Edward Said 1

Edward Said

Edward Said

Born Edward Wadie Said1 November 1935Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine

Died 25 September 2003 (aged 67)New York City, United States

Nationality American

Era 20th-century philosophy

Region Western philosophy

Religion Agnostic

School Post-colonialism, Post-modernism

Notable ideas Occidentalism, Orientalism, The Other

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Edward Wadie Said (Arabic pronunciation: [wædiːʕ sæʕiːd]; Arabic: إدوارد وديع سعيد, Idwārd Wadīʿ Saʿīd; 1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, a literary theorist, and a public intellectual who was a founding figure of the critical-theory field of Post-colonialism.

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Born a Palestinian Arab in the city of Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine (1920–48), he was an American citizenthrough his father.[2] Said was an advocate for the political and the human rights of the Palestinian people and hasbeen described by the journalist Robert Fisk as their most powerful voice.As a cultural critic, academic, and writer, Said is best known for the book Orientalism (1978), an analysis of thecultural representations that are the bases of Orientalism, a term he redefined to mean the Western study of Easterncultures and, in general, the framework of how The West perceives and represents The East.[3][4][5][6] He contendedthat Orientalist scholarship was, and remains, inextricably tied to the imperialist societies that produced it, whichmakes much of the work inherently political, servile to power, and therefore intellectually suspect. Orientalism isbased upon Said's knowledge of colonial literature, literary theory, and post-structuralist theory. Orientalism, and hisother thematically related works, proved influential in the fields of the humanities, especially in literary theory and inliterary criticism.[7] Orientalism proved especially influential upon the field of Middle Eastern studies, wherein ittransformed the academic discourse of the field's practitioners, of how they examine, describe, and define thecultures of the Middle East.[8] As a critic, he vigorously discussed and debated the cultural subjects comprised byOrientalism, especially as applied to and in the fields of history and area studies; nonetheless, some mainstreamacademics disagreed with Said's Orientalism thesis, most notably the Anglo-American Orientalist Bernard Lewis.[9]

As a public intellectual, Said discussed contemporary politics and culture, literature and music in books, lectures,and articles. Drawing from his family experiences as Palestinian Christians in the Middle East at the time of theestablishment of Israel in 1948, Said argued for the establishment of a Palestinian state, for equal political andhuman rights for the Palestinians in Israel—including the right of return—and for increased U.S. political pressureupon Israel to recognize, grant, and respect said rights. Moreover, he also criticized the political and cultural politicsof the Arab and Muslim regimes who acted against the interests of their peoples. Intellectually active until the lastmonths of his life, he died of leukemia in late 2003.

Edward Said 4

Biography

Early life

Edward and his sister Rosemarie (1940)

Edward Said was born on 1 November 1935, to Hilda Said and herhusband, the businessman Wadie Said, in the city of Jerusalem inthe British Mandate of Palestine (1920–48). Edward's father was aPalestinian man who soldiered in the U.S. Army component of theAllied Expeditionary Force (1917–19), commanded by GeneralJohn J. Pershing, in World War I; Wadie Said and his family weregranted U.S. citizenship due to his military service,[10] and afteracquiring citizenship Wadie Said moved to Cleveland beforereturning to Palestine in 1920. His mother Hilda, who was born inNazareth, had a Palestinian father and a Lebanese mother.[11] Afterthe war, in 1919, Wadie Said moved to Cairo and established astationery business with a cousin. Although his parents practicedthe Jerusalemite variety of Greek Orthodox Christianity, Edwardwas agnostic. He had four younger sisters.[12][13][14]

At school

Said described his childhood as lived "between worlds", the worldsof Cairo and Jerusalem, until he was twelve. In 1947, he attendedthe Anglican St. George's School in Jerusalem, about whichexperience he said:

With an unexceptionally Arab family name like"Said", connected to an improbably British first name(my mother much admired Prince of Wales [EdwardVIII] in 1935, the year of my birth), I was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my earlyyears: a Palestinian going to school in Egypt, with an English first name, an American passport, and nocertain identity, at all. To make matters worse, Arabic, my native language, and English, my schoollanguage, were inextricably mixed: I have never known which was my first language, and have felt fullyat home in neither, although I dream in both. Every time I speak an English sentence, I find myselfechoing it in Arabic, and vice versa.

In the late 1940s, the latter school days of Said included attendance at the Egyptian branch of Victoria College (VC),where one classmate was Omar Sharif whom he remembered as a sadistic and physically abusive Head Boy; otherclassmates included King Hussein of Jordan, and Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, and Saudi Arabian boys whoseacademic careers progressed to their becoming ministers, prime ministers, and leading businessmen of and in theirrespective countries. In that colonial time, the VC school educated select Arab and Levantine lads to become theAnglicized ruling-class, who, in due course, were to rule their respective countries, upon British decolonization.Victoria College was the last school Edward Said attended before being sent to the U.S.:

The moment one became a student at VC, one was given the student handbook, a series of regulations governing every aspect of school life—the kind of uniform we were to wear, what equipment was needed for sports, the dates of school holidays, bus schedules, and so on. But the school's first rule, emblazoned on the opening page of the handbook, read: “English is the language of the school; students caught speaking any other language will be punished.” Yet, there were no native speakers of English among the students. Whereas the masters were all British, we were a motley crew of Arabs of various

Edward Said 5

kinds, Armenians, Greeks, Italians, Jews, and Turks, each of whom had a native language that theschool had explicitly outlawed. Yet all, or nearly all, of us spoke Arabic—many spoke Arabic andFrench—and so we were able to take refuge in a common language, in defiance of what we perceived asan unjust colonial stricture.[15]

U.S. educationSaid proved a troublesome student; he was expelled from Victoria College in 1951 and ended up in NorthfieldMount Hermon School in Massachusetts, a socially élite, college-prep boarding-school where he endured amiserable year of feeling out of place. Nonetheless, he excelled academically and achieved the rank of either first(valedectorian) or second (salutatarian) in a class of one hundred sixty students. In retrospect, Said said that havingbeen sent away to a place so far from the Middle East was a parental decision much influenced by "the prospects ofderacinated people, like us, being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible". He obtaineda Bachelor of Arts degree from Princeton University (1957), and then a Master of Arts degree (1960) and a Doctor ofPhilosophy degree (1964), in English Literature, from Harvard University.[16][17]

