EDUCATIONEDUCATION

ININ

TANZANIATANZANIABYBY

Steward Ngagard LulamyeSteward Ngagard LulamyeTallinn, Telliskivi 60A.Tallinn, Telliskivi 60A.

2323rdrd November 2013 November 2013

The country is found in East AfricaThe country is found in East Africa North: Kenya and Uganda.North: Kenya and Uganda. West: Burundi, Rwanda and DRC.West: Burundi, Rwanda and DRC. South: Zambia, Malawi and MozambiqueSouth: Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique East: Indian Ocean.East: Indian Ocean. TZ is the biggest of the East African TZ is the biggest of the East African

countries.countries. Kilimanjaro African’s highestKilimanjaro African’s highest mountain found in northern part. mountain found in northern part.

Location of Tanzania

History of Education - TZHistory of Education - TZ

HETZ can be traced HETZ can be traced after independence in after independence in 1961.1961.

Before independence Before independence education was very education was very restricted. restricted.

Policy “Education for Self Reliance”.Policy “Education for Self Reliance”. Transformation of Tanzanian to an Transformation of Tanzanian to an

African Socialist society.African Socialist society. 1974: UPE emphasized in Musoma 1974: UPE emphasized in Musoma

declaration. declaration. Transformation of Rural society & Transformation of Rural society &

Agriculture. UPE lead into Education Agriculture. UPE lead into Education progress in 1970s’.progress in 1970s’.

1967: Arusha declaration1967: Arusha declaration

1980s’: External shocks – Oil 1980s’: External shocks – Oil crisis, Low coffee prices, drought crisis, Low coffee prices, drought

and war with Uganda and war with Uganda ES associated with deficient economic ES associated with deficient economic

policy caused an economic crisis.policy caused an economic crisis. Poor relationship with IMF and WBPoor relationship with IMF and WB Reason: Policy makers attributed the Reason: Policy makers attributed the

crisis to Exogenous shocks, while IMF crisis to Exogenous shocks, while IMF and WB stressed deficient economic and WB stressed deficient economic policies and institutions as a route causes.policies and institutions as a route causes.

•Huge reduction of resources in Huge reduction of resources in Education sector Education sector

Progress made towards UPE during 1970s’ Progress made towards UPE during 1970s’ declined.declined.

1990s The MoE prepared an Education and 1990s The MoE prepared an Education and Training Master Plan. Training Master Plan.

Later Education Sector Development Later Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) was formed (1998 – 2007).Program (ESDP) was formed (1998 – 2007).

ESDP accelerated Education progress on ESDP accelerated Education progress on stagnated indicators during 1980s’crisis.stagnated indicators during 1980s’crisis.

•2000: Declaration on Education for 2000: Declaration on Education for All (EFA).All (EFA).

2002 – 2009: Primary Education Development 2002 – 2009: Primary Education Development Program (PEDP) formulated.Program (PEDP) formulated.

2004 – 2009: Secondary Education 2004 – 2009: Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP) formulated.Development Program (SEDP) formulated.

Some of these reforms are based on key policy Some of these reforms are based on key policy documents. For instance, documents. For instance,

TZ Development Vision 2025, National TZ Development Vision 2025, National Strategy For Growth and Reduction of Poverty Strategy For Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRT/MKUKUTA), Education and Training (NSGRT/MKUKUTA), Education and Training Policy of 1995, ESDP of 2001 and MDGs.Policy of 1995, ESDP of 2001 and MDGs.

PEDP and SEDP I Successful StoryPEDP and SEDP I Successful Story Both programs have shown the Both programs have shown the

success in improving access and success in improving access and equity.equity.

The Primary schools enrolment have The Primary schools enrolment have increased as from 2002.increased as from 2002.

The number of Secondary Schools The number of Secondary Schools have increased three times from 2004 have increased three times from 2004 to 2009.to 2009.

Remarks on Policy documentsRemarks on Policy documentsRegarding Education DevelopmentRegarding Education Development

Some Education aspects, e.g. access Some Education aspects, e.g. access has been incorporated in national and has been incorporated in national and international major economic and international major economic and social policies such as The National social policies such as The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP/MKUKUTA), of Poverty (NSGRP/MKUKUTA), MDGs, EFA etc MDGs, EFA etc

Education System in TZEducation System in TZ

Management and AdministrationManagement and Administration Two ministries coordinate and Two ministries coordinate and

manage the Education in TZ.manage the Education in TZ. MoEVT and PMO – Regional MoEVT and PMO – Regional

Administration and Local Administration and Local Government.Government.

