EE-353 EPDU_2011

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SAFETY RULES

1. Please don t touch any live parts.2. Never use an electrical tool in a damp place.3. Don t carry unnecessary belongings during performance of practicals (like

water bottle, bags etc). 4. Before connecting any leads/wires, make sure power is switch ed off. 5. In case of an emergency, push the nearby red color emergency switch of the

panel or immediately call for help .6. In case of electric fire, never put water on it as it will further worsen the

condition; use the class C fire extinguisher .

Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation(combustion) of fuel. Three basic conditions whenmet, fire takes place. These are fuel, oxygen & heat,absence of any one of the component will extinguishthe fire.

If there is a small electrical fire, be sure touse only a Class C or multipurpose (ABC)fire extinguisher, o therwise you might makethe problem worse n.

The letters and symbols are explained in leftfigure. Easy to remember words are alsoshown.

Don t play with electricity, Treat electricity with respect, it deserves!

Figure: Fire Triangle

A (think ashes):paper, wood etc

B (think barrels):flammable liquids

C (th ink circuits):electrical fires

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization ContentsNED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

Prepared by: Muhammad Mohsin Aman 2011

CONTENTS

Lab.No. D a ted Title of Experiments

P ageNo R emark s

1 Parts of power cable. 1 - 3

2 Cable Size Calculation for the givenload.

4 - 7

3 Measure the High Level Voltage,Current and Resistance using

Instrument Transformers & Megger .

8 - 9

4 Operation and constructional featuresof a Distribution Transformer.

1 0 - 11

5 Substation Equipments and its one-line diagram.

1 2 - 1 5

6 Power Factor Improvement 1 6 - 1 9

7(a)

7(b)

Using CalculuxFirst project on design of generallighting scheme for an office.

20 - 2 2

23-24

8(a)

8(b)

Second project on design of generallighting scheme for an office. To design a task & accent lighting for an off ice (optional ).

2 5 - 2 7

2 8 - 2 9

9 Different types of lamps & comparingthe Illuminance level.

30 - 3 2

10 Calculate the charges in Industrial/commercial bill.

3 3- 36

11 Captive Power Generation (DG Set - Diesel Generating Set). optional

3 7 - 40

12 Home El ectrical Wiring 4 1 - 4 3

13 Earth Resistance and Soil Resistivity Measurment

4 4-50

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 01NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 1

Power Cable OBJECTIVE

To dissect the power cable into it s distinguished parts .APPARATUS

Dissected Cables Vernier Calliper Screw Gauge

THEORYA cable is defined as an assembly of conductors and insulators used for the transfer of powerin densely populated urban areas. Cables are mostly laid under the ground in order not todisturb the land beauty and to avoid using the land for power transmission purposes.

Figure: Parts of cables

PARTS OF CABLE A cable is composed of the following parts;

Core All cables either have a central core (conductor) or a number of cores made of strands of Copper or Aluminum conductors having highest conductivity. Conductors are stranded inorder to reduce the skin effect.

Insulation It is provided to insulate the conductors from each other and from the outside periphery. Thecommon insulating materials are Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene.

Metallic Sheath Metallic Sheath protects the cable against the entry of moisture. It is made of lead, some alloyof lead or Aluminum

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Bedding In order to protect the metallic sheath from injury, bedding is wound over it. It consists of paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.

Armoring It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wires or two layers of steel tape, to avoidthe mechanical injury. Armoring provides mechanical strength to the cable.

Serving A layer of fibrous material, used to protect the armoring.

Figure: Cross Sectional View of Cable

S.No Properties

Copper Aluminum

Annealed HardDrawn Annealed HardDrawn

1 Resistivity at 20 C(ohm -m × 10 -8)

1.72 1.78 to 1.8 2.8 2.3

2 Temperature coefficient of electrical resistance at 20 C 0.00393 0.00393 0.00403 0.00403

3 Coefficient of linearexpansion per unit per C

17.0 x 10 -6 17.0 x 10 -6 23.0 x 10 -6 23.0 x 10 -6

4 Thermal conductivityW/mK 384 384 209.4 209.4

5 Density kg/m3 8.89 x 10 -3 8.89 x 10 -3 2.71 x 10 -3 2.71 x 10 -3

6 Specific heat kJ/k g K 0.394 0.394 0.904 0.904

PROCEDUREPractical demonstration

RESULTCables have been studied and their operation is understood.

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EXERCISE:You are given three cables of unknown cross section: find out the following informationabout each cable.

S.

No

No. of Cores

No. of

Strands

Diameter(m)

Cross SectionalArea (mm 2) Nomenclature

123

Give the definition of following terms: 1. Coefficient of linear expansion2. Temperature coefficient3. Thermal conductivity 4. Resistivity 5. Ampacity

Explain the following processes: 1. Annealing & Importance 2. Galvanizing 3. Vulcanizing

Give short answers to the following questions: 1. What will be the difference in size of Cu & Al conductor for same installation?

(Hints: refer table )2. Why do we use ACSR conductors for tra nsmission not in distribution? 3. Mostly Aluminum is used in transmission system as a conductor, why not Cu as a

conductor?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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LAB SESSION 02Select the Appropriate Cable Size

OBJECTIVESelect the appropriate cable size for the given load.

APPARATUSGiven Load Cable Tables Book

THEORYThe cable selection procedures set out in this LAB SESSION will give the basic guidelines tobe followed to determine the minimum size of cable required to satisfy a particularinstallation condition.