Academic careerIn 1963, Said joined Columbia University as a member of the faculties of the department of English and of thedepartment of Comparative Literature, where he taught and worked until 2003 (he became professor there in 1991);in the course of that tenure, Barack Obama was one of his pupils at Columbia College. In 1974, he was VisitingProfessor of Comparative Literature at Harvard College; in 1975–76 he was a Fellow of the Center for AdvancedStudy in Behavioral Science, at Stanford University; in 1977, he was the Parr Professor of English and ComparativeLiterature at Columbia University, and subsequently was the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities;and, in 1979, he was Visiting Professor of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University.[18] After receiving tenure atColumbia, Said would also go on to teach at Yale University.Said served as president of the Modern Language Association; as editor of the Arab Studies Quarterly in theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences; on the executive board of International PEN; in the American Academy ofArts and Letters; in the Royal Society of Literature; in the Council of Foreign Relations; and he was a member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.[19]

Claims of biographical dishonesty by Justus WeinerJustus Reid Weiner, an American lawyer and resident scholar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs think-tank,claimed that Said had been dishonest about his childhood biography. In the article "My Beautiful Old House andOther Fabrications by Edward Said", published in Commentary magazine in 1999, Weiner claimed Said lied when hesaid: "I was born in Jerusalem, and spent most of my formative years there; and, after 1948, when my entire familybecame refugees, in Egypt".[20] Despite having acknowledged that Edward Said was born in Jerusalem (Palestine),Weiner reported that Edward Said's birth certificate lists a Cairo (Egypt) residential address for the Said family; thatthe boy Edward did not live his formative, boyhood years in Jerusalem with his family, but in Cairo; and that he hadnot been a full-time student at the St. George's School, in Jerusalem, because the school's register of studentscontained no record of his matriculation to the school.Weiner's article came under criticism immediately (The Guardian referring to it as "fierce assault...in a smallright-wing periodical"), and Said's account was defended by journalists and historians. In an article in CounterPunch,Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair reported that Weiner had deliberately falsified the biographic record inorder to attack Said. In evidence, the reporters presented an interview of Haig Boyadjian, who said that he hadexplicitly told Weiner about having been a classmate of Edward Said at the St. George's School, in Jerusalem, a factomitted from Weiner's biography of Said.

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In The Nation, Christopher Hitchens described Weiner's article as a work of "extraordinary spite and mendacity" andreported that schoolmates and instructors confirmed that Edward Said had been a student at the St. George Academy.In The New York Review of Books, historian Amos Elon called Weiner's article a "diatribe", and accused him ofwaging a "personal smear campaign" against Edward Said, and that Weiner had failed to disprove that, in the winterof 1947–48, when the Arab League declared the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Said family moved from the Talbiyaneighbourhood of Jerusalem and returned to Cairo: "[Said] and his family sought refuge from the war outsidePalestine, as did hundreds of thousands of other Palestinians at the time. The fact remains, that shortly afterward, thefamily's property in Jerusalem was confiscated. Said and his family became political refugees as the result of theIsraeli government's refusal to allow them to return to the country of their birth.In retort, Justus Weiner accused Elon of intellectual dishonesty and accused Hitchens of having made himself "aposter boy for Palestine". To Hitchens's critique that he had not even interviewed Said, Weiner replied that threeyears of research had made it unnecessary to interview the man about his childhood in British Palestine, and said, inconnection to Said's school days in the Middle East: "The evidence became so overwhelming. It was no longer anissue of discrepancies. It was a chasm. There was no point in calling him up and saying, 'You’re a liar, you're afraud'".Said himself, in a response published in Al-Ahram Weekly and CounterPunch, said that Weiner's article was the thirdsuch attack to be published in Commentary, and that the perspective of the authors only produced "calumny andfalsehood" and that the article's credibility was "undercut by dozens of mistakes of fact".[21]

Criticism

The 19th-century novelist Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) is thesubject of Said's first book, Joseph Conrad and the Fiction

of Autobiography (1966).

Literary criticism

Said's first book, Joseph Conrad and the Fiction ofAutobiography (1966), expanded on his doctoral dissertation.In Edward Said: Criticism and Society (2010), AbdirahmanHussein said that the novella Heart of Darkness (1899), byJoseph Conrad, was the book that proved foundational toSaid's entire career and project.[22] Afterwards, Said redactedideas gleaned from the works of the 17th-century philosopherGiambattista Vico, and other intellectuals, in the bookBeginnings: Intention and Method (1974), about thetheoretical bases of literary criticism.[23] Said’s furtherbibliographic production featured books such as The World,the Text, and the Critic (1983), Nationalism, Colonialism, andLiterature: Yeats and Decolonization (1988), Culture andImperialism (1993), Representations of the Intellectual: The1993 Reith Lectures (1994), Humanism and DemocraticCriticism (2004), and On Late Style (2006).

Like his post-modern intellectual mentors, thepost-structuralist philosophers Jacques Derrida and MichelFoucault, Said was fascinated by how the people of theWestern world perceive the peoples of and the things from adifferent culture, and by the effects of society, politics, and

Edward Said 7

power upon literature; thus is Edward W. Said a founding intellectual of post-colonial criticism. Although thecritique of Orientalism is his especially important cultural contribution, it was the critical interpretations of the worksof Joseph Conrad, Jane Austen, Rudyard Kipling, William Butler Yeats, and other writers, that were the influentialscholarship that established his intellectual reputation.[24][25]

Orientalism

The cover of Said's Orientalism contained a detail from the19th-century Orientalist painting The Snake Charmer, by

Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904).

Said is most famous for the description and analyses ofOrientalism as the source of the inaccurate culturalrepresentations that are the foundation of Western thoughttowards the Middle East, of how The West perceives andrepresents The East. The thesis of Orientalism is the existenceof a "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice againstArabo-Islamic peoples and their culture", which derives fromWestern culture's long tradition of false and romanticizedimages of Asia, in general, and the Middle East, in particular.That such perceptions, and the consequent culturalrepresentations, have served, and continue to serve, as implicitjustifications for the colonial and imperialist ambitions of theEuropean powers and of the U.S. Likewise, Said alsocriticized and denounced the political and the cultural malpractices of the régimes of the ruling Arab élites who haveinternalized the false, romanticized representations of Arabic culture that were conceived and established byAnglo-American Orientalists:

So far as the United States seems to be concerned, it is only a slight overstatement to say that Moslemsand Arabs are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists. Very little of the detail, thehuman density, the passion of Arab-Moslem life has entered the awareness of even those people whoseprofession it is to report the Arab world. What we have, instead, is a series of crude, essentializedcaricatures of the Islamic world presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to militaryaggression.

