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comment analysis TODAY 991266 WEDNESDAY 19 SEPTE12

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Asiarsquos more pressing

challenges are from within

autonomy and secession as subversiveand separatist states will seek to sup-

press them through violent meansTarget groups will perceive that as per-secution and possibly even a pogrom

In this process states will cometo be seen and feared by certain seg-ments of their own population as op-pressors rather than protectors giv-ing rise to so-called human securityconcerns

Two other security challengesarise from state and nation-making

As aspirational stat es many coun-tries do not have a monopoly over thelegitimate use of violence or compul-sory jurisdiction throughout their ter-ritories

In such situations some nationalterritories become safe h avens fornon-state actors who may seek to per-

petrate violence on other countriesSome have referred to this as secu-

rity challenges arising from weak orfailed states Contestation over nationand state also provides fertile groundfor external intervention

The three acute inter-state con-flicts in Asia mdash China-Taiwan North-South Korea and India-Pakistanmdash are in essence conflicts over theidentity of nations and states

The China-Taiwan conflict hasundergone transformation The es-sence of the contemporary conflict is

grounded in Chinarsquos claim that thereis only one Chinese nation and thatthere can only be one Chinese stateOn this basis Taiwan is claimed to

be part of China Taipei on the otherhand claims Taiwan a distinct andsovereign political entity

North and South Korea acknowl-edge one Korean nation but differ onthe political and economic identity ofthat nation There is also disagree-ment over whether there can be oneKorean nation and two Korean states

India sees itself as a secular na-tion and state that can and should in-clude Kashmir Pakistan sees majorityMuslim Kashmir as a rightful part ofPakistan which was created for Mus-lims of British India That claim how-

ever has been severely undercut bythe separation of Muslim Bangladesh

Whymen fail

You are probably

basic trends Trewards to edu

increased over the past but men failed to get th

In elementary and hthe United States maperformance is laggingthree-quarters of the Dcollege men are clearlyly 40 per cent of Bachego to men along with of Masters degrees

Thanks to their loweare dropping out of the In 1954 96 per cent of

can men between the a54 worked Today thadown to 80 per cent In report male labour fortion reached an all-tim

Millions of men ardisability Even many odo have a job are doingcording to Mr Michaelof the Hamilton Projearnings for medianmales have dropped byover the past 40 years

Men still dominattop of the corporatecause many women tato raise children but or are gaini ng nearly else Women in their 2men in their 20s T wel15 fastest-growing prodominated by women

THE GENDER DIVIDE

CONTINU

DAVID BROOKS

David Brooks is

a New York Times

columnist

Women areadaptingto todayrsquoseconomymore flexiblyand resilientlythan men

from Islamic Pakistan Ethnic identi-ty became more potent than religiousidentity

MARGINALISED NEGLECTED

The more pressing challenges to thesovereignty and terr itorial integrityof Asian countries have and will con-tinue to come from internal sources mdashcontestations over states and nations

Unfortunately this source of inse-

curity has not received due attentionfrom scholars and policymakers lead-ing to misconceptions or marginalisa-tion of such challenges

Along w ith the rea list paradigmthat emphasises international secu-rity concepts like common securitycooperative security non-tradition-al security and regional community

building that have become buzzwordsin South-east Asia underlie the ne-glect of these challenges

Excessive focus on the rise of Asianpowers and their consequences alsounderscore the neglect of these press-ing challenges It is important and op-portune now to rectify this by movingfrom conceptions like common coop-erative and non-traditional security as

well as regional community buildingto comprehensive notions of security