The following three main factors influence the selection of a particular cable to satisfy the

circuit requirements:

(a) Current-carrying capacity dependent upon the method of installation and the presenceof external influences, such as thermal insulation, which restrict the operating temperature of the cable. (b) Voltage drop dependent upon the impedance of the cable, the magnitude of the loadcurrent and the load power factor.(c) Short -circuit temperature limit dependent upon energy produced during the short-circuit condition.

TASK: Determine the size of cable required & voltage drop in the cable.

SITUATION: A 150kW , three phase load is supplyi ng from a 400V, 50Hz supply. The circuit is protectedusing BSEN 60898 Type B circuit breaker and is situated 150 m away from the dis tributionboard. It is run with two other power circuit s and is buried in the ground at a depth of 0.8m.There the soil resistivity is 1.2 ºC.m/W. The temperature within the installation can beassumed to be 30 C . Calculate the size of cable required, assu me armored Cu cable is usedhere .

DB 150 kW

LOAD

150m

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METHOD:

STEP #01Determine the current requirements of the circuit. This current is known as Design current,

either specified by the manufacturer or can be calculated by the formulae.

Design Current (I N) = kilo Watt Power (For 1 phase) Single Phase Voltage x power factor

Design Current (I N) = kilo Watt Power (For 3 phase) 3 x Line Voltage x power factor

If kVA power is given the above formula will change accordingly. If motor power is given in hp then use the conversion 1hp=746 Watts.

Here,

Design Current (I N) = _______________________ = Amps

STEP #02Determine the method of cable installation to be used.

Installation Conditions: The current-carrying capacity of a cable is dependent on themethod of installation to maintain the temperature of the cable within its operating limits.Different methods of installation vary the rate at which the heat generated by the current flowis dissipated to the surrounding medium.

Specific conditions of installation are there like cables installed with or without wiring

enclosures in air, in the ground or embedded in building materials. STEP #03Determine the environmental conditions in the vicinity of the cable installation, whereapplicable, like

(i) the ambient air or soil temperature (ii) the depth of laying rating factor (iii) the soil thermal resistivity rating factor

Use any cable s table book to find out the correction factor values.

Here, the correction factors from the tables:Grouping Factor (Cg): _______

Ambient Temperature (Ca): _______ Soil Resistivity Factor (Cr): _______ Depth of laying factor (Cd): _______

STEP #04Apply the correction factors to determine the current carrying capacity (Ic) of the cable byusing the formula.

Current carrying capacity of cable = Design current .

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Correction Factors The above facto rs should be applied according to the design situation.

Current carrying capacity of cable = ____Design current . Cg x Ca x Cr x Cd

Here, Current carrying capacity of cable = __ _________ _____________

Current carrying capacity of cable = ______________

Minimum cable size = ___ __________ mm 2

Find ing the Protective Device Size (I F).The design current should be no greater than the fuse rating. The fuse rating must be nogreater than the current carrying capacity of the cable. The current carrying capacity of thecable should not be greater than the tabulated capacity of the cable i.e.

IN IF IC

The Worst -Case ScenarioA cable may experience various different environments along its route. For example it maystart at a switchboard, run through the switch room in a trench with a lid or steel flooring,pass through a duct in a wall and under a roadway, run a long way directly buried and finishon a ladder rack at the consumer. At each of these environments the thermal resistivity andambient temperature will be different. The environment that causes the most derating of therated current should be taken and used for the whole cable.

DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE DROP FROM MILLI VOLTS PER AMP -METRE

According to IEE Regulation 52 2-8 of the 15th

edition, it is stipulated that: The voltage drop within the installation does not exceed a value appropriate to the safefunctioning of the associated equipment in normal service. For final circuits protected by anover current protective device having a normal current not exceeding 100A, this requirementis deemed to be satisfied if the drop in voltage from the origin of the circuit to any other pointin the circuit does not exceed 2.5 percent of the nominal voltage at the design current,disregarding staring conditions.

The voltage drop can be determine using the following formula 50 for applications whe reonly the route length and load current of balanced circuits are known.

Voltage Drop (Vd) = L x I N x Vc .1000

where Vc = the millivolt drop per ampere -metre route length of circuit, as shown in the tables forvarious condu ctors, in millivolts per ampere metre (mV/A.m)

Vd = actual voltage drop, in volts L = route length of circuit, in meters IN = the current to be carried by the cable, in amperes.

Here, L = 80m

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LAB SESSION 03

Measure the High Level Voltage , Current and Resistance

OBJECTIVEUsing measuring instruments measure the high level of voltage , current and resistance .

APPARATUSCurrent Transformer Potential Transformer Megger Clip on Ammeter

THEORY

Current Tran sformers Ammeters are employed for measurement of current incircuits. In high voltage transmission lines, it is more feasibleto use Current Transformers for measurement of current owingto its higher range of measurement. High values of currentsflowing in the transmission lines serve as the primary circuit of a current transformer. The high current is stepped down to amuch lower value (normally not more than 5A) which is thenmeasured by an ordinary ammeter. This way, an ammeter isnot exposed to high currents and voltages.

Potential Transformers For measurement of high voltages, potential transformers arecommonly used. Difference between the potential transformers andcurrent transformers is that Current Transformers are connected inseries whereas Potential Transformers are connected in parallel.