The romanticized Orient: The Reception of the Ambassadorsin Damascus (1511)

In Orientalism, Said argued that much Western study ofIslamic civilization was political intellectualism meant forEuropean self-affirmation, rather than for objectiveintellectual enquiry and academic study of Eastern cultures.Hence, Orientalism functioned as a method of practical,cultural discrimination applied as a means of imperialistdomination, producing the claim that the Western Orientalistknows more about the Orient than do the Orientals.[26] Saidargues that the history of European colonial rule, and of theconsequent political domination of the civilizations of theEast, distorts the writing of even the most knowledgeable,well-meaning, and culturally sympathetic Western Orientalists; thus was the term "Orientalism" rendered into apejorative word:

I doubt if it is controversial, for example, to say that an Englishman in India, or Egypt, in the later nineteenth century, took an interest in those countries, which was never far from their status, in his mind, as British colonies. To say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about India and Egypt is somehow tinged and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact—and

Edward Said 8

yet that is what I am saying in this study of Orientalism.[27]

Orientalism concluded that Western writing about the Orient depicts it as an irrational, weak, and feminised Other,an existential condition contrasted with the rational, strong, and masculine West. This binary relation derives fromthe European psychological need to create a difference of cultural inequality between West and East; that culturaldifference is attributed to immutable cultural "essences" inherent to Oriental peoples and things.[28] Orientalism hasexerted great intellectual influence upon the academic fields of literary theory and cultural studies, human geographyand history, and Oriental studies.

Response to Orientalism

Orientalism (1978) provoked much theoretic criticism of the work and its thesis as well as personal controversyabout Edward Said, the author and the man.[29]

The criticism by Orientalists such as Albert Hourani, Robert Graham Irwin, Nikki Keddie, Bernard Lewis, andKanan Makiya, addressed what the historian Nikki Keddie said were "some unfortunate consequences" ofOrientalism upon the perception and the status of their scholarship.[30][31] [32]</ref>In Approaches to the History of the Middle East, the historian Keddie said that, as critical theory, Said's work onOrientalism had:

unfortunate consequences ... I think that there has been a tendency in the Middle East [studies] field to adoptthe word "Orientalism" as a generalized swear-word, essentially referring to people who take the "wrong"position on the Arab–Israeli dispute, or to people who are judged "too conservative". It has nothing to do withwhether they are good or not good in their disciplines. So, "Orientalism", for many people, is a word thatsubstitutes for thought, and enables people to dismiss certain scholars and their works. I think that is too bad. Itmay not have been what Edward Said meant, at all, but the term has become a kind of slogan.[33]

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Bernard Lewis (above) disagreed with Edward Said's thesis aboutorientalism.

Moreover, the Anglo-American Orientalist BernardLewis was a nemesis especially at odds with the thesisof Orientalism, wherein Said identified Lewis as:

... a perfect exemplification [of an] EstablishmentOrientalist [whose work] purports to beobjective, liberal scholarship, but is, in reality,very close to being propaganda against hissubject material.[34] For sheer heedlessanti-intellectualism, unrestrained orunencumbered by the slightest trace of criticalself-consciousness, no one, in my experience, hasachieved the sublime confidence of BernardLewis, whose almost purely political exploitsrequire more time to mention than they areworth. In a series of articles, and one particularlyweak book—The Muslim Discovery of Europe(1982)—Lewis has been busy responding to myargument, insisting that the Western quest forknowledge about other societies is unique, that itis motivated by pure curiosity, and that, incontrast, Muslims neither were able norinterested in getting knowledge about Europe, asif knowledge about Europe were the onlyacceptable criterion for true knowledge.

Lewis's arguments are presented as emanating exclusively from the scholar's apolitical impartiality, whereas,at the same time, he has become an authority drawn on for anti-Islamic, anti-Arab, Zionist, and Cold Warcrusades, all of them underwritten by a zealotry, covered with a veneer of urbanity, that has very little incommon with the "science" and learning Lewis purports to be upholding.[35]

Lewis replied to Said's characterizations, of his (Lewis's) works as political propaganda, and of him (Lewis) as ananti-intellectual, with essays critical of Said the academic, and of his works; Lewis later was joined in his criticismsof Said by the academics Maxime Rodinson, Jacques Berque, Malcolm Kerr, Aijaz Ahmad, and WilliamMontgomery Watt who said that Orientalism (1978) is a flawed account of Western scholarship about "TheOrient".[36]

Said felt the consequences of being a politically-militant, public intellectual in 1985: per Said, the Jewish DefenseLeague compared Said to a Nazi because of his anti-Zionism; an arsonist set afire his office at Columbia University;he and his family were repeatedly targeted with death threats.[37]

InfluenceEdward Said was a charismatic public intellectual and something of an "intellectual superstar" in America. His field of inquiry included literary theory and comparative literature, history and political commentary, cultural criticism and music criticism, and other fields. Orientalism proved to be an intellectual document central to the field of post-colonial studies, its thesis being considered as historically factual, true, and accurate for the pertinent periods studied, and especially regarding the cultural representations of "Orientals" and "The Orient" presented in the mass communications media of the West.[38] Nonetheless, Said's supporters acknowledged that concerning the German Orientalist scholarship, the scope of Orientalism is limited; yet, in the magazine article "Orientalism Reconsidered"

Edward Said 10

(1985), Said said that no-one opponent provided a substantive rationale for claiming that the dearth of discussionabout German Orientalism necessarily limits the scholarly value and practical application of the book's thesis.[39]

Moreover, in the Afterword to the 1995 edition of Orientalism, Said presented follow-up refutations of the criticismsthat Bernard Lewis registered against the first edition (1978) of the book.[40]

Moreover, his critics and supporters acknowledge the transformative influence of Orientalism upon scholarship inthe humanities—the former say that is an intellectually limiting influence upon scholars, whilst the latter say that it isan intellectually liberating influence upon scholars.[41][42] Post-colonial studies, of which Said was an intellectualfounder, and a scholarly reference, is a fertile and thriving field of intellectual enquiry that helps explain thepost-colonial world, its peoples, and their discontents.[43][44] Hence the continued investigational validity andanalytical efficacy of the critical propositions presented in Orientalism (1978), especially in the field of MiddleEastern studies.The scholarship of Said remains critically pertinent to and intellectually relevant in the fields of literary criticism andcultural studies, notably upon scholars studying India, such as Gyan Prakash (“Writing Post-Orientalist Histories ofthe Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography”, 1990),[45] Nicholas Dirks (Castes of Mind, 2001),[46]

and Ronald Inden (Imagining India, 1990);[47] and upon literary theorists such as Homi K. Bhabha (Nation andNarration, 1990),[48] Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics, 1987),[49] andHamid Dabashi (Iran: A People Interrupted, 2007).Elswewhere, in and about Eastern Europe, Milica Bakić-Hayden developed the concept of Nesting Orientalisms(1992), based upon and derived from the ideas of the historian Larry Wolff (Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map ofCivilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment, 1994) and upon the ideas that Said presented in Orientalism (1978).In turn, the Bulgarian historian Maria Todorova (Imagining the Balkans, 1997) presented her ethnologic concept ofNesting Balkanisms (Ethnologia Balkanica,1997), which is theoretically related to and derived from MilicaBakić-Hayden's concept of Nesting Orientalisms.

Politics

Pro-Palestinian activismSaid became politically active in 1967, to counter the perceived stereotyped misrepresentations with which the U.S.news media explained the Arab–Israeli wars; reportage which he felt was divorced from the historical realities of theMiddle East, in general, and Palestine and Israel, in particular. His "The Arab Portrayed" (1968) was an essaywherein he described the images of the Arab, as presented in journalism and some types of scholarship, which hefeels are meant to evade the specific discussion of the historical and cultural realities of the peoples who are theMiddle East.[50] Since then, he participated in political and diplomatic efforts for the establishment of a Palestinianstate.From 1977 until 1991, Said was an independent member of the Palestinian National Council (PNC). In 1988, he wasa proponent of the two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict (1948), and voted for the establishment of theState of Palestine at a meeting of the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers. In 1993, Said quit hismembership of the PNC to protest the politics that lead to the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he thought theaccord terms unacceptable, and because they had been rejected by the Madrid Conference of 1991.[51] Especiallytroublesome to Said was his belief that Yasir Arafat had betrayed the right of return of the Palestinian refugees toreturn to their houses and properties in the Green Line territories of pre-1967 Israel; and that Arafat ignored thegrowing political threat of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories established since the conquest ofPalestine in 1967. By 1995, in response to Said's political criticisms, the Palestinian Authority banned the sale ofSaid's books; however, relations improved when Said publicly praised Yasir Arafat for rejecting Prime MinisterEhud Barak's offers at the Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David (2000) in the U.S.[52][53]

Edward Said 11

In the essay "Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims" (1979), Edward Said argued in favour of the politicallegitimacy and philosophical authenticity of the Zionist claims and right to a Jewish homeland; and for the right ofnational self-determination of the Palestinian people.[54] Said's books on the matters of Israel and Palestine includeThe Question of Palestine (1979), The Politics of Dispossession (1994), and The End of the Peace Process (2000). In1998, for the BBC, Said made In Search of Palestine (1998), a documentary film about Palestine past and Palestinepresent. With his son, Said returned to Palestine to confront "Israeli injustice". Despite the social and culturalprestige that BBC cinema products usually enjoyed, In Search of Palestine was not broadcast by the televisioncompanies of the U.S.[55]

In 2003, Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Ibrahim Dakak, Mustafa Barghouti, and Edward Said established the third-partypolitical organization Al-Mubadara (the Palestinian National Initiative), headed by Barghouti, to be a reformist anddemocratic alternative to the usual two-party politics of Palestine, as an alternative to the respectively extremistpolitics of the social-democratic Fatah and the Islamist Hamas.

Stone-throwing incidentOn 3 July 2000, while travelling as a tourist in the Middle East with his son, Said was photographed throwing a stoneacross the Blue Line Lebanese–Israeli border. In the U.S., that image elicited much conservative political criticismthat Said's action demonstrated an inherent, personal sympathy with terrorism, thus the Commentary magazinejournalist Edward Alexander labelled Said as the "Professor of Terror".[56] According to Said, there was not much tothe incident: "Mr. Said said he was having a stone-throwing contest with his son and called it a 'symbolic gesture ofjoy' at the end of Israel's occupation of Lebanon...It was a pebble; there was nobody there. The guardhouse was atleast half a mile away.[57] However, the As-Safir newspaper reported that a local Lebanese resident said that Saidwas less than ten metres (ca. 30 ft.) from the IDF soldiers manning the two-storey guardhouse when he aimed andthrew the stone over the border fence; the stone struck the barbed wire atop the border fence.[58] Despite the politicalfracas among conservative Columbia University students and the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rithInternational (Sons of the Covenant), the University Provost defended Said's action as an academic's freedom ofexpression: "To my knowledge, the stone was directed at no-one; no law was broken; no indictment was made; nocriminal or civil action has been taken against Professor Said".Nevertheless, Said endured repercussions, such as the cancellation of an invitation to give a lecture to the FreudSociety, in Austria, in February 2001.[59] The President of the Freud Society justified withdrawing the invitationfrom Said by explaining that “the political situation in the Middle East, and its consequences” had rendered anaccusation of anti-Semitism a very serious matter, and that any such accusation "has become more dangerous" in thepolitics of Austria; the Freud Society thus cancelled their invitation to Said in order to "to avoid an internal clash" ofopinions, about him, that might ideologically divide the Freud Society.

Criticism of U.S. foreign politicsIn the revised edition of Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of theWorld (1997), Said criticized the Orientalist bias of the Western news media's reportage about the Middle East andIslam, especially the tendency towards editorializing "speculations about the latest conspiracy to blow up buildings,sabotage commercial airliners, and poison water supplies". He referred to the military involvement of the U.S. in theKosovo War (1998–99) as an imperialist action and described the 1998 Iraq Liberation Act as the political licensethat predisposed the U.S. to invade Iraq in 2003. He claimed that the continual support of Israel by successive U.S.presidential governments, as actions meant to perpetuate regional political instability in the Middle East. Hecriticized the 2003 invasion of Iraq in mid-2003, and, in the Egyptian Al-Ahram Weekly newspaper, said that the U.S.war against Iraq was a politically ill-conceived military enterprise:

My strong opinion, though I don’t have any proof, in the classical sense of the word, is that they want to change the entire Middle East, and the Arab world, perhaps terminate some countries, destroy the

Edward Said 12

so-called terrorist groups they dislike, and install régimes friendly to the United States. I think this is adream that has very little basis in reality. The knowledge they have of the Middle East, to judge from thepeople who advise them, is, to say the least, out of date and widely speculative.

In January 2006, anthropologist David Price obtained 147 pages of the 283-page political dossier that the FBI hadcompiled on Edward Said, which indicated that he had been spied upon since 1971, four years since he had become apublic intellectual active in the politics to the U.S.

Music

The harmonious Middle East: the West-Eastern DivanOrchestra conducted by Daniel Barenboim.

Said was an accomplished pianist. He worked as the music criticfor The Nation magazine, and wrote four books about music:Musical Elaborations (1991), Parallels and Paradoxes:Explorations in Music and Society (2002, with DanielBarenboim), On Late Style: Music and Literature Against theGrain (2006), and Music at the Limits (2007). In the latter bookhe spoke of finding musical reflections of his literary andhistorical ideas in bold compositions and strongperformances.[60][61]

In 1999, Said and Daniel Barenboim founded the West-EasternDivan Orchestra, which is composed of young Israeli, Palestinian, and Arab musicians. They also established TheBarenboim–Said Foundation in Seville, to develop education-through-music projects. Besides managing theWest-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Barenboim–Said Foundation assists with the administration of the Academy ofOrchestral Studies, the Musical Education in Palestine Project, and the Early Childhood Musical Education Project,in Seville.[62] Composer Mohammed Fairouz acknowledged the influence of Edward Said upon his works:compositionally, the First Symphony thematically alludes to the essay "Homage to a Belly-Dancer" (1990); and apiano sonata titled Reflections on Exile(1984), which thematically refers to the emotions inherent to the eponymoussubject.[63][64][65]

AwardsBesides honors, memberships, and postings to prestigious organizations world-wide, Edward Said was awardedsome twenty honorary university degrees in the course of his professional life as an academic, critic, and Man ofLetters.[66] Among the honors bestowed to him was the Bowdoin Prize by Harvard University. He twice received theLionel Trilling Book Award; the first occasion was the inaugural bestowing of said literary award in 1976, forBeginnings: Intention and Method (1974). He also received the Wellek Prize of the American ComparativeLiterature Association, and was awarded the inaugural Spinoza Lens Prize.[67] In 2001, Said was awarded theLannan Literary Award for Lifetime Achievement. In 2002, he received the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord,and was the first U.S. citizen to receive the Sultan Owais Prize.[68] The autobiography Out of Place (1999) wasbestowed three awards, the 1999 New Yorker Book Award for Non-Fiction; the 2000 Anisfield-Wolf Book Awardfor Non-Fiction; and the Morton Dauwen Zabel Award in Literature.[69]

Edward Said 13

Death and legacyOn 25 September 2003, after enduring a twelve-year sickness with chronic lymphocytic leukæmia, Said died aged 67in New York City. He was survived by his wife, Mariam, his son, Wadie, and his daughter, Najla, an actress,playwright, and a founder of Nibras, the Arab-American theatre troupe.Eulogies included Alexander Cockburn, "A Mighty and Passionate Heart";[70] Seamus Deane, "A Late Style ofHumanism";[71] Christopher Hitchens, "A Valediction for Edward Said";[72] Tony Judt, "The RootlessCosmopolitan";,[73] Michael Wood, "On Edward Said";[74] and Tariq Ali, "Remembering Edward Said(1935–2003)".[75] In November 2004, in Palestine, Birzeit University renamed their music school the Edward SaidNational Conservatory of Music.[76]

A Palestinian National Initiative-sponsored poster, Inmemoriam Edward Wadie Said, on the Israeli West Bank

wall.

Tributes

Verso Books published Waiting for the Barbarians: A Tributeto Edward W. Said (2008), edited by Müge Gürsoy Sökmenand Bașak Ertür; the essayists include Akeel Bilgrami, RashidKhalidi, and Elias Khoury, .[77][78] Routledge publishedEdward Said: The Charisma of Criticism (2010), by HaroldAram Veeser, a critical biography. The University ofCalifornia Press published Edward Said: A Legacy ofEmancipation and Representations (2010), edited by AdelIskandar and Hakem Rustom, and featuring contributionsabout Said's intellectual legacy by Joseph Massad, Ilan Pappe,Ella Shohat, Ghada Karmi, Noam Chomsky, GayatriChakravorty Spivak, and Daniel Barenboim, among others.

Academic establishments such as Columbia University, the University of Warwick, Princeton University, theUniversity of Adelaide, the American University of Cairo, and the Palestine Center have instituted annual series oflectures about the subjects, topics, and themes that Edward Said discussed in his works; notable among the speakershave been Daniel Barenboim, Noam Chomsky, Robert Fisk, and Cornel West.

BibliographyLooking For Palestine: Growing Up Confused In An Arab-American Family, Najla Said, Riverhead Books, 2013.

References

Citations[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Palestinians& action=edit[2] “Between Worlds”, Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays (2002) p. 556.[3][3] Ghazoul 290ff.[4][4] Zamir 8031-32.[5][5] Gentz 41ff.[6][6] Gray et al. 212.[7] "Between Worlds", Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays (2002) pp. 561, 565.[8] Stephen Howe, “Dangerous mind?” (http:/ / newhumanist. org. uk/ 1908), New Humanist, Vol. 123, November/December 2008.[9] Oleg Grabar, Edward Said, Bernard Lewis, “Orientalism: An Exchange” (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 6517), New York Review of

Books, Vol. 29, No. 13. 12 August 1982. Accessed 4 January 2010.[10][10] Turner and Rojek 224.[11][11] McCarthy 10.[12][12] Edward Said's Out of Place: A Memoir .

Edward Said 14

[13][13] Corwell 128.[14][14] Singh and Johnson 19, 129.[15] “Between Worlds”, Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays (2002) pp. 556–57.[16] Edward Said, Out of Place, Vintage Books, 1999: pp. 82–83.[17] Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Edward Said (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 516540/ Edward-Said), accessed 3 January

2010.[18] L.A. Jews For Peace, The Question of Palestine by Edward Said. (1997) (http:/ / www. lajewsforpeace. org/ Bibliography. html) Books on

the Israel–Palestinian Conflict – Annotated Bibliography, accessed 3 January 2010.[19] Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin, Eds., The Edward Said Reader, Vintage, 2000, pp. xv.[20] “Between Worlds: Edward Said Makes Sense of His Life”, London Review of Books, 7 May 1998, p. 3.[21][21] Singh and Johnson 19, 219.[22][22] McCarthy 16.[23] Edward Said, Power, Politics and Culture, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001: pp. 77–79.[24] Harish Trivedi, “ ‘Arguing with the Himalayas’: Edward Said and Rudyard Kipling” (http:/ / www. uoft. asiapacificreader. org/ index.

php?option=com_content& task=view& id=37126& Itemid=36) Asia Pacific Reader archive. University of Toronto. Accessed 4 January2010.

[25] Andy Morrison, “Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats” (http:/ / www. qub. ac. uk/ schools/ SchoolofEnglish/imperial/ ireland/ saidyeat. htm), MA studies, Queen's University of Belfast, 21 May 1998. Accessed 4 January 2010.

[26] Said, Orientalism 12.[27] Said, Orientalism 11.[28] Said, Orientalism 65–67.[29] Martin Kramer, "Enough Said (review of Dangerous Knowledge, by Robert Irwin)" (http:/ / www. campus-watch. org/ article/ id/ 3082),

March 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.[30] Bernard Lewis, "The Question of Orientalism", Islam and the West, London, 1993: pp. 99, 118.[31] Robert Irwin, For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies, London: Allen Lane, 2006.[32] Martin Kramer said that “Fifteen years after [the] publication of Orientalism, the UCLA historian Nikki Keddie (whose work Said praised in

Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World) allowed that Orientalism was ‘important, and,in many ways, positive’ ”.<ref> "Said’s Splash" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ query?url=http:/ / www. geocities. com/ martinkramerorg/SaidSplash. htm& date=2009-10-26+ 02:20:28) Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America, Policy Papers 58(Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001).

[33] Approaches to the History of the Middle East, Nancy Elizabeth Gallagher, Ed., London:Ithaca Press, 1994: pp. 144–45.[34] Orientalism: p. 316[35] Edward Said, "Orientalism Reconsidered", Cultural Critique magazine, No. 1, Autumn 1985, p. 96[36] Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Natures, Literatures, London: Verso, 1992.[37] Edward Said, “Between Worlds” (http:/ / www. lrb. co. uk/ v20/ n09/ edward-said/ between-worlds). London Review of Books, Vol. 20. No.

9 (May 1998), pp. 3–7.[38] Terry Eagleton, book review of For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies, by Robert Irwin. (http:/ / www. newstatesman.

com/ node/ 152571), New Statesman, 13 February 2006.[39] Orientalism 18–19.[40] Orientalism 329–54.[41] Martin Kramer. Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (2001)[42] Andrew N. Rubin, “Techniques of Trouble: Edward Said and the Dialectics of Cultural Philology”, The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102.4

(2003):862–76.[43] Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West, New York & London: Routledge, 1990.[44] Emory University, Department of English, Introduction to Postcolonial Studies (http:/ / www. english. emory. edu/ Bahri/ Intro. html)[45] Gyan Prakash, “Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography”, Comparative Studies in

Society and History 32.2 (1990): 383–408.[46] Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind, Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001.[47] Ronald Inden, Imagining India, New York: Oxford UP, 1990.[48] Homi K. Bhaba, Nation and Narration, New York & London: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1990.[49] Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics, London: Methuen, 1987.[50] “Between Worlds”, Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays (2002) pp. 563.[51] Edward Said, "The Morning After" (http:/ / www. lrb. co. uk/ v15/ n20/ edward-said/ the-morning-after). London Review of Books Vol. 15

No. 20. 21 October 1993.[52] Michael Wood, "On Edward Said" (http:/ / www. lrb. co. uk/ v25/ n20/ michael-wood/ on-edward-said), London Review of Books, 23

October 2003, accessed 5 January 2010.[53] Edward Said, "The price of Camp David" (http:/ / www. mediamonitors. net/ edward33. html), Al Ahram Weekly, 23 July 2001. Accessed 5

January 2010.[54] Edward Said, "Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims" (1979), in The Edward Said Reader, Vintage Books, 2000, pp. 114–68.

Edward Said 15

[55] Barsamian 57–58.[56] Julian Vigo, “Edward Said and the Politics of Peace: From Orientalisms to Terrorology”, A Journal of Contemporary Thought (2004): pp.

43–65.[57] Dinitia Smith, "A Stone's Throw is a Freudian Slip" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2001/ 03/ 10/ arts/ a-stone-s-throw-is-a-freudian-slip.

html?scp=1& sq="edward+ said"& st=nyt), The New York Times, 10 March 2001.[58] Sunnie Kim, "Edward Said Accused of Stoning in South Lebanon" (http:/ / www. columbiaspectator. com/ 2000/ 07/ 19/

edward-said-accused-stoning-south-lebanon), Columbia Spectator, 19 July 2000.[59] Edward Said and David Barsamian, Culture and Resistance – Conversations with Edward Said, South End Press, 2003: pp. 85–86[60] Ranjan Ghosh, Edward Said and the Literary, Social, and Political World (http:/ / www. ewidgetsonline. com/ dxreader/ Reader.

aspx?token=lHNy0CN9jdX/ kV3/ 8IVtAA==& rand=1414102986& buyNowLink=), New York: Routledge, 2009: p. 22.[61] Columbia University Press, Music at the Limits by Edward W. Said (http:/ / cup. columbia. edu/ book/ 978-0-231-13936-6/

music-at-the-limits), accessed 5 January 2010.[62] Barenboim–Said Foundation, official website (http:/ / www. barenboim-said. org/ index. php?id=119), Barenboim-Said.org. Accessed 4

January 2010.[63] Rase, Sherri (8 April 2011), Conversations—with Mohammed Fairouz (http:/ / www. qonstage. com/ QOnStage_articles/ 2011fairouz-rase/

index. html), [Q]onStage, retrieved 2011-04-19[64] “Homage to a Belly-dancer”, Granta, 13 (Winter 1984).[65] "Reflections on Exile", London Review of Books, 13 September 1990.[66] The English Pen World Atlas, "Edward Said" (http:/ / penatlas. org/ online/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=100&

Itemid=16), accessed on 3 January 2010.[67] Spinozalens, Internationale Spinozaprijs Laureates (http:/ / www. spinozalens. nl/ pages/ laureaten_en. htm), accessed on 3 January 2010.[68] Columbia University Press, "About the Author", Humanism and Democratic Criticism, 2004.[69] The English Pen World Atlas, Edward Said (http:/ / penatlas. org/ online/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=100&

Itemid=16), accessed on 3 January 2010.[70] Alexander Cockburn, "A Mighty and Passionate Heart" (http:/ / www. counterpunch. org/ cockburn09252003. html), Counterpunch[71] ‘A Late Style of Humanism’, Field Day Review 1 (Dublin: 2005), http:/ / oconnellhouse. nd. edu/ assets/ 39753/ sdeanefdr. pdf[72] Christopher Hitchens, "A Valediction for Edward Said" (http:/ / www. slate. com/ articles/ news_and_politics/ obit/ 2003/ 09/ edward_said.

html) Slate, September 2003[73] Tony Judt, "The Rootless Cosmopolitan" (http:/ / www. thenation. com/ doc/ 20040719/ judt), The Nation[74] Michael Wood, On Edward Said (http:/ / www. lrb. co. uk/ v25/ n20/ michael-wood/ on-edward-said), London Review of Books, 23 October

2003, accessed 5 January 2010.[75] Tariq Ali, "Remembering Edward Said (1935–2003)" (http:/ / www. newleftreview. org/ NLR25804. shtml), The New Left Review[76] Birzeit University, Edward Said National Conservatory of Music (http:/ / ncm. birzeit. edu/ ).[77] "Conference: Waiting for the Barbarians: A Tribute to Edward Said." (http:/ / ejts. revues. org/ index931. html) 25–26 May 2007. Bogazici

University. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Ejts.org. Accessed 5 January 2010.[78] Jorgen Jensehausen, "Review: 'Waiting for the Barbarians'" (http:/ / jpr. sagepub. com/ cgi/ pdf_extract/ 46/ 3/ 458) Journal of Peace

Research Vol. 46 No. 3 May 2009. Accessed 5 January 2010.

Bibliography• Barsamian, David (2003). Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=SUt6EAoH0xgC& pg=PA57). Pluto. ISBN 9780745320175.• Cornwell, John (2010). Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint. Continuum International.

ISBN 9781441150844.• Joachim Gentz (2009). "Orientalism/Occidentalism" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Omfg11_rzEAC&

pg=PA41). Keywords re-oriented. interKULTUR, European-Chinese intercultural studies, Volume IV.Universitätsverlag Göttingen. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-3-940344-86-1. Retrieved 18 November 2011.

• Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, ed. (2007). Edward Said and Critical Decolonization (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=Uf9_dbmJyQkC& pg=PA290). American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-087-5.Retrieved 19 November 2011. "Edward W. Said (1935–2003) was one of the most influential intellectuals in thetwentieth century."

• Gray, Richard T.; Gross, Ruth V.; Goebel, Rolf J. et al., eds. (2005). A Franz Kafka encyclopedia (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=4ZLW5gXc0X4C& pg=PA212). Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30375-3. Retrieved 18November 2011.

Edward Said 16

• Iskander, Adel; Rustom, Hakem (2010). Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation. Universityof California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24546-4.

• McCarthy, Conor (2010). The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=pagV6FegTJoC& pg=PA10). Cambridge UP. ISBN 9781139491402.

• Said, Edward W. (1979). Orientalism (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Yivirt2t1lYC). Knopf Doubleday.ISBN 9780394740676.

• Singh, Amritjit; Johnson, Bruce G., eds. (2004). Interviews with Edward W. Said (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=OC6PxMiYc3YC). UP of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578063666.

• Turner, Bryan S; Rojek, Chris (2001). Society and Culture: Scarcity and Solidarity (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=JaGLmpN1RXMC& pg=PA224). SAGE. ISBN 9780761970491.

• Zamir, Shamoon (2005). "Said, Edward W.". In Jones, Lindsay. Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition 12.Macmillan. pp. 8031–32.

Further reading• Valerie Kennedy Edward Said: A Critical Introduction (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=EYMQ44XjIegC&

dq=critical+ introduction+ edward+ said& source=gbs_navlinks_s). Key Contemporary Thinkers. Malden, MA:Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.

• Conor McCarthy The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said (http:/ / www. cambridge. org/ aus/ catalogue/catalogue. asp?isbn=9780521683050). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

• Andrew N. Rubin, editor, Humanism, Freedom, and the Critic: Edward W. Said and After. Washington, DC:Georgetown University Press, 2005.

External links• The Edward Said Archive (http:/ / www. edwardsaid. org/ ?q=node/ 1)• Edward Said (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0756429/ ) at the Internet Movie Database• Review of Reflections on Exile and Other Essays and Edward Said: The Last Interview (http:/ / othervoices. org/

3. 1/ bvanderlinden/ index. php), in Other Voices, vol. 3, no. 1.• Works by Edward Said on Open Library at the Internet Archive• Booknotes interview with Said on Reflections on Exile and Other Essays, June 17, 2001. (http:/ / www.

booknotes. org/ Watch/ 163925-1/ Edward+ Said. aspx)

