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8/9/2019 EDP 111C Chapter 6
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 6
The System Unit
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Competencies (1 of 2)
Describe the four basic types ofsystem units
Discuss how a computer uses binary codesto represent data in electronic form
Describe each of the major system unitcomponents
Discuss microprocessors, including
specialty processors Describe the different types ofmemory
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Competencies (2 of 2)
Discuss expansion slots and boards
Describe the five principal types ofexpansion buses
Discuss the four standard ports
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Introduction
Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine thepower of microcomputers. Knowledge of acomputers power allows you to make good
buying decisions and to determine if yourcurrent system will run new applications.Competent end users need to understand thebasic principles of how microcomputers are
put together. These principles will becovered in this chapter.
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System Unit
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System Unit Types
Desktop System Units
Notebook System Units
Tablet PC System Units
Handheld Computer
System Units
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Electronic Data and Instructions
Data and instructions are representedelectronically
Two-state system orBinary System
Off/on electrical states
Characters represented by 0s (off) and 1s (on)
Bits
Bytes
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Binary Coding Schemes
Three types ofbinary coding schemes
ASCII - American Standard Code for InformationExchange
EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded DecimalInterchange Code
Unicode handles languages with large numbersof characters
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System Board
Connects all components
Allows communication between devices
Main board ormotherboard
Circuit boardelectronic components
Sockets
Slots Bus lines
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Microprocessor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Two Basic Components
Control unit
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
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Microprocessor Chips
Chip capacities are expressed in word sizes
Two Recent Significant Developments
64-bit processors
Becoming more commonplace
Windows XP Professional X64 Edition
Dual-Core Chips
Can provide two separate and independent CPUs
Parallel processing
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Specialty Processors
Coprocessors Designed to improve specific computing operations Graphics coprocessors
Smart cards Credit card sized with an embedded chip Used by many universities
RFID tags Information chips Used for tracking purposes
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Memory
Holding area for data, instructions, andinformation
Memory is contained on chips connected to
the system board
Types of memory chips
RAM
ROM CMOS
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RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) chips holdthe program and data
Cache memory or RAM cache
Flash RAM orflash memory
Other types of RAM
DRAM
SDRAM
DDR
Direct RDRAM
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ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) chips are notvolatile and cannot be changed by the user
CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs
but the computer cannot write
Contain special instructions
Needed to start a computer
Give keyboard keys their special capabilities Put characters on screen
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CMOS
Complementary metal-oxides semiconductor(CMOS) chips provide flexibility for acomputer system
Contains essential information every time thecomputer is turned on Date and time
Amount of RAM
Type of keyboard Content can be changed to reflect changes in
the computer system
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System Clock
Important measurement indicating speed
Located on a small chip
Produces electrical beats
Synchronizes operations Expressed in gigahertz (GHz)
(billions of beats per second)
Fasterclock speed, faster computer
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Expansion Slots and Cards
Allow for new devices to be added
Open architecture
Slots provide for expansion
Expansion cards are also called Plug-in boards
Controller cards
Adapter cards
Interface cards
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Commonly Used Expansion
Cards Graphics cards Sound cards
Modem cards
Network interface cards (NIC)
PC cards (PCMCIA cards)
TV tuner cards
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TV Tuner Cards AndVideo Clips
Allows you to view your favorite TV showswhile running other applications such asExcel
Video can be captured to a file, added to aWeb page, attached to an email, or added toa class presentation
Relatively inexpensive and
easy to install
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Plug and Play
Set of hardware and software standardsdeveloped by Intel, Microsoft, and others
Creating devices that are able to configurethemselves when installed
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Bus Lines
Connect parts of the CPU to each other
Data roadway for traveling bits
Measured as bus width
More lanes, faster traffic
Two basic categories
System buses
Expansion buses
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Expansion Buses
Connects the CPU to other components onthe system board, including expansion slots
Principal types
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
Universal serial bus (USB)
FireWire buses (HPSB)
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Ports
Socket for connecting externaldevices
Ports can connect directly to
the system board or they canconnect to cards that areinserted into slots on thesystem board
Two Types
Standard Ports
Specialized Ports
Ports
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Standard Ports
Four common ports
Serial ports
Parallel ports
USB ports
FireWire ports
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Specialized Ports
Three specialized ports
Musical Instrument digital interface (MIDI)
Infrared data association (IrDA)
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Cables
Used to connect exterior devices to thesystem unit via the ports
One end of the cable is attached to the
device and the other end has a connectorthat is attached to a matching connector onthe port
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Power Supply
Computers require direct current (DC)
DC power provided by converting alternatingcurrent (AC) from wall outlets or batteries
Desktop computers use power supply units
Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters
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Careers In IT
Computer technicians repair and installcomputer components and systems
Employers look for
Certification in computer repair
Good communication skills
Continued education is required
Computer technicians can expect to earn anhourly wage of $13.00 to $22.00
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A Look to the FutureXybernaut Corporation
Wearable computers
Send and receiveemail
Maintain yourpersonal schedulebook
Play interactivegames and surf theWeb from anywhere
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Discussion Questions
Describe the four basic types of systemunits.
Describe the two basic components of the
CPU. What are the differences and similarities
between the three types of memory?
Identify five expansion cards and describe
the function of each. Identify and describe four standard ports and
two specialized ports.
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