Among the available range of PTs and CTs, the selection is based onthe following factors

Insulation Class Primary to Secondary ratioContinuous thermal rating Service conditions Accuracy

Clip On Ammeter Current is measured only when an ammeter is connected in a circuit inseries. What if the current in any wire connected to a load is required tobe measured. Using an ammeter, we shall first need to disconnect theload from the source, insert an ammeter and then measure the current.Instead of doing all this, a clip on ammeter allows current measurementwithout disconnecting the line. It operates on the concept of transformation, as in transformers where flux linkages produce voltages.

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Megger Megger is a name given to an instrument used to measure largevalues of resistance. Measuring resistance of machines anddevices is very helpful in determining faults like short circuitsetc. Once a machine faces a fault, its internal resistance getschanged. Machine resistance is regularly monitored in order todetect any internal faults occurring in the machines and otherdevices.

OBSERVATIONUsing Cl ip on Ammeter measure the current of a single phase load.

Load Measured Value (A) Using Clip on Ammeter

Calculate d Value(A) Using Formula

Pedestal Fan ( W)

100W bulb Tube light ( W) with

ballast ( W) Two 100W bulbs in parallel

Desktop PC (Personal computer) ( W)

Using CT (current Transformer) measure the current of a given load.

CT ratio: ______ __

Load Primary Current(Using Clip On Ammeter) Secondary Currentof CT 1000W

2000W

3000W

Using Megger find the insulation Resistance of 1. A new cable _____________________ found to be___________________2. An old cable______________________ found to be___________________3. Across Burnt Motor Terminals ______ found to be_ __________________4. ___________________________ ______ found to be___________________

RESULTWorking of measuring instruments practically demonstrated .

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 04NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 04

Distribution Transformer

OBJECTIVETo study the operation and constructional features of a Distribution Transformer

APPARATUSDistribution Transformer

THEORYDistribution transformer is used to convert electrical energy of higher voltage (usually 11- 22-33kV) to a lower voltage (250 or 433V) with frequency identical before and after thetransformation. Its main application is mainly within suburban areas, public supplyauthorities and industrial customers. With given secondary voltage, distribution transformer

is usually the last in the chain of electrical energy supply to households and industrialenterprises.

Power Transformer

CONSTRUCTION There are 3 main parts in the distribution transformer:

Coils/winding where incoming alternating current (through primary winding) generatesmagnetic flux, which in turn induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

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Magnetic core material allowing transfer of magnetic field generated by primary winding tosecondary winding by the principle of electromagnetic induction.

A transformer s core and windings are called its Active Parts. This is because these two areresponsible for transformer s operation.

Tank serving as a mechanical package to protect active parts, as a holding vessel fortransformer oil used for cooling and insulation.

Transformer Acce ssories Breather Pressure relief device Temperature Indicator Tap Changer etc

SIGNIFICANCE OF VECTOR GROUPS Three phase machines, such as transformers, are allotted symbols representing the type of phaseconnection and the phase angle between the HV and LV terminals. The angle is described by a clock-

face hour figure. The HV vector is taken as 12 o clock, the reference, and the corresponding LVvector is represented by the hour ha nd.

For example, a Dy11 represents; D = HV winding is delta connectedy = LV winding is star connected 11 = clock -face reference indicating that the LV vector is at 11 o clock (30o lead)with reference to the HV vector.

PROCEDURE

Practical demonstration .

RESULTComplete working of the distribution transformer has been understood.

EXERCISE:

Give the purposes of following parts of Distribution Transformer

1. Bushings 2. Conservator or expansion tank 3. Breather 4. Pressure relief device 5. Tap Changer (OFF Load)

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LAB SESSION 05

Substation Equipments & One Line Diagram

OBJECTIVETo study the major equipments of the substation and make a one -line diagram .

APPARATUSA visit will be arranged to a sub -station.

THEORYAn electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission anddistribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low levels using transformers.Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer,and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Feeders The electrical distribution system begins with a source of electrical energy that must bedistributed to each and every electrical load. The starting point of this system, which feedselectrical energy into it, is known as a Feeder. The electricity delivered by a feeder is actuallydistributed to different loads in the system.

Distributors A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken to the consumers. The currentthrough a distributor is not constant due to the tapings taken off at various places along itslength. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main considerationas the voltage variation limits are about 6% of the rated voltage at the consumer terminals.

Switch Gears The term switchgear, used in association with the electric power system, or grid, refers to thecombination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electricalequipment. Switchgear is used both to de -energize equipment to allow work to be done and toclear faults downstream Panels are the compartments used for switchgear arrangement.

Switching Devices A device designed to close, open, or both, one or more electric circuits.These include

HRC fuses Magnetic contactorCircuit Breaker (Molded Case Circuit Breaker) Load Break Switch

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Figure: Fuse Figure: Contactor Figure: Circuit Breaker

One line diagram of a typical distribution system

EXERCISE:1. Using Magnetic Contactor design and implement the DOL circuit for three phase

Induction Motor. Also explain working.

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____ ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Using Magnetic Contactor s design a Star Delta Scheme for three phase InductionMotor . Also explain working.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 06 NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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Applying a star or delta-connected (three-phase load) group of three capacitors of suitablecapacity in parallel to the resistive-inductive load terminals, the capacitive current Ic absorbed by them, which is in leading quadrature compared to the voltage Vt, opposes thecomponent in lagging quadrature I L reducing it to I1 or even annulling it, with consequentdecrease in the circulating line current, which takes on the value IR; the best situation is

obtained when IC = I L and I is therefore red uced to the only in -phase component IR.

