
AIM: - To verify Superposition and Reciprocity theorems .
Apparatus required:
Sl.
No.
Name of the Component Specifications Quantity
1 Resistors1 K
2 K
2
12 Multi-meters 1
3 RPS 0-30 v 2
4 Ammeters 0-20 mA 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: -
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
CASE I :-
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EE LAB 16
CASE II :-
CASE III :-
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EE LAB 17
RECIPROCITY THEOREM :-
PROCEDURE:
Superposition Theorem.
1. Connect V1, V2 as shown in figure (1).
2. For different V1 and V2 values note the D.C. ammeter (0 50 mA) reading as IT
3. Replace V1 with a short circuit and read the ammeter reading as I2 for
corresponding values of V2
4. Replace V2 with a short circuit and connect V1 in the circuit and read I1 for
corresponding values of V1.5. IT = I1 + I2
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EE LAB 18
Reciprocity Theorem:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.
2. Apply some voltage Vs
3. Note down the ammeter ( 0 50 mA) reading as I1
4. Inter change ammeter and voltage source as shown in figure 3. and read theammeter reading as I2
5. Repeat the above procedure for different values or Vs and tabulate the values.
6. I1 should be equal to I2.
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM :
I1 = I1 =
I2 = I2 =
IT = I1 + I2 IT = I1 + I2
THEORITICAL CALUCULATIONS: when v2 = 0
1 2
1 2
1 // 2.2R R
R K K R R
=+
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EE LAB 19
=3 3
3 3
1 10 2.2 10
1 10 2.2 10
X X X
X X+= 0.687K
1 25
0.0141 0.678
V V
I AMP R K K = = =+
I1 =3
3
1 100.014
1 2.2 3.2 10
k IX X
K K X =
+
I1 = 4.65mA
when v1 = 0
1 2
1 2
1 // 2.2 R R R K K R R
=+
=3 3
3 3
1 10 2.2 10
1 10 2.2 10
X X X
X X+= 0.687K
Req = 1K+0.687K = 1.687K
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EE LAB 20
3 3
11
1 8.891 10 10
1 2.2 3.2 103
K X X I IX
K K X
= =+
I11 = 11 2.78 I mA=
IT = I1 + I11
IT = 4.65mA+2.78mA
IT = 7.42mA
RECIPROCITY THEOREM:
When
V = ___________ V =
I1 = I1 =
I2 = I2 =
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
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EE LAB 21
1 2
1 2
1 // 2.2R R
R K K R R
=+
1 2
1 2
1 // 2.2R R
R K K R R
=+
=3 3
3 31 10 2.2 101 10 2.2 10 X X X X X+
= 0.687K =
3 3
3 31 10 2.2 101 10 2.2 10 X X X X X+
=
0.687K
Req = 1K+0.687K = 1.687K R eq = 1K+0.687K =1.687K
I1 = IT X2.2
3.2
K
K =14.8mA X2.2
3.2
K
K = 10.18 mA
I1 = IT X2.2
3.2
K
K=14.8mA X
2.2
3.2
K
K= 10.18 mA
I1 = I11
OBSERVATIONS:
(A) SUPERPOSITION:
Case ( 1 ) Case ( 2 ) Case ( 3 )
(B) RECIPROCITY
GIVEN BY SANDEEP, Sravya
V1 (Volts) I1(mA) V2 (Volts) I2 (mA) V1 V2 IT (mA)
V volts I1mA I2mA
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EE LAB 22
RESULT:
5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
Apparatus required:
Sl.
No.
Name of the Component Specifications Quantity
1 Resistors1K2 K
21
2 Decade Induction Box 10 -1H3 Decade Resistance Box 10 -1M
4 Multi meter
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EE LAB 23
5 RPS 0-30 v 2
6 RPS 0-20 v 2
7 Ammeters 0-20 mA 4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:1 (a)
1 (b)
R1 1k R2 1k
R32.2
k
A +
0-20mA
0-30v 5
2 (a) A.C ANLYSIS
2 (b)
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EE LAB 24
10mH 1m
A +
0-20mA
R3
2.2
k
R2 1kR1 1k
+
0-20v
Theoretical Calculations:
3
3 3
( )
10 10
3.1253.2
2.2 10 3.125 10 6.875
1 2.21
3.2
1.6875
OC
TH
X
I mA
V orE X x x V
XR
K
= =
= =
= =
=
THEVININS EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT
By Maximum power Transfer theorem
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EE LAB 25
When RL = Rth =1.6875K
Then PL = PMax
22
2
3
( )
4 4
(6.875)
4 1.6875 10
7.0023
OC
L L
VE
R R
X X
mW
=
AC ANALYSIS
3
2
2 500 400 10
400
(1.256)
L X J fL
JX X X X X
JX X
J K
=
=
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EE LAB 26
(1 2.2) 3.2
500
10 3.1253.2
2.2 6.875
1 2.2(1 1.256)
3.2
2.2(1 1.256)
3.2
0.6785 (1 1.256)
(0.6785 0 1 1.256)
L
EQ
OC
OC
REQ K K
X J L
CONSIDER
f HZ
V I mAR K
V IX K V
X Z K J K
K J K
K J K
J J K
= + = =
=
= = =
= =
= + +
= + +
= + + + + +
(1.6875 1.256)
2.1036 36.6OC TH
J K
Z R XL K
+ = =
THEVININS EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT
By Maximum power transfer theorem when series
impedances are conjugate to each other Maximum power is Dissipated across Load.