Education Agencies, Authorities, Education Agencies, Authorities, Boards, Councils, Commissions, and Boards, Councils, Commissions, and

Institutes under MoEVT.Institutes under MoEVT. Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE).Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE). Institute of Adult Education (IAE).Institute of Adult Education (IAE). National Examinations Council of Tanzania National Examinations Council of Tanzania

(NECTA).(NECTA). Tanzania Library Services Board (TLSB).Tanzania Library Services Board (TLSB). Agency for the Development of Education Agency for the Development of Education

Management (ADEM).Management (ADEM). Vocational Education & Training Authority (VETA).Vocational Education & Training Authority (VETA).

Cont…..Cont…..

National Council for Technical Education National Council for Technical Education (NACTE).(NACTE).

Higher Education Students’ Loan Board Higher Education Students’ Loan Board (HESLB).(HESLB).

Tanzania Education Authority (TEA). Tanzania Education Authority (TEA). Tanzania Commission for Universities Tanzania Commission for Universities

(TCU).(TCU).

Roles of MoEVT.Roles of MoEVT.

Curriculum development through TZ Curriculum development through TZ Institute of Education (TIE).Institute of Education (TIE).

Responsible for training of teachers’ Responsible for training of teachers’ in colleges.in colleges.

Coordinate Examinations through Coordinate Examinations through (NECTA).(NECTA).

Policies and Programs formulation.Policies and Programs formulation.

PMO – RALG – Structure:PMO – RALG – Structure:

There is Regional Educational Officer There is Regional Educational Officer (REO) who works closely with (REO) who works closely with Regional Development Director (RDD).Regional Development Director (RDD).

There is District Education Officer There is District Education Officer (DEO) for Secondary and DEO for (DEO) for Secondary and DEO for Primary Schools. The two are under Primary Schools. The two are under REO. REO.

PMO – RALG PMO – RALG Roles: Roles:

Management of School Infrastructure eg Management of School Infrastructure eg Buildings, etcBuildings, etc

Employ and manage HR in Schools eg Employ and manage HR in Schools eg Teachers.Teachers.

Works with community in School building Works with community in School building constructions & asset acquirement.constructions & asset acquirement.

Works closely with MoEVT.Works closely with MoEVT.

School OwnershipSchool Ownership 1.1. Public Schools owned by the Public Schools owned by the

Government.Government.

2.2. Community Schools owned by the Community Schools owned by the local community together with the local community together with the Government.Government.

3.3. Privately owned schools.Privately owned schools.

Education Structure:Education Structure:2 – 7 – 4 – 2 – 3 +2 – 7 – 4 – 2 – 3 +

Pre–Primary 2 years Pre–Primary 2 years Primary School level 7 years.Primary School level 7 years. Ordinary Secondary level 4 years.Ordinary Secondary level 4 years. Advanced Secondary level 2 years.Advanced Secondary level 2 years. Tertiary Education 3+ years.Tertiary Education 3+ years.

Structure of the Tanzanian Education System

Worl

d o

f W

ork

5 6 7

Pre

-P

rim

ary

Primary School

Standards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6

Forms Forms

Secondary Secondary School School

"O"-Level "A"-Level

UniversityDegree Courses

1 2 3 3+

FDC

Vocational Training

Employment --Private/Self

Direct Employment

Direct Employment

Medical/ Nursing

Agriculture & Veterinary (Cert)

Distant Learning--Open University

Acc. Clerks Bus. Admin

TTC (Cert)

Technical College (Diploma--3 years)

Diploma in: -- Accountancy --Planning --Surveying --Water Resource Management --Business Admin --Taxation (3 years)

Technical College (Cert)

Diploma in Education (2 years)

Standard 7 Examination

Form 4 Examination

Form 6 Examination

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23+

Age

Level

O-Level Biases: --Technical --Agriculture --Commerce --Home Econ

CSTC

Key: CSTC--Civil Service Training Centre FDC--Folk Development College TTC--Teacher Training College

All Exams written and administered by the National Examination Council of Tanzania

Basic Education:Basic Education:It Includes the followingIt Includes the following

Pre – Primary Education.Pre – Primary Education. Primary Education.Primary Education. Secondary Education. Secondary Education. Teachers Colleges/ Vocational Teachers Colleges/ Vocational

Colleges.Colleges.

Pre – Primary Education:Pre – Primary Education:

Child who is not less than 5 Child who is not less than 5 years of age is eligible for years of age is eligible for enrolment for Pre – Primary enrolment for Pre – Primary Education for a period of 2 years.Education for a period of 2 years.

Attendance is not compulsory.Attendance is not compulsory.

..

Primary EducationPrimary Education Primary Education is a seven year education Primary Education is a seven year education cycle. There are about 15,856 P/Schools.cycle. There are about 15,856 P/Schools. It is universal and compulsory to all children It is universal and compulsory to all children

from the age of 7 years.from the age of 7 years. Language and Curriculum:- Government (P/S)Language and Curriculum:- Government (P/S) use Kiswahili as a medium of instruction & use Kiswahili as a medium of instruction & English is taught as a subject.English is taught as a subject.