Article Sources and Contributors 17

Article Sources and ContributorsEdward Said  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=590453081  Contributors: 01011000, 1exec1, A-giau, AAA765, ABF, AMuseo, AaronSw, Aaronbrick, Abie the Fish Peddler,Abnn, Aboudaqn, Adamseline, Adoniscik, Afghan Historian, AgadaUrbanit, Aichik, Al Ameer son, Albany NY, Alberuni, Alex Bakharev, Alexis Paladin, Alflayla, Alienus, All Hallow's Wraith,Alpha Quadrant, Alton, An Siarach, Anas Salloum, Anders Feder, Andersmk73, Andres, Andrewman327, Andy Marchbanks, Angela, Angusmclellan, Annoynmous, Anomalocaris, AnonMoos,Antidiskriminator, Archantos15, Aristophanes68, Arniep, Arrow740, Astuishin, Avaya1, Ave Caesar, Avraham, AxelBoldt, Azate, B.Andersohn, BBCRCA, BD2412, Bachrach44, Barbarosa123,Batmanand, Bbsrock, Bcorr, Bearcat, Behead rrance8, Belgrano, Bender235, BernardZ, BertSen, Bgwhite, Bibigon, Bigsaidlover, Bjorn Martiz, Blowme rancie, BlueSquadronRaven, Bobnorwal,Bocianski, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, BoogaLouie, Born Gay, Bornhj, Brian0918, Brianramra, Brookie, Brossow, Bruce Marold, Bruvensky, Bubble4, Buridan, Burlington400, CN3777, CanterburyTail, Catgut, Causa sui, Causteau, Cgingold, Charles Matthews, Charley1984, Chewshyt rrance, Chick Bowen, Chiwara, ChristineBushMV, ChristopherHoney, Cjs2111, Classicfilms,Closedmouth, CltFn, CoffeeWithMarkets, Colonies Chris, Cometstyles, Commodore Sloat, CommonsDelinker, Cosmic Latte, Crasshopper, Cricketgirl, CrimsonBlue, Crust, Ctrl build,Cuchullain, D1061024473ec8f5506d933d3464966c8606dad6, D3dtn01, D6, DBaba, DJRafe, DanKeshet, Dance21c, Dangling Reference, Danielsoar, Danny, Darkblue12345, Darklilac,Darkwind, DarwinPeacock, Darwinek, Davidbober, Davidiad, Davidmoconnor, Dekisugi, Delia Peabody, Deodar, Deor, Deus Ex, Deville, Dimadick, Djacobs272, Dlohcierekim's sock, Dlv999,Dmn, Dodecaphonia, Donmike10, Dougweller, Drmies, Drone comin in, Dtasripin, Duncancumming, EamonnPKeane, Ed Poor, EdJohnston, Edenbeast, Edward Wong George, Egeymi, Ekoontz,Eleland, Eloquence, Emerson22, Enviroboy, Epa101, Epbr123, Epeefleche, Erudy, Evenfiel, Everyking, Excirial, Farajb, FayssalF, Fb767, Fdarchive, Fieldday-sunday, Filius Rosadis, Fippsrevenge, Fipps revenge2, Fipps revenge3, First twater, FisherQueen, Fjmustak, Flammifer, Flammingo, Flesh end blood, Former user 2, Formulax, Fram, Fredrik, Fru1tbat, Frykommies,Fuzheado, G-Dett, GB fan, GCarty, GD, GHcool, Gabbe, GabrielF, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Garzo, Gcm, Gdvwhite, George Kaplan, Gilabrand, Gloriamarie, Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, Goosefriend, Graft, Graham87, Grantsky, Greensteintony, GregorB, Grenavitar, Gretchen, Grunge6910, Gsb2003, Guaka, Gulaggogo, Haisam, Hakemelias, HamYoyo, Hamiltro, HarmonicSphere,Hibernia345, Historicist, Hmains, Hornplease, Hu12, Huangdi, Huldra, Hulzenga, Humus sapiens, Hunterrepublicans, Ian Pitchford, Ideyal, Iento breakfast, Ijon, Imprison roland, Intolerrance2,Intolerrance4, InverseHypercube, Inwind, Iopag, Irajaix, Iridescent, IronDuke, Itsmejudith, J04n, JJARichardson, JNW, Jaakobou, Jack gecko, Jacobgreenbaum, Jagged 85, Jail rance2, JamesAM,JamesBWatson, JamesMLane, Jamesmorrison, Jaque Hammer, JayC, Jayjg, Jbmurray, Jdrice8, Jean.julius, Jersey Devil, Jezhotwells, Jhartmann, Jimmer, Jleybov, Joey zaza6, John McW, John Z,Jonund, Jonyungk, Joshua Scott, JoshuaZ, Jpeob, JustAGal, JzG, KAMiKAZOW, KConWiki, KF, Kaihsu, KaintheScion, Kap 7, Karkar85, Karl 334, Kasaalan, KazakhPol, Kcboat, Keilana,Keith-264, Khazar2, Khello, Koavf, Konzack, Krashlandon, Kulak revenge, Kumioko (renamed), Kwamikagami, Kwertii, L Kensington, Lacrimosus, Lagrange613, Landon1980, Langdell,Lapsed Pacifist, Laurelcanyon310, Leebo, Lggkfjh, LibLord, Lichtconlon, Lightmouse, Lihaas, Lisabema, Lizzie Harrison, Lockesdonkey, LoverOfTheRussianQueen, Lynchrrance, Lynnkha,M3taphysical, MER-C, MSTCrow, Mackan79, Magioladitis, Mahakaya, Mahmudmasri, MangoWong, Mareklug, Mark Arsten, Mark K. Jensen, MartinHarper, Mashkin, Masterpiece2000,Materialscientist, MattieTK, Mav, Mdabasel, Menj, Mentifisto, Meowy, Metallurgist, MeteorMaker, Mhazard9, Michael Hardy, Michaeldsuarez, Mike hayes, Minesweeper, Mirv, Misarxist,Miss-simworld, MisterSheik, Mmx1, Mohsens, MoiraMoira, Mojo Hand, More drones coming, Morganet1331, Morning star, Mshonle, Murderbike, Mushi002, Mythrandir, N-k, NYScholar,Nableezy, Naddy, Nat Krause, Nata 99, Natalie Erin, Nathanhcr, NawlinWiki, Neilodini, Neiwai, Nereocystis, Neuro, Nicholasbaptiste, Nicke L, Nihila, Nikkimaria, Ninmacer20, Nishkid64,Nitewarmr, Nivix, NomadOfArabia, Nonexistant User, Nosedung, Odikuas, Ohconfucius, Oldtrucker, Olivier, Omnipaedista, Open2universe, Orenburg1, Ortolan88, Owen, Oxymoron83,Padraic, PaliChristianGirl, Palmiro, Patsw, Paul Barlow, Pearle, Pecher, Pedant17, Peter cohen, Pgan002, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phil Sandifer, Philopedia, Phineas foff, Pidgeon puss, Pingu,Pir, Pjamescowie, Pojaco, Polpotskommy, Polymath1900, Proxyma, Pschelden, Puchiko, Qwertyus, Qxz, RGloucester, Radartoothth, Radicalsubversiv, Ramallite, Rance roland, Ranceatshyt,Ranceinnoose, Ranceon endofrope, Rantsie raus, Rantswets pants, Raudys, Razzsic, Rbellin, Rbrwr, Reaverdrop, Recurring dreams, RevTarthpeigust, Rich Farmbrough, Richtig27, Rjwilmsi,Robo Cop, RolandR, Rolandrance shythead, Roliesukks, Romamia, Romeisburning, Rrburke, Ryanaxp, SFGiants, Sagefrakrobatik, Salimi, Salvio giuliano, Saranghae honey, SatuSuro,Sausagehiders, Schneelocke, Scifilover386, Scizozorri, Scscott, Seba5618, Seergenius, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Serlin, Severino, Shamir1, Sherool, Shii, Shytbrain rrance, Sikandarji, Silvercrescent, Sindinero, Sionus, Sjjb, Skywriter, SlimVirgin, Slimerance, Sluzzelin, Smalljim, Smartse, Sohailstyle, Solal, Sophie06, Sparticus5, Species8473, Spectheintro, SqueakBox, Squiquifox,StAnselm, Steveng72, Steventity, Stevertigo, Stomponrance, Str1977, Stumink, Subhan1, Suffusion of Yellow, Summary diss, Sunray, Superm401, Svejk74, Swliv, Synchronism, TAnthony,TFBCT1, THB, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TML, Tadanisakari, Tarquin, Tawker, Tbhotch, Tech77, Tedmund, Template namespace initialisation script, Tempodivalse, Tewfik, TexasAndroid,Textbook, TheEgyptian, TheRedPenOfDoom, ThereIsNoSteve, Theroadislong, ThinkPink, Thump therance, Tiamut, Tickle me, Tide rolls, Tioeliecer, Tmckay, Tni soprano, Toiletfacerance, TomMorris, Tom harrison, Tombomp, Tonyrex, Tonys lapdog, Tool, Topbanana, Toytoy, Tracy Bohan, Trash stalinazis, TreveX, Trot icepicker2, Trot icepickers2, Trottin to potty, Trusilver,Tslocum, Twalls, UKLonWikiLa, Ulric1313, Ulyssesmsu, Updatehelper, Uriber, Ursprung, UtherSRG, Vanished user skj3ioo3jwifjsek35y, Varada, Vebell, Velella, Versus22, Vgy7ujm, Viajero,Vicki Rosenzweig, Visite fortuitement prolongée, VivaWikipedia, Vmorcos, Vodnokon4e, Vssun, Waacstats, Wahabijaz, Webclient101, Wienermensch, Wik, Wikipelli, Winkytink, Woodshed,Woohookitty, Wzhao553, Xahid, Xklm, Xorkl000, Yahel Guhan, Yankee Scribe, Yermiyahu, Yllosubmarine, Yoshiah ap, Yuber, Zeq, Zero0000, Zoicon5, Zzuuzz, عباد ديرانية ,خالد حسني ,باسم, Ὁοἶστρος, 762 anonymous edits

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