Using the above relations we can show that

C C Y *3

Star connected and Delta connected capacitors, both have advantages / disadvantages too.

PROCEDURE:

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Delta Connected Capacitor Banks (M odule AZ -191b) :

A 2 F three -phase capacitor bank.

B 4 F three -phase capacitor bank. L1 -L2 -L3 Three -phase capacitor bank input terminals, (delta connected three

capacitors with voltage rating 450 V~). C 3 single -phase inductors with rated current 1A and inductance of 100

mH. D 3 x 100 k 2W resistances.

Resistive Load Bank (Module RL- 2/EV):

R = 360 V = 220V I = 0.6A P = 132W R = 180 V = 220V I = 1.2A P = 264W R = 90 V = 220V I = 2.4A P = 528W.

Inductive Load Bank (Module IL -2/EV):

Z = 720 L = 2.3H V = 220V f =50Hz I = 0.3A Pa = 66VA Z = 360 L =1.15H V = 220V f =50Hz I= 0.6A Pa = 132VA Z = 180 L =0.58H V = 220V f =50Hz I =1.2A Pa = 264VA

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OBSERVATIONS :Follow the connections shown in figure below and fill up the table:

LoadCombination

ActivePower

ReactivePower

ApparentPower

InitialPowerFactor

P.F Correction Using 3 x 2µF

P.F Correction Using 3 x 4µF

NewPowerFactor

NewLine

Current

NewPowerFactor

NewLine

Current

RESULTThe method of power factor correction has fully understood .

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 07 (a) Introduction to Lighting design software Calculux

OBJECTIVE

To become familiar with the basic environment of lighting design softwareCalculux

THEORYThis Lab session will introduce the main feature of lighting design software and with theenvironment of Calculux. Calculux Indoor is a software tool which help s lighting designers in selecting and evaluating lighting systems for office s and industrial applications.

What can you do with Calculux Indoor? Perform lighting calculations (including direct, indirect, total and averageilluminance) within orthogonal rooms; Predict financial implications including energy, investment, lamp and maintenancecosts for different lum inaire arrangements; Select luminaires from an extensive Philips database or from specially formatted filesfor luminaires from other suppliers; Specify room dimensions, luminaire types, maintenance factors, interreflectionaccuracy, calculation grids and calculation types; Compile reports displaying results in text and graphical formats; Support Switching modes and Light regulation factors;

The logical steps used for project specification save you time and effort, while the reportfacility gives you the opportunity to keep permanent records of the results.

Installing the program In order to install Calculux correctly, please stop all other applications before starting theinstallation.

To install the program: 1. Start Windows. 2. Connect the USB to your USB po rt [Let suppose drive (K:) of your computer]. 3. Follow the path K: \ Calculux 4. Run the setup in the Indoor5.0b 5. Follow the instructions on screen.

Installing the database 1. Here in the folder DB, there is a database of Philips Luminaries

2. Install the database from the DB folder. Environment of Calculux Indoor SoftwareWhen you start Calculux, the Calculux main window is displayed. This window alwayscontains the menu bar, and if selected, it may also contain a tool bar and/or status line. Whena project file is ope n and data has been entered, a 2D top view or 3D layout is shown.

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The menu bar contains the following menus:

1. File 2. Data 3. Calculation 4.Report 5. Finance6. View 7. Options 8. Window 9. Help

Before Starting your First Project:Installa tion of Calculux Indoor has been successful; Vignettes have been installed; Phillum files have been installed; Database has been installed.

Before you start 'My First Project' first you should check the default settings of Calculux.

Checking the default settingsFor 'First Project' you are going to check the following default settings:

Environment (options) (default settings concerning the program environment) Report Setup Defaults (default settings concerning the contents and layout of thereport) Calculation Presentation Defaults (default settings concerning the CalculationPresentation)

Environment Select Environment from the Options menu.

Select the Directories tab. Check the directory settings of the Project files, Phillum files and Vignette files.

Select the Database tab. Check the directory settings of the Database files.

C lick OK to return to the Main View. The Environment Options only have to be set after installing Calculux.

Report Setup Defaults Select Report Setup Defaults from the Options menu.

Select the Contents tab.In the Included box, select the chapters to be included in the report.

In the Presentation Forms box, select the presentation forms of the calculation presentationresult views. Select Textual Table, Iso Contour,Filled Iso Contour

Select the Layout tab.In the Project Luminaire Information box, select in which way the luminaire luminousintensity information is to be shown.

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Select Show Polar DiagramIn the Installation Data box, select which elements are to be displayed in chapter 'InstallationData' of the report.

Select Show Aiming Angles

In the General box, select which additional information is to be displayed and in whichlanguage the report is to be created.

Click OK to return to the Main View.

Calculation Presentation Defaults Select C alculation Presentation Defaults from the Options menu.

Select the Presentation Forms tab. In this tab you can select the elements to be displayed in the calculation presentation resultviews. Select Textual Table, Iso Contour, Filled Iso Contour

Select the General tab.

In the Show box, select the elements to be displayed by default in the calculation presentationand report. Select Luminaires, Luminaire Code, Luminaire Legend, Drawings,Fill Color Legend,

Room,Connected Field,Conn ected Grid

In the Iso Contour Method box, select which Iso Contour Method will be used by default forthe calculation presentation.

