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EDU 103
EDU 103
Fall 2009
December
EDU 103
Chapter 5
Education in the United States – Its Historical Roots
EDU 103
• Education in the United States is unique– Different organization,
content, and teaching methods from any other country in the world
EDU 103
• This chapter answers the following questions:
• 1. How have European roots influenced American education?
• 2. Why is religion a controversial issue in American education?
EDU 103
• 3. What are the historical roots of a free, public education for all students?
• 4. How have schools historically responded to different minority groups?
EDU 103
• 5. What role should the federal government play in education?
EDU 103
• Character education
• Most educators agree that moral education should be taught in school
• Should it be linked to religious values?
• Is it legal to teach religion in public schools?
EDU 103
• Private and parochial (church-supported) schools
• Why do these types of schools exist?
• Should these school receive tax monies?
EDU 103
• Religion and schools are closely linked in many states
• Is this legal?
• Many court cases
– Engle v. Vitale in 1962
EDU 103
• Schooling in the colonies
• Who received a formal education?
• Who didn’t receive very much, if any education?
EDU 103
• Differences in the Colonies
• Southern Colonies – Private tutors– Private schools for the wealthy– Small amount, if any education for poor white
settlers– No education for slaves
EDU 103
• Differences in the Colonies• Middle Colonies
– More diverse that the Southern colonies – Several different religious groups
• Religious freedom was a major factor
– Parochial schools were created • Students learned in their native languages• Local religious beliefs were a major part of the
curriculum
EDU 103
• Differences in the Colonies• New England Colonies
– Different from the other colonies• Industry and commerce caused people to live in
towns• Strong emphasis on religion
– Old Deluder Satan Act of 1647• Created scripture-literate citizens to resist Satan’s
tricks
EDU 103
• Old Deluder Satan Act of 1647
• Towns of 50 or more households
• Legal foundation for public schools
EDU 103
• Religion in schools
• Three questions
– 1. Should prayer be allowed in schools?
– 2. Should federal monies be used to support instruction in religious school?
– 3. What role should religion play in character education?
EDU 103
• Prayer in school?– Depends on the
situation and MANY court cases that have been decided since the 1960s
– Religious assemblies?
– Graduation?– Football games?
EDU 103
• Federal monies and religious schools– Courts have provided
mixed ruling in this area
– Supplemental instruction
EDU 103
• Religion and character education– In colonial times?– In the year 2006?– Recent survey
indicated that 87% of Americans say that they are Christian
– We have a lot of religious diversity in our country
EDU 103
• First Amendment • Did not want a
national religion– Prohibits Congress
from making any law respecting the establishing the establishment of religion or any law prohibiting religious practice
EDU 103
• Tenth Amendment • Areas not explicitly
assigned to the federal government would be the responsibility of each individual state
EDU 103
• Common School Movement
• Horace Mann – The idea that public
education tax-supported elementary schools should be the right of all citizens
EDU 103
• Normal schools– Two-year
institutions
– Trained teachers
– Targeted women as potential teachers
EDU 103
Period Significant Accomplishments
Issues that Remain Today
Colonial Period
1607-1775
Education for White wealthy males
Seeds for public education
Should prayer be allowed in schools?
Should tax monies be used for religious schools?
EDU 103
Period Significant Accomplishments
Issues that Remain Today
Early National Period
1775-1820
Principle of separation of church and state
State control of education
Education viewed as national interest
The role of the federal government in education
National student testing
National curriculum
EDU 103
Period Significant Accomplishments
Issues that Remain Today
The Common School Movement
1820-1865
Tax-supported education
Grade levels introduced
Normal schools created to train teachers
Inequities in funding among states and school districts
Teacher quality and alternative types of certification for teachers
EDU 103
• American High School
• Historical roots • Redefining the high
school• Cardinal principles of
secondary education • Junior highs and
middle schools
EDU 103
Progressive era of education
•John Dewey
•Activity-based curriculum
•Child-centered approach
–Encourages problem solving
EDU 103
• Education of cultural minorities
• 1. Assimilation
• 2. “Separate but equal”
EDU 103
• Native Americans
• African Americans
• Hispanic Americans
• Asian Americans
EDU 103
• Modern era • Schools used for
national purposes and for social changes
• The cold war with USSR– National Defense
Education Act
EDU 103
• Poverty and the Great Society
• President Lyndon Johnson – “War on poverty”– Increased federal funding – Created several national
programs in an attempt to create more equal educational opportunities for disadvantaged youth
EDU 103
• Compensatory education – Head Start and Title I
programs are designed to help children overcome the negative effects of poverty on their academic achievement and future school success
EDU 103
• Head Start– Helps three to five year-old disadvantaged
children enter school ready to learn– Focuses on basic skills – counting, naming
colors, pre-reading skills– Social skills are also taught
• Title 1 (Has been labeled Chapter 1)– Supplemental services for low-income
students in elementary and secondary schools