3
MATHEMATICS: E. V. HUNTINGTON A S E T OF INDEPENDENT POSTULATES F O R CYCLIC ORDER B y Edward V . Huntington DEPARTMENT O P MATHEMATICS, HARVARD UNIVERSITY Received b y t h e Academ, October 1 6 , 1916 There are four types o f order which a r e important i n geometry and other branches o f mathematics: (la) linear order with a definite sense along t h e line (theory of serial order); (lb) linear order without distinc- tion of sense (theory of betweenness); (2a) circular order with a definite sense around th e circle (theory o f cyclic order); a n d (2b) circular order without distinction o f sense (theory o f separation o f pairs o f points). T h e present note i s concerned with type (2a): cyclic order. L e t us consider a class o f elements A B, C , . . . , a n d a triadic relation R(ABC). T h e class K m a y be said to b e cyclically ordered b y th e relation R i f t h e following postulates ar e satisfied: I. II . III. IV. V . I f A , B , C, ar e distinct, then A B C implies BCA. I f A , B, C a r e distinct, then at least o n e o f t h e orders ABC, BCA, CAB, CBA, ACB, BA C i s true. I f A , B , C a r e distinct, then A B C a n d A C B cannot both be true. If AB C i s true, then A , B , a n d C a r e distinct. I f A , B, X , Y a r e distinct, a nd XAB a n d AYB, then XAY. From these postulates it follows that a n y three distinct elements A , B , C, i n t h e order ABC, divide t h e class into three sections, such that ( 1 ) t h e three sections, together with t h e dividing elements, e x - haust t h e class; ( 2 ) n o element belongs t o more than one section; ( 3 ) i f X , Y Z a r e elements taken o n e from each section, s o that AXB an d B Y C and CZA, then XYZ. T h e details o f th e proof will be given i n a later paper. I t will also b e shown that th e postulates a r e independent of each other. From I, II , a n d V w e c a n prove, a s a theorem, V I . If A , B, X , Y a re distinct, a nd AXB a n d AYB, then either AXY o r YXB. B ut i f w e should replace postulate I b y t h e following postulate: I ' . If A , B, C a r e distinct, then A BC implies CBA, then V I would become a n independent postulate, an d t h e s e t of s i x postulates, I ' , I I , III, I V , V , VI, would then define n ot cyclic order, b u t 63 0

Edward Huntington - A Set of Independent Postulates for Cyclic Order

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Page 1: Edward Huntington - A Set of Independent Postulates for Cyclic Order

 

MATHEMATICS: E . V . HUNTINGTON

A

SET

OF

INDEPENDENT

POSTULATES

FOR

CYCLIC ORDER

B y

E d w a r d V .

H u n t i n g t o n

DEPARTMENT

OP

M A T H E M A T I C S ,

HARVARD U N I V E R S I T Y

R e c e i v e d

b y

t h e

A c a d e m ,

O c t o b e r

1 6 ,

1 9 1 6

T h e r e a r e

f o u r

t y p e s

o f

o r d e r

w h i c h

a r e

i m p o r t a n t

i n

g e o m e t r y

a n d

o t h e r

b r a n c h e s

o f

m a t h e m a t i c s :

( l a )

l i n e a r

o r d e r w i t h

a

d e f i n i t e s e n s e

a l o n g

t h e l i n e

( t h e o r y

o f

s e r i a l

o r d e r ) ; ( l b )

l i n e a r

o r d e r

w i t h o u t d i s t i n c -

t i o n

o f

s e n s e

( t h e o r y

o f

b e t w e e n n e s s ) ;

( 2 a )

c i r c u l a r

o r d e r

w i t h

a

d e f i n i t e

s e n s e

a r o u n d t h e c i r c l e

( t h e o r y

o f

c y c l i c

o r d e r ) ;

a n d

( 2 b )

c i r c u l a r o r d e r

w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n

o f

s e n s e

( t h e o r y

o f

s e p a r a t i o n

o f p a i r s

o f

p o i n t s ) .

T h e

p r e s e n t

n o t e i s

c o n c e r n e d

w i t h

t y p e

( 2 a ) :

c y c l i c

o r d e r .

L e t u s

c o n s i d e r

a

c l a s s

o f

e l e m e n t s

A

B ,

C ,

.

. .

,

a n d a t r i a d i c

r e l a t i o n

R ( A B C ) .

T h e c l a s s

K

m a y

b e s a i d t o

b e

c y c l i c a l l y

o r d e r e d

b y

t h e

r e l a t i o n R i f

t h e

f o l l o w i n g p o s t u l a t e s

a r e s a t i s f i e d :

I .