When Zi = (1.675+J1.256)K then
PL = PMax
ZL = (1.675+J1.256)K
RL = 1.6875k
2 2
3
(6.785)
4 4 2.10 10
5.626
L
L
L
EP
R X X
R Z MW
= =
= =
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EE LAB 27
PROCEDURE: - D.C. Analysis with R load
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1 (a).
2. Varying the load resistance in steps and note the ammeter readings and calculate
power
3. Plot the graph by taking resistance on X axis and power on Y axis
4. Connect the circuit as in 1(b)
5. Varying V note the corresponding values of I
6. Rs = V / I
7. Rs should be equal to RL for maximum power transfer.
A .C. Analysis with source impedance as resistive
8. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(a) except replacing DC source by ACvoltage source.
9. Set some voltage and note down corresponding current and calculate power
10. Repeat the procedure as given for DC analysis 1(b) circuit.
A .C. Analysis with source impedance as inductive:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3(a). And set inductance some value
(say 400 mH)
2. Varying the load resistance in steps and note the ammeter readings and calculate
power.
3. Connect the circuit as in figure 3(b) and find Zs = Vs / I. Absolute value of Zsshould be equal to RL at a value where power transferred is maximum.
EXPECTED GRAPHS:
DC Analysis A .C. Analysis
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EE LAB 28
OBSERVATIONS:
DC & AC Analysis (Rs = R)
AC: Zs = R + j L
RESULT:
GIVEN BY SANDEEP, Sravya
I R P = I2
R V I R 2 V / I
V I Z= V/ I
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EE LAB 29
6. THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS
AIM:To verify Thevenins and Nortons theorems
Apparatus required:
Sl.
No.Name of the component Specifications Quantity
1 Resistors 2.2 K ,1 K 23 Regulated Power Supply ( RPS) 0-10 v 1
4 Multimeters 1
5 Ammeters 0-20 mA 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
PROBLEM:
THEVENINS THEOREM:
For Voc Calculation:
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EE LAB 30
For Rth:
For IL
For IL Calculation
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EE LAB 31
Nortons Theorem
For Isc Calculation:
IL Calculation:
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
THEVININS THEOREM
FOR VOC OR VTH
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EE LAB 32
No current passes through R3 (1K) resistor so we can remove it
1
2
3 3
207.81
3.2
7.81 10 2.2 10
13.75
T
TH T
TH
V I mA
R K
V I R
X X X
V V
= = =
=
==
FOR RTH
1 2
1 2
1 // 2.2R R
R K K R R
=+
=3 3
3 3
1 10 2.2 10
1 10 2.2 10
X X X
X X+= 0.687K
REQ = 1+0.687 = 1.687K
FOR EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT
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EE LAB 33
13.75
1.687 2.2
3.53
THL
TH L
L
VI
R R K K
I mA
= =+ +
=
NORTONS THEOREM:
FOR IN or ISC
1 2
1 2
1 // 2.2 R R R K K R R
=+
=3 3
3 3
1 10 2.2 10
1 10 2.2 10
X X X
X X+= 0.687K
REQ = 1+0.687 = 1.687K
250.0148 14814
1.6875
2.2
3.2
8.14
TT
EQ
N SC T
N
V V I A mA
R K
K I I I X
K
I mA
= = =
= =
=FOR RTH
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EE LAB 34
1 2
1 2
1 // 2.2R R
R K K R R
=+
=3 3
3 3
1 10 2.2 10
1 10 2.2 10
X X X
X X+= 0.687K
REQ = 1+0.687 = 1.687K
EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT
Equivalent circuit can be converted as follows
3 310.1 10 1.6875 10
17.0387
17.0387
2.2 1.685
3.53
L
EQ
L
X X X
V
VI
R R K K
I mA
= =+ +
=PROCEDURE:
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EE LAB 35
Thevenins Theorem:
1. Apply a D.C. voltage of 7v from voltage source to be input terminals of the
network and measure the output voltage Voc with out load.
2. Connect the load at the output of the network and measure the current through the
load
3. Disconnect the voltage source and load, short the input terminals of the network
and measure the thevenins equivalent impedance at the output terminals.
4. Adjust the input voltage of the voltage source that is equal to thevenins voltage
and apply to input terminals of the equivalent circuit.
5. Measure the load current I1l and compare it theoretical value V1 and tabulate
Nortons Theorem:
1. Apply DC voltage of 7V from voltage source to the input terminal of the networkand measure the load current at the output of the network
2. Apply D.C.voltage of 7 V and measure short circuit current Isc by short circuiting
load terminals.3. Find Zth by disconnect the voltage sources and load, short the input terminals of
the network and measure the thevenins equivalent impedance at the output
terminals.4. Draw Nortons equivalent circuits by connecting Zth in parallel with Isc.
5. Convert Nortans equivalent circuit to Thevenin equivalent circuit and measure
the load current ILl with connecting load at output terminals and compare with IL
6. Nortons theorem states IL = IL1
OBSERVATIONS:
Thevenins Theorem:
Sl.
No.Vs
Vth(measured)
IL(measured) Rth(measured)IL
1
computed
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EE LAB 36
Nortons Theorem:
Sl.
No. Vs ISC (measured) IL(measured) IL1
theoretical
RESULT: