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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
The Muscular System 2The Muscular System 2
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Energy for Muscle ContractionEnergy for Muscle Contraction Initially, muscles used stored ATP for
energy
Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Energy for Muscle ContractionEnergy for Muscle Contraction Direct phosphorylation
Muscle cells contain creatine phosphate (CP)
After ATP is depleted, ADP is left
CP transfers energy to ADP, to regenerate ATP
CP supplies are exhausted in about 20 seconds
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Energy for Muscle ContractionEnergy for Muscle Contraction Aerobic Respiration
Series of metabolic pathways that occur in the mitochondria
This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Energy for Muscle ContractionEnergy for Muscle Contraction Anaerobic glycolysis
Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce some ATP
Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Energy for Muscle ContractionEnergy for Muscle Contraction Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast
Huge amounts of glucose are needed
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen DebtMuscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
The common reason for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid
Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Types of Muscle ContractionsTypes of Muscle Contractions Isotonic contractions
The muscle shortens
Isometric contractions Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Muscle ToneMuscle Tone
Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone
The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Muscles and Body MovementsMuscles and Body Movements
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Muscles and Body MovementsMuscles and Body Movements Muscles are
attached to at least two points
Origin
Insertion
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Effects of Exercise on MuscleEffects of Exercise on Muscle
Results of increased muscle use
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Types of Ordinary Body Types of Ordinary Body MovementsMovements
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Circumduction
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Body MovementsBody Movements
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Special MovementsSpecial Movements Dorsifelxion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Supination
Pronation
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles Prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Naming of Skeletal MusclesNaming of Skeletal Muscles
Direction of muscle fibers
Relative size of the muscle
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Naming of Skeletal MusclesNaming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle
Number of origins
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Naming of Skeletal MusclesNaming of Skeletal Muscles Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
Shape of the muscle
Action of the muscle
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Head and Neck MusclesHead and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.14
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Trunk MusclesTrunk Muscles
Figure 6.15
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Deep Trunk and Arm MusclesDeep Trunk and Arm Muscles
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and ThighMuscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Muscles of the Lower LegMuscles of the Lower Leg
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Superficial Muscles: AnteriorSuperficial Muscles: Anterior
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EDU2HBS Human Body Systems
Superficial Muscles: PosteriorSuperficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.21