I I .

I I I .

I V .

V .

I f

A , B , C ,

a r e

d i s t i n c t ,

t h e n

ABC

i m p l i e s

B C A .

I f

A ,

B ,

C

a r e

d i s t i n c t ,

t h e n

a t

l e a s t

o n e

o f

t h e o r d e r s

A BC , B C A ,

C A B , C B A ,

A C B ,

BAC i s t r u e .

I f

A ,

B ,

C

a r e

d i s t i n c t ,

t h e n ABC

a n d

AC B

c a n n o t b o t h b e

t r u e .

I f

ABC

i s

t r u e ,

t h e n

A ,

B ,

a n d

C a r e

d i s t i n c t .

I f

A , B ,

X ,

Y a r e

d i s t i n c t ,

a n d XAB a n d

A Y B ,

t h e n

XAY.

F r o m

t h e s e

p o s t u l a t e s

i t f o l l o w s

t h a t

a n y

t h r e e d i s t i n c t

e l e m e n t s

A , B ,

C ,

i n

t h e

o r d e r

A B C ,

d i v i d e

t h e c l a s s i n t o t h r e e

s e c t i o n s ,

s u c h

t h a t

( 1 )

t h e

t h r e e

s e c t i o n s ,

t o g e t h e r

w i t h t h e

d i v i d i n g

e l e m e n t s ,

e x -

h a u s t

t h e

c l a s s ;

( 2 )

n o

e l e m e n t

b e l o n g s

t o

m o r e t h a n o n e

s e c t i o n ;

( 3 )

i f

X , Y

Z

a r e e l e m e n t s

t a k e n

o n e

f r o m

e a c h

s e c t i o n ,

s o t h a t

AXB a n d

BY C a n d

C Z A ,

t h e n X Y Z . T h e d e t a i l s

o f

t h e

p r o o f

w i l l

b e

g i v e n

i n

a

l a t e r

p a p e r .

I t

w i l l a l s o

b e

s h o w n t h a t

t h e

p o s t u l a t e s

a r e

i n d e p e n d e n t

o f

e a c h

o t h e r .

F r o m

I ,

I I ,

a n d

V

w e c a n

p r o v e ,

a s

a

t h e o r e m ,

V I .

I f

A ,

B ,

X ,

Y a r e

d i s t i n c t ,

a n d AXB a n d

A Y B ,

t h e n

e i t h e r AXY

o r

YXB.

B u t i f

w e

s h o u l d

r e p l a c e p o s t u l a t e

I

b y

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

p o s t u l a t e :

I ' .

I f

A ,

B ,

C a r e

d i s t i n c t ,

t h e n

ABC

i m p l i e s

C B A ,

t h e n

V I

w o u l d

b e c o m e

a n

i n d e p e n d e n t p o s t u l a t e ,

a n d

t h e

s e t

o f

s i x

p o s t u l a t e s ,

I ' ,

I I , I I I ,

I V , V , V I ,

w o u l d

t h e n d e f i n e n o t

c y c l i c

o r d e r ,

b u t

6 3 0

Page 2: Edward Huntington - A Set of Independent Postulates for Cyclic Order

 

PSYCHOLOGY: R .

M. YERKES

b e t w e e n n e s s ,

a n d

w o u l d

e ,

i n

f a c t ,

i d e n t i c a l

w i t h

o n e

o f

t h e

s e t s

o f

i n d e p e n d e n t

p o s t u l a t e s

f o r

b e t w e e n n e s s o b t a i n e d i n

a

f o r t h c o m i n g

p a p e r

b y

E . V .

H u n t i n g t o n

a n d

J .

R .

K l i n e . h e t r a n s i t i o n

f r o m . t h e

t h e o r y

o f

c y c l i c

o r d e r t o

t h e

t h e o r y

o f

b e t w e e n n e s s

m a y

t h u s

b e

m a d e

b y

m e r e l y

i n t e r c h a n g i n g

t w o

l e t t e r s

i n

t h e

f i r s t

p o s t u l a t e ; p o s t u l a t e s

I I - V I

a r e

t r u e i n b o t h t h e o r i e s .

A

NEW

M E T H O D OF STUDYING IDEATIONAL AND

ALLIED

. . F O R M S OF

BEHAVIOR I N MAN AND OTHER

A N I M A L S 1

B y

R o b e r t

M .