Select Relative

Select the Scaling tab.

In the Minimum Report Scale box. Select 10

In the Sizing box, select the default sizing of the calculation presentation result views, select:

Zoomed Relative to Grid: Factor 1.000

By setting the above scaling, the size of the defined objects in the calculation presentationresult overviews will be based on the size of the gri d and the field. The size is determined bythe 'Zoom Factor'.

Click OK to return to the Main View.

Now start your first project.

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 07(b)NED University of Engineering and Technology Depar tment of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 0 7(b)

Your First Project on lighting design using CALCULUX

OBJECTIVE

First Task of First project: Design a general lighting scheme of an office using CALCULUX. This will be yourfirst task of this Lab.

The details are as under: Room Specifications

Room dimensions Width 3.50 m Length 5.60 m Height 2.70 m

Working Plane Height 0.80 m

Reflections Ceiling 0.50 Walls 0.30 Floor 0.10

Position (of Left Front side of the room) X = 0.0 Y = 0.0

Required illuminance levelGeneral lighting 300 lux on working plane

Luminaire SpecificationsLuminaire type TBS600/135 C7 -60 Lamp type TL5 35W

Project Maintenance Factor 0.8 0

AA

AA

Fig: 1st Task

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 07(b)NED University of Engineering and Technology Depar tment of Electrical Engineering

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Second Task of the First Project: Let suppose there is a window in the back wall of the room, two luminaries of the Room Block arrangement have to be moved.

Add a table in the center of the room & write text on table TABLE .

table

AA

AA

Fig: 2 nd Task

OBSERVATION:Attach the Self generated Report with each task .

In each report following details should be there 1) Title Page 2) Table of Contents 3) Top project overview 4) Summary 5) Luminaries Details 6) Calculation Results

a) Filled ISO Contour

INSTRUCTION:All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple thereport with the workbook.

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 08 (a)NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 0 8 (a)

Your Second Project on lighting design using CALCULUX

OBJECTIVE

First Task of Second Project: The purpose of this lab is to measure the LUX level on the given working plane. Thiswill be your first task of this Lab.

The constructional details are as under: Room Specifications

Room dimensions Width 7.32 m Length 7.62 m Height 3.66 m

Working Plane Height 0.80 m


Position (of Left Front side of the room) X= 0.0 Y = 0.0

Illuminance levelTo be measured

Luminaire SpecificationsLuminaire type Lamp Type Color FBS331/218 M6 2xPL -L18W 840 TBS300/236 M1 2XTL- D36 W 840

Project Maintenance Factor 0.80

Luminaires LocationRed Lamps (12 in Number) Spacing X- Spacing = 1.2m Y- Spacing = 1.6m Position X=1.20 Y=1.60 Z=3.66

Blue Lamps (20 in Number) Spacing X- Spacing = 1.5m Y- Spacing = 1.6m Position X=1.45 Y=2. 20 Z=3.66

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 08 (a)NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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Second task of Second Project: In your second task

1. Group the luminaries in three separate blocks.

2. Make rectangles. 3. Make two separate grids, one for working plane & one for Table. 4. Now calculate the results.5. Generate & Print the report.6. Save the project.

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 08(b)NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 08(b)

Third Project on lighting design using CALCULUX

OBJECTIVE:Design a task and accent lighting for an office.

The constructional details of the office are as under:

Room Specifications Room dimensions Width 3.50 mLength 5.60 mHeight 2.70 mWorking Plane Height 0.80 m


Position (of Left Front side of the room) X 0.0 Y 0.0

Luminaries UsedTBS600/135 C7 -60

MASTERLINE PLUS 20W 24D [13672]

Project Maintenance Factor 0.80

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 08(b)NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7X(m )

- 0 . 5

0

0 . 5

1

1 . 5

2

2 . 5

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3 . 5

4

4 . 5

5

5 . 5

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Y ( m )

OBSERVATION:

Attach the Self Generated Report with each task of the Project.

In each report following details should be there 1) Title Page 2) Table of Contents 3) Top project overview 4) Summary 5) Luminaries Details 6) Calculation Results

a) Filled ISO Contour

INSTRUCTION: All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with theworkbook .

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Figure: Types of Incandescent Lamps

FLOURESCENT TUBE LIGHT A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas -discharge lamp that uses electricity to excitemercury vapor. The excited mercury atoms produce short -wave ultraviolet light that thencauses a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light .

Compared with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use less power for the same amount of light, generally last longer, but are bulkier, more complex, and more expensive than acomparable incandescent lamp.

Figure: Types of Fluorescent Lamps

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COMPACT FLOURESCENT LIGHTS A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also known as a compactfluorescent light bulb (or less commonly as a compact fluorescent tube[CFT]), is a type of fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs are designed toreplace an incandescent lamp and can fit in the existing light fixtures

formerly used for incandescent .

Compared to general service incandescent lamps giving the sameamount of visible light, CFLs use less power and have a longer ratedlife, but generally have a higher purchase price.

PROCDU E RE & CALCULATIONSPlace different lamps on the wooden board & calculate the LUX level at different point (ApproxResults only due to some unavoidable problems) .

S. No. Type of Lamp Distance fromthe source LUX

1Incandescent 2

31

Fluorescent Lamp 231

Compact FluorescentLamp 2

3

RESULTOn wooden board, make the circuitry of Fluorescent tube .