•Private (P/S) use English as a Private (P/S) use English as a medium of instruction & Kiswahili medium of instruction & Kiswahili

is taught as a subject.is taught as a subject.

Curriculum is composed of twelve Curriculum is composed of twelve subjects:-subjects:-

Kiswahili, Maths, Science, Geography,Kiswahili, Maths, Science, Geography,

Civics, History, English, VocationalCivics, History, English, Vocational

Subjects, French, Religious, Information &Subjects, French, Religious, Information &

Communication Technology & SchoolCommunication Technology & School

Sports.Sports.

National ExaminationsNational Examinations There is Std IV Exam. There is Std IV Exam. Std VII Exam. This Exam is a Primary Std VII Exam. This Exam is a Primary

School Leaving Exam (PSLE).School Leaving Exam (PSLE). It is a marking completion of the Primary It is a marking completion of the Primary

Education & it is used for selection of Education & it is used for selection of students into government secondary students into government secondary education. education.

Private secondary schools passing Std Private secondary schools passing Std VII Exam is not a requirement.VII Exam is not a requirement.

2000: Elimination of Tuition fees in 2000: Elimination of Tuition fees in Public P/SPublic P/S

Increased Enrolment of Students.Increased Enrolment of Students. The increase has not been accompanied by The increase has not been accompanied by

increase in resources eg Teachers, Classrooms increase in resources eg Teachers, Classrooms & books. Eg Pupils to qualified teacher at & books. Eg Pupils to qualified teacher at national level 2012 in P/School was 1:47.national level 2012 in P/School was 1:47.

Despite tuition fee elimination families still Despite tuition fee elimination families still pay for Uniforms, testing fees & School pay for Uniforms, testing fees & School supplies.supplies.

Secondary Education:Secondary Education: The 1The 1stst cycle is a 4 year O - level secondary cycle is a 4 year O - level secondary

education. It begins with Form I – 4 final education. It begins with Form I – 4 final examination. There are more than 4,875 S/Schools.examination. There are more than 4,875 S/Schools.

Selection and enrolment in O – level in Selection and enrolment in O – level in government secondary schools is made on pre set government secondary schools is made on pre set national standard cut off points of performance in national standard cut off points of performance in Primary School Leaving exam, but not for private Primary School Leaving exam, but not for private secondary schools.secondary schools.

The 2The 2ndnd cycle is a 2 year A – level secondary cycle is a 2 year A – level secondary education. It has Forms 5 & 6.education. It has Forms 5 & 6.

Cont..Cont..Selection & Enrolment criteria together withSelection & Enrolment criteria together with

Exams for A-Level studies:-Exams for A-Level studies:- Based on performance level in the relevant A- Based on performance level in the relevant A-

level subject combinations after attainment of level subject combinations after attainment of credits in the certificate of secondary credits in the certificate of secondary education examination (CSEE).education examination (CSEE).

After successful completion of Advanced After successful completion of Advanced certificate of secondary education examination certificate of secondary education examination (ACSEE), students with higher credits are (ACSEE), students with higher credits are selected for tertiary education.selected for tertiary education.

Others join TTC, technical colleges, etc.Others join TTC, technical colleges, etc.

Language & CurriculumLanguage & Curriculum English is used as a medium of instruction.English is used as a medium of instruction. Ordinary level (Form 1 – 4):- Students are Ordinary level (Form 1 – 4):- Students are

required to study at least 7 subjects. These required to study at least 7 subjects. These include:- Civics, Geography, English, include:- Civics, Geography, English, Biology,History, Kiswahili, and Basic Biology,History, Kiswahili, and Basic Maths.Maths.

Advanced level (Form 5 – 6):- A student Advanced level (Form 5 – 6):- A student specializes in a combination of three specializes in a combination of three subjects and 1 or 2 subsidiary subjects. subjects and 1 or 2 subsidiary subjects.

Tuition and FeesTuition and Fees Government Secondary Schools charge Government Secondary Schools charge

tuition of Tshs 20,000/- (USD 12).tuition of Tshs 20,000/- (USD 12). Tuition & fees are burden to some families Tuition & fees are burden to some families

especially large families, single parent especially large families, single parent families, orphans, etcfamilies, orphans, etc

Private secondary schools tuition fees vary Private secondary schools tuition fees vary from Tshs 200,000 (around 150USD) to 32m from Tshs 200,000 (around 150USD) to 32m (around 20,000 USD). Typical private school (around 20,000 USD). Typical private school tuition is around Tshs 700,000 (525USD). tuition is around Tshs 700,000 (525USD).