Y e r k e s

PSYCHOLOGICAL

LABORATORY,

HARVARD

U N I V E R S r T Y

R e c e i e d

b y

t

A d e m y ,

O c t o b e r

2 0 ,

1 9 1 6

D e s p i t e w i d e s p r e a d

i n t e r e s t

i n

t h e e v o l u t i o n

o f

r e a s o n i n g ,

t h e

c o m -

p a r a t i v e

s t u d y

o f

i d e a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r h a s

b e e n

n e g l e c t e d .

O n l y

a

f e w

m e t h o d s

o f r e s e a r c h

h a v e

b e e n

d e v i s e d ,

a n d

t h e s e h a v e s e e n

s c a n t

s e r v i c e .

T h o r n d i k e 2 i s

r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r t h e

p r o b l e m

o r

p u z z l e - b o x

m e t h o d

( u s e d

b y

h i

i n t h e

s t u d y

o f

c a t s ,

d o g s ,

a n d

m o n k e y s ) ;

H a m i l t o n , 3

f o r

t h e

m e t h o d

o f

q u a d r u p l e

c h o i c e s

( y

w h i c h h e

h a s

s t u d i e d

c a t s ,

d o g s ,

h o r s e s ,

m o n k e y s ,

r a t s ,

g o p h e r s ,

a n d

m e n ) ;

H u n t e r , 4

f o r

t h e

m e t h o d

o f

d e l a y e d

r e a c t i o n

( a p p l i e d

b y

h i m

t o

r a t s ,

r a c c o o n s ,

d o g s ,

a n d

c h i l d r e n ) .

I

h a v e

p e r f e c t e d

a n d

a p p l i e d

a n e w

m e t h o d - t h a t

o f

m u l t i p l e

c h o i c e s

- f o r

t h e d e t e c t i o n o f

r e a c t i v e

t e n d e n c i e s a n d t h e

s t u d y

o f

t h e i r

r 6 l e

i n

t h e

a t t e m p t e d

s o l u t i o n

o f

c e r t a i n

t y p e s

o f

p r o b l e m .

T h e

m e t h o d

i n -

v o l v e s t h e

p r e s e n t a t i o n

t o

t h e

s u b j e c t

o f a

p r o b l e m

o r

s e r i e s

o f

p r o b l e m s

w h o s e

r a p i d

a n d

c o m p l e t e

s o l u t i o n

d e p e n d s

u p o n

i d e a t i o n a l

p r o c e s s e s .

T h e

a p p a r a t u s

c o n s i s t s

o f

t w e l v e , o r ,

i n

s o m e

f o r m s ,

n i n e i d e n t i c a l

r e a c t i o n - m e c h a n i s m s ,

o f w h i c h

a n y

n u m b e r

m a y

b e u s e d

f o r

a

g i v e n

e x p e r i m e n t a l

o b s e r v a t i o n . I n t h e

t y p e

o f

a p p a r a t u s

o r i g i n a l l y

u s e d

f o r

h u m a n

s u b j e c t s ,

t h e s e m e c h a n i s m s

a r e

s i m p l e

k e y s ;

i n

t h a t

w h i c h

h a s

b e e n

u s e d

f o r l o w e r

a n i m a l s ,

t h e y

a r e b o x e s

a r r a n g e d

s i d e

b y

s i d e ,

e a c h

w i t h an e n t r a n c e

d o o r a t

o n e

e n d a n d

an

e x i t

d o o r a t

t h e

o t h e r ,

w h i c h

m a y

b e

r a i s e d

o r

l o w e r e d a t

n e e d

b y

t h e

e x p e r i m e n t e r

t h r o u g h

t h e s e

o f

a

s y s t e m

o f

w e i g h t e d

c o r d s .

U n d e r t h e e x i t d o o r o f

e a c h

b o x

i s a

r e c e p t a c l e

i n

w h i c h

s o m e

f o r m o f

r e w a r d

f o r

c o r r e c t

r e a c t i o n

m a y

b e

c o n c e a l e d

u n t i l t h e d o o r o f

t h e

a p p r o p r i a t e

b o x

i s r a i s e d

b y

t h e

e x p e r i m e n t e r .

I t

i s

t h e

t a s k o f

t h e

s u b j e c t

t o

s e l e c t

f r o m

a n y

g r o u p

o f

t h e s e b o x e s

w h o s e e n t r a n c e d o o r s a r e

r a i s e d t h a t

o n e

i n

w h i c h

t h e

r e w a r d

( f o o d ,

f o r

e x a m p l e )

i s

t o

b e

p r e s e n t e d .

T h e

e x p e r i m e n t e r

i n

a d v a n c e

d e f i n e s

t h e

6 3 !

Page 3: Edward Huntington - A Set of Independent Postulates for Cyclic Order