EXERCISEDraw the circuit diagram of a fluorescent lamp showing fluorescent tube, ballast & starter .

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 1 0NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 1 0

Calculating the Total Cost in a Residential andCommercial or Industrial Bill .

OBJECTIVEYou are given an Industrial or commercial Bill

Calculate the total energy cost of the utility bill. Explain the terms used in the bill Perform Exercise in the end of the Lab Session

Theory:The rates of utility companies are based upon the following guidelines:

1. The amount of energy consumed [kW.h] 2. The demand r ate at which energy is consumed [kW] 3. The power facto r of the load.

The amount of energy consumed is measured by Energy meter and the demand of the systemduring the demand interval is measured by Demand meter.

What is The Difference Between Demand and Consumption?Demand is how much power you require at a single point in time, measured inkilowatts (kW).Cons umption is how much energy you use over a period of time, measured inkilowatt -hours (kWh).Example: assume ten lights are turned on each with a 100-watt bulb. To accomplishthis, you must draw - or demand - 1,000 watts, or 1 kW of electricity from the po wer

grid. If you leave all ten lights on for two hours, you would consume 2 kWh of electricity.

Demand MeasurementDemand varies by customer and month. To record demand, a special meter tracks theflow of electricity to a facility over a period of time, usually 30 -minute intervals.Over the course of a month, the 30 -minute interval with the highest demand isrecorded and reflected on a monthly bill.

Minimum Charges means a charge to recover the costs for providing customer service toconsumers even if no energy is consumed during the month.

Fixed Charges means the part of sale rate in a two -part tariff to be recovered on the basis of Billing Demand in kilowatt on monthly basis.

Variable Charge means the sale rate per kilowatt -hour (kWh) as a single rate or part of atwo -part tariff applicable to the actual kWh consumed by the consumer during a billingperiod.

Maximum Demand where applicable , means the maximum of the demand obtained in anymonth measured over successive periods each of 30 minutes duration.

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Sanctioned Load where applicable means the installed load in kilowatt as applied for by theconsumer and allowed/authorized by the Company for usage by the consumer.

Power Factor shall be to the ratio of kWh to KVAh recorded during the month or the ratio of kWh to the square root of sum of square of kWh and kVARh,.

Formulae to be used:

1. Energy Charges (Rs) = No. of Units x energy charges (Rs/kWh)

2. Fuel Adjustment Charges (Rs) = No. of Units x energy charges (Rs/kWh)

3. Fixed Charges (Rs)

If M XD>50% of connected load

then Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x MXD

If MXD<50% of connected load

then Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x 50% of connected load

4. Additional Surcharge

Additional Surcharge (Rs) = No. of Units x Additional surcha rge (Rs/kWh)

5. Income Tax

Applicable on Taxable Amount

Taxable Amount = Energy Charges + Fuel Adjustment Charges + Additional Surcharge +Fixed Charges + Electricty Duty + Meter Rent + P.f Penalty

6. Sales Tax

Sales Tax = some percent of Taxable amount (Se e Tarrifs)

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EXERCISE:Attach the bill here:

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 1 1NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineeri ng

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LAB SESSIO N 1 1

Diesel Generating Set OBJECTIVETo study the various components of a Diesel Generating Set

THEORY

It is common practice to provide the standby emergency source of supply at all importantinstallations such as large factories, railways, airports & other essential services. This isusually achieved with the use of a captive Diesel Generator Set (DG Set).

Main Components of A Diesel Generating SetDG Set comprises of three main parts.

Engine

This is the main prime mover (PM) for the generator and may be a gas, petrol or dieselengine, depending upon the availability of fuel. In this LAB we will discuss the Dieselgenerating Set, being used more commonly for captive power generation.

The control of power output is obtained through this PM only. It has a droopingcharacteristic.

Governor This senses the speed of the machine and performs extremely fast and accurate adjustments inthe fuel supply to the PM. In turn it regulates the speed and output of the PM withinpredefined limits, depending upon the droop of the PM. The governor may be a mechanical(manual), hydraulic or electronic (automatic) device.

Generator Generator is responsible for changing engine power (hp or kW) into electrical power (kVA).They also must satisfy high magnetizing current draws (kVAR) of electrical equipment.

NEMA suggests 0.8pf for standard generator.

Engine & Generator SizingEngines are sized according to the actual power in kW required to meet the need of thefacility. The generator on the other hand, must be capable of handling the maximum apparentpower which is measured in kVA. Thus engine provide power (kW) and frequency control,generator influence kVA and voltage control.

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Fig: A Complete DG Set

Fig: Auxiliary Fuel Tank

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Fig: A front View of a Diesel Generatin g Set

Fig: Air Ducting Fig: Batteries & Battery Charger

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Fig: Vibration Isolator Fig: Batteries

EXERCISE:

Household Equipments Ratings:Fill the following table;

S. No. Item Rating (kW) 1 Ceiling Fan 2 Computer Monitor (Size= inches) 3 Refrigerator4 Split AC (1 ton) 5 Split AC (1.5 ton) 6 Window Type Split AC (1 ton)7 Window Type Split AC (1.5 ton)

8 Washing Machine 9 Electric Iron

10 Microwave Oven 11 Television (Size = inches) 12 Available Fluorescent Tubes 13 Available CFL 14 Printer (Laser jet or dot matrix) 15 Tape Recorder