Teacher Education:Teacher Education:There are 34 Teachers’ CollegesThere are 34 Teachers’ Colleges

Teachers Colleges/Vocational Colleges Teachers Colleges/Vocational Colleges offer courses leading to Certificate offer courses leading to Certificate awards in respective fields to those with awards in respective fields to those with O – level certificates and Diploma awards O – level certificates and Diploma awards for those with A – level certificates. for those with A – level certificates.

Minimum admission for certificate and Minimum admission for certificate and Diploma courses are determined by the Diploma courses are determined by the form IV and form VII examination passes form IV and form VII examination passes respectively.respectively.

Common positions in primary, Common positions in primary, secondary and teachers’ colleges:secondary and teachers’ colleges:

Principal/Head of School (HOS) -Principal/Head of School (HOS) -

Headmaster/Headmistress/HeadHeadmaster/Headmistress/Head

teacher.teacher. Responsibilities: Overall in charge Responsibilities: Overall in charge

for all school administrations.for all school administrations. Is supervised by respective DEO.Is supervised by respective DEO.

Deputy Principal/Second Deputy Principal/Second master/Second mistress/Second master/Second mistress/Second

teacher teacher

Responsible for the school when Responsible for the school when HOS is away.HOS is away.

Responsible for day to day operations Responsible for day to day operations management and discipline.management and discipline.

Internal administrator for teachers’ Internal administrator for teachers’ and non teaching staff.and non teaching staff.

Academic Master/ Mistress:-Academic Master/ Mistress:-

Responsible for logistics of the school, time Responsible for logistics of the school, time table, supplies ( eg chalk, paper, dusters, table, supplies ( eg chalk, paper, dusters, filling of records, students files, scheme of filling of records, students files, scheme of work and coordinating school work and coordinating school examinations).examinations).

Classmaster/ Class Mistress:- Classmaster/ Class Mistress:- Responsible to a particular class or stream.Responsible to a particular class or stream. Supervising & recording weekly tests.Supervising & recording weekly tests.

Tutor/Teacher on duty:Tutor/Teacher on duty:

Responsible for all student related matters Responsible for all student related matters for a week at school eg giving permission for a week at school eg giving permission to students who did wrong in school such to students who did wrong in school such as leaving school before time, later as leaving school before time, later comers, etccomers, etc

Discipline master: Responsible for the first Discipline master: Responsible for the first step in discipline process.step in discipline process.

Sports Tutor/ Teacher: Responsible for Sports Tutor/ Teacher: Responsible for sports activities and equipments. sports activities and equipments.

Other supporting Other supporting positionspositions:- :-

Student Leaders – Prefects and Monitors.Student Leaders – Prefects and Monitors. Storekeeper.Storekeeper. Maintenance teacher/tutor.Maintenance teacher/tutor. Accountant.Accountant. Personal secretary.Personal secretary. Office attendants.Office attendants. Cooks.Cooks. Guards., etcGuards., etc

Tertiary Education: Universities & Tertiary Education: Universities & Non UniversitiesNon Universities

Universities operate under TCU.Universities operate under TCU. Universities are semi autonomy.Universities are semi autonomy. Chancellor of the University is the in charge of Chancellor of the University is the in charge of

the University.the University. Vice Chancellor take all the managerial Vice Chancellor take all the managerial

responsibilities in the University.responsibilities in the University. Under VC, there are VC academics and Under VC, there are VC academics and

administrations, etcadministrations, etc Design their own curriculum – KBET & should Design their own curriculum – KBET & should

be approved by TCU. English is a medium of be approved by TCU. English is a medium of instruction.instruction.

Non UniversitiesNon Universities Operate under NACTE.Operate under NACTE. Semi autonomy.Semi autonomy. Chairman of the Board is the in charge of the Chairman of the Board is the in charge of the

Institutions.Institutions. Rector/Principal is responsible for all managerial Rector/Principal is responsible for all managerial

activities.activities. Deputy Rector/Principal take all the managerial Deputy Rector/Principal take all the managerial

activities when Rector/Principal is away.activities when Rector/Principal is away. Others are Director of studies ,Register, etcOthers are Director of studies ,Register, etc Design the curriculum – CBET and should be Design the curriculum – CBET and should be

approved by NACTE.approved by NACTE. Prepare the examination, but should be moderated by Prepare the examination, but should be moderated by

external moderators. external moderators.

The country has 26The country has 26

Universities. 10 Public andUniversities. 10 Public and

16 Private. There are more16 Private. There are more

than 10 higher learning than 10 higher learning

Instructions which are non Instructions which are non

Universities. Universities.

End of Presentation. End of Presentation.

Thank You for Listening.Thank You for Listening.