This chart is very useful in calculating the size of the generator required for your home. Que stion: Explain the following parts or terms of Diesel Generating Set:

1. Radiators 2. Fuel Tank & Base Frame 3. Canopy 4. Main Tank & Auxiliary Tank 5. Silencer & Exhaust System 6. Drain Valve & Shut -off Valve 7. Shock Vibrators 8. BHP 9. Ducting 10. Standby, Prime & Continuous Rati ngs 11. Batteries & Battery Chargers 12. Generator Amperage 13. Crank 14. Blower Fan

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 1 2NED University of Engineering and Technology Depar tment of Electrical Engineering

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LAB SESSION 1 2Home Electrical Wiring

OBJECTIVETo make connections in home electrical wiring from services main to differentdistribution boards and electrical points for appliance s in a room.

APPARATUSA large wooden boardKilo Watt -hour Meter Wires & Cables Switches & Sockets Bulbs & Fans

THEORY

Designing the home electrical wiring needs careful consideration because of safety.For wiring in residential buildings or industrial buildings, wiring layout should be firstprepared on the drawing board.

The number of light and power points in a building is determined not only by its size,but is also a matter of individual preference especially in the case of residentialbuildings and as such the owner should be consulted for this.

The number of outlets should be adequate to ensure convenient hooking up of thevarious electric operated gadgets & appliances. Minimum four outlets one per wallshould be provided in each room. Lamps & motors should normally be wires ondifferent circuits .

Figure: Typical Domestic Intake Arrangement

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Yellow PhaseBlue Phase

EXERCISEMake connection of the three phase watt hour meter with the service main anddistribute the three -phase incoming service main & neural wire to differentdistribution boards & electrical points (for appliances) in different rooms of the house.

Select cables for them. Measure the total e nergy .Also draw the circuit diagram on AUTOCAD using the standard sym bols of switch fan bulb etc .

R+N

Y+N B+N

In Room 1 ,2,3 &41 Tube Light is there on any one of the walls. 1 Ceiling fan is there. 1 DB is there (with three switches & one socket).

In each wa shroom, Only one light is there, controlled from outside the washroom.

Red Phase is feeding Room 1 & Room 2; Yellow Phase is feeding Room 3, whileBlue Phase is feeding Room 4.

ROOM NO. 01 KWh

Meter

RY

BN Wash

Room

ROOM NO. 02

WashRoom

ROOM NO. 03

WashRoom

ROOM NO. 04

WashRoom

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On AutoCAD /Microsoft Visio, draw the SLD of your house showingElectrical & Civil work (Stairs , Rooms , Kitchen etc).Make an extension board with & without fuse with three sockets & one switchin it and show the wiring diagram with color pencil.

Phase Neutral

Phase Neutral

1 2 3

FUSE SWITCH SOCKETS

5A

1 2 3

SWITCH SOCKETS

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LAB SESSION 13

Earthing OBJECTIVETo measure Earthing Resistance and Soil resistivity.

APPARATUSEarth Resistance Tester Hammer Measuring Tape

THEORYEarthing provides protection to personnel and equipment by ensuring operation of protectivecontrol gear and isolation of the faulted circuit in the following cases.

Insulation puncture or failure

Breakdown of insulation between primary & secondary windings of a transformer. Lighting stroke

Ensuring low earth resistance is important in earthingprocess. In case where protection against the faulted list isprovided by mean of fuse or a circuit breaker, the totalresistance of the earth path must be low enough to enable theoperation of the protective device.

The earth electrode resistance depends upon the electricalresistivity of the soil in which the electrode is installed,which in turn is determined by the following factors:

1. Nature of soil 2. Extent of moisture 3. Presence of suitable salts dissolved in moisture.

TYPES OF EARTH ELECTRODES Rod & Pipe Electrodes Plate Electrodes Strip or Round Conductor Electrodes

Plate Electrodes: Plate electrodes consist of copper, cast iron or steel plate. The minimum thickness of plate is recommended as

For cast iron - 12mm For GI or steel - 6.3mm For Copper - 3.15mm

And size not less than 600mm x 600mm .

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Figure: A typical layout of Plate Electrode

The approximate resistance to ground in a uniform soil can be expressed by

A R

24

where p = resistivity of soil, cons idered uniform in m .A= area of each side of the plate in m 2

Rod & Pipe Electrodes: This type of earthing is more suited for a soil possessing high resistivity and the electrode isrequired to be longer & driven deeper into the soil to obtain a lower resistance to ground.

The diameter, thickness and length of the pipe is recommended as follows:Cast iron (CI) pipes - 100mm (internal diameter), 2.5 to 3 m (long), 13mm

thick. MS pipes - 38 to 50mm (internal diameter), 2.5 to 3 m (long),

13mm thick Copper - 13,16 or 19mm diameter, 1.22 to 2.44m long.

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Figure: A typical arrangement of pipe electrode grounding In this case, the approximate resistance to ground in a uniform soil can be expressed by:

18

ln**2

100d l

L R

where R= Resistance inl = length of pipe in cm d = internal diameter of pipe in cm Resistivity of Soil:

Type of soil Average resistivity( )1. Wet organic soil 10

2. Moist Soil 100 3. Dry Soil 1000 4. Bed rock 10000

It has been found that the resistivity of the soil can be reduces by a chemical treatment withthe following salts.

Normal Salt (NaCl) and a mixture of salt & soft coke. MgSO 4

CuSO 4

Economical and mostcommonly used salts

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CaCl 2

Na 2CO 3

Usually the mixture of NaNo 3 + sea salt + coal is used in the ratio of 1:3:5

MEASU RING THE SOIL RESISTIVITY:Soil resistivity is the key factor that determines what the resistance of a grounding electrodewill be, and to what depth it must be driven to obtain low ground resistance. The resistivity of the soil varies widely throughout the world and changes seasonally. Soil resistivity isdetermined largely by its content of electrolytes, which consist of moisture, minerals anddissolved salts. A dry soil has high resistivity if it contains no soluble salts (Figuer 1).

4 POLE METHODA simple way to measure the resistivity of soil is a four -pin method in which four probes aredrilled into the ground along a straight line at equal distances a and depth b. Then a voltage V is applied to the two inner probes and a current, If, is measured in the two outer probes(Figure 22.16). This test can also be conducted with the help of a ground tester as discussedin Section 22.3, which normally also has a provision for this test.

The formula for measuring soil resistivity is given below;

For accurate results20a

b

Where: a = distance between the electrodes in centimeters

More common salts

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b = electrode depth in centimeters = Soil resistivity (ohm -cm)

Since generally

a >> b ( for accurate results keep20a

b )

gaR2

For Example After inspection, the area investigated has been narrowed down to a plot of groundapproximately 75 square feet (7 m2). Assume that you need to determine the resistivity at adepth of 15 feet (450 cm). The distance A between the electrodes must then be equivalentto the depth at which average resistivity is to be determined (15 ft, or 450 cm). Using themor e simp lified Wenner formula ( gaR2 ), the electrode depth must then be 1/20th of

the electrode spacing or 8 -7/8 (22.5 cm).

For example, if the reading is R = 15 = Soil resistivity (ohm -cm) = 6.28 x 15 x 450 = 42,390 - cm

OBSERVATION:

MEASURING SOIL RESISTIVITY

Length and Resistance of Wires

Red (ft) Blue (ft)Green (ft) Black (ft)

Test 1:

Spacing Between the Rods = S = (ft)

De pth of Rods = 1/20 of S = (cm) Value of Resistance Measured: (ft) Calculated Value of Resistivity:

Test 1:

Spacing Between the Rods = S = (ft) Depth of Rods = 1/20 of S = (cm) Value of Resistance Measured: (ft) Calculated Value of Resistivity:

Test 1:

Spacing Between the Rods = S = (ft) Depth of Rods = 1/20 of S = (cm) Value of Resistance Measured: (ft) Calculated Value of Resistivity:

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MEASURING THE GROUND RESISTANCE :The resistance of a grounding station can be measured with the help of a ground tester, whichgenerates a constant voltage for accurate measurement. The tester has two potential and onecurrent probe. The procedure of measurement is illustrated in Figure .

3 POLE METHODThe method for measuring earthing resistance is given below. One of the potential probes A is drilled into the ground at ab out 15 m from the groundingstation G, whose resistance is to be measured. The second probe B is placed between the two.The current lead of the meter is connected to the grounding station. The meter will indicatesome resista nce , which may be noted. Two more readings are also taken by shifting thecentre probe B by almost 3 m on either side of the original location. For an accurate due of the ground resistance, the values obtained must be same. If they are not, the probe B is stillwithin the resistance area of the grounding station G. Shift away probe A by another 6 m orso and place probe B between G and A, and repeat the test. If the three readings are now thesame , consider this as the actual ground resistance of station G, otherwise shift probe Afarther away until a constant reading is obtained.

Effect of Ground Electrode Size and Depth on Resistance

Size: Increasing the diameter of the rod does not materially reduce its resistance. Doublingthe diameter reduces resistance by less than 10%.

Depth: As a ground rod is driven deeper into the earth, its resistance is substantially reduced.In general, doubling the r od length reduces the resistance by an additional 40% (Figure 11).The NEC (1987, 250- 83-3) requires a minimum of 8 ft (2.4 m) to be in contact with the soil.

The most common is a 10 ft (3 m) cylindrical rod which meets the NEC code. A minimumdiameter of 5/8 inch (1.59 cm) is required for steel rods and 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) for copper orcopper clad steel rods (NEC 1987, 250- 83-2). Minimum practical diameters for drivinglimitations for 10 ft (3 m) r ods are:

1/2 inch (1.27 cm) in average soil5/8 inch (1.59 cm) in moist soil3/4 inch (1.91 cm) in hard soil or more than 10 ft driving depths

Measuring the ground resistance with the

help of a ground tester Measuring the ground resistance with the

help of an ammeter and a voltmeter

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MEASURING EARTH RESISTANCE

Length and Resistance of Wires

Red (ft) Blue (ft)Green (ft) Black (ft)

Test 1:

Depth of Rod = (cm)Distance of Current Electrode = (ft) Color of Wire Used= Distance of Voltage Electrode = (ft) Color of Wire Used=

Value of Resistance Measured:

Test 2:

Depth of Rod = (cm )Distance of Current Electrode = (ft) Color of Wire Used= Distance of Voltage Electrode = (ft) Color of Wire Used=


Test 3:

Depth of Rod = (cm)Distance of Current Electrode = (ft) Color of Wire Used=

Distance of Voltage Electrode =

(ft)Color of Wire Used=


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EE-353 EPDU_2011