EDITORIAT BOARD - American Library Associationdownloads.alcts.ala.org/lrts/lrtsv24no4.pdf · EDITORIAT BOARD Editor, and Chairperson of the Editoriat Board' ..-.."""" """EI-tznsrrH

EDITORIAT BOARD

Editor, and Chairperson of the Editoriat Board' ..-.."""" """EI-tznsrrH L' Telr

Assistant Edltors:

J Mtcueel Brurn . . ' . . ' . . ' . . . . " " " ' for Resources Sect ion

Puvl l rs A. RtcHuoNnEDWARD SwnNsoll

I io. Cut"tosing and Classificadon Section

Donot'H'i J. GLAsBY "'for Serials Section

FnaNc rsF .Spn r . t r z r r f o rRep roduc t i ono fL i b ra r yMa te r i a l sSec t i on

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Dlvtu G. REvtxc;tox (for Regional Groups)

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@American Library Association 1980

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I 307

Orgonizqtion of Seriqls Workfor Mqnuql qnd Automqted Systems

Mitsuko Collver

In the absence of an1 conaincing rationale or supporting euidence for alterna-tiue way of grouping seriak actiuities for coordination, librariatu haue foundit hard to choose among d,ffirent organizational structures for seriak man-agement. The principle of reciprocal interdepend.ence is recommended as atheoretical basis for the grouping of seriak actiuities. A successful applicationof the principle to serials management in a uniuersitl Library is described. Anappraisal of the expected organizational impact of automation leads to theconclusion that a structure based on this principle will be equal$ as ffictiuefor automation as for manual operation.

lA-s rsn voLUME, complexity, and cost of serial publications have in-

sion of the subject. He mentions some of the pros and cons of differ-ent modes of organization of serials work without recommending anyone way.

Mitsuko Collver is head, Serials Department, Library, State University of New York atStony Brook. Manuscript received March 1980; revised version accepted for publication

July 1980.

3OB I Libary Resources U Technical Seruices' Fall 1980

either from other libraries or from the available literature.

Dyal had in mind.

PRINCIPLES OF GROUPING FOR COONOTNETTON

Organization of Seriak Work / 309

seeing that very_little research has been done on serials managemenrper sg, we can begin by borrowing from studies of other tipes oforganlzatlons.

These considerations led Lhgmpsog ro srare the following basicguidelines for grouping activities.'"The basic units are formed tohandle reciprocal interdependence, if any. If there is none, then the

iThey r1y' of course, ger together. occasio.nally ro revise the rules. The rule-makingactivity itself involves the rule mikers in a reciprocal relationship.

3lO I Libran Resources €l Technical Seraices'FaU 1980

Type ofI nterdependence

HowCoordi nated

Cost ofCoordi nati on

Necessity forGrouping Together

Pool edStandardi zat i on

and RulesLot{ Lor',

Sequent i a l Pl ans Medi um Medi um

Reci procal l.lutualAdj ustnent

Hi gh H i gh

chart of rypes of ,"r.lffilence and coordination

basic units are shaped according to sequential interdependence, if any.If neither of the more complicated types of interdependence exists'the basic units are shaped according to common processes."8

When functions in the flow of work are sequentially interdependent(the work flows from A to B but not from B to A), they may be

and sent to the stacks, that is about the end of processing the title.Since the whole work flow is sequentially interdependent, the floweasily can be divided into sections such as acquisitions, cataloging, andcirculation, in order to obtain departments of optimum size for super-vision.

cost of coordination is highest, and it receives the highest priority as acr i ter ion for grouping act iv i t ies. Thus, according to Thompson'stheory, all serials-related activities should be grouped into one unit forthe benefit of maximum coordination.

ln many libraries, both serials cataloging and monograph catalogingare done in the cataloging department. According to Thompson'sprinciples, however, serials catalogers and monograph catalogers arein a r-elationship of pooled interdependence, and their work can be

Orgtnization of Seri.ak Worh I 3ll

coordinated by standardization and rules. In this case, standardizationis provided by the Anglo-American caraloging code, the shelflist, inter-nal manuals, and memoranda. The cost oT this type of coordination islow, and it should be given the lowest prioriiy in forming workgroups.

APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES IN A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

After some months of study, it was decided ro group serials acrivi-ties together in a single department for coordination. The responsibili-ties of the new Serials Department include most phases of serialshandling for both main and branch libraries. Two lunctions nor in-cluded are selection of titles to order, assigned to Collection Develop-ment, and servicing of the bound volumes shelved in the stacks, whiChremains the responsibility of the Circulation Deparrmenr. Once thecurrent issues or volumes are delivered to the branch libraries by theSerials Department, each branch is responsible for subsequent proces-sing, including binding.

The Organizational Design and Rationale

312 | Library Resources U Techni.cal Seruices . Fall 1980

ACQUISIT IONS

P re- orde rsearchi ng

Post - rece ip t \search i ng \

0rderi ng

ayr ng

l la i nta i ni n9Cent ra l Ser ia l Record

C h e c k i n g i n

C I a imi ng

Del i very

_ - tlin€ng

/ M a i n t a i n i n g' P u b l i c S e r i a l s

Updat i ng \ ,ho l d i ngs

She l v i ng

0perat' i ngCur ren tPer i od i ca l sRead ing Room

P U B L I C S E R V I C E

C a t a l o g i n g a n ds e r i e s d e c i s i o n s

Produc ing cards

F i l i n g c a r d s

CATALOGING

l - - - ' l

Figure 2Diagram of lnterdependence and Grouping of Serials Activiries

activities, is located in the center of the diagram. In medium and largelibraries there must be someone who is responsible on a full-time basisfor making means re late adminis t rat ive ly to the ends of ser ia lsmanagement.

The placement of specific operations within the chart indicates therelative closeness or distance between tasks in the flow of work. Whilesome operations are closely linked, as for example check-in and claim-ing, they are all interdependent. It would be misleading to draw aflowchart with a start and an end for serials operations.

"Bibliographic decision making" is placed in the center because it isthe controlling activity for all the others. The importance of availabil-ity of the serials catalogers in the Serials Department cannot be over-emphasized. In every project, their professional input and guidanceare important elements in producing high-quality results. The essen-tial weakness of serials handling in many libraries lies in the lack ofactive participation of catalogers in overall serials work. In almost ev-ery aspect of ser ia ls operat ions-order ing, searching, cata loging,check-in, and binding-bibliographic control plays the key role. Usual-ly the person who possesses this knowledge is a serials cataloger. Thecatalogers' intimate participation and assistance are essential to main-tain a high quality of serials operations.e

Organization of Seriak Work I 3I3

ON To AurouatroN

the users have access to them through terminals, which need not begrouped together physically. The same tendency of automation to les-sen the need for physical sharing of files among departments applies

3L4 I Library Resources El Technical Sentices'Fall 1980

ro rhe acquisit ions functions of serials and monographs. Lookilg

ahead to iutomation's impact on relations between serials and- public

services departments, we can agaln see. a lessening of the. problems of

i"i.ra.purimenral communicaiion. With manual check-in of serials,

;;i;;;#. personnel often call receivers to ask if a volume has arrived.

with an orrlin. system, reference workers can have this information

instantaneously on their own terminals.All evidence thus points to the conclusion that the unified serials

deDartment is well ahapted to auromarion. From the perspective of

administrative science, automation deals with pooled interdependence,

achieving efficiency and coordination by. grouping. shared and stan-

dardizedfuncrions and facilities together in regional and national cen-

ters. It does not manage the reciproJal type of inierdependence on which

ihe u"ified serials dEpart*e.tt is based. With a manual system, the

formation of a separaie serials department breaks up som€ groupings

that had been basLd on pooled interdependence, such as the grouping

of serials catalogers with monograph catalogers'.Automation decreases

rhe value of sulh pooled grou[ings withinlhe libraryby transferring

coordination functions to ih. c'ential on-line system. Thus automation

weakens the argument for other Structures and throws the advantage

to the unified serials dePartment.Complete automation is still a l<

ture most l ibraries wil l need to r

riod in which Personnel are needed

to maintain the established manual system, to carry out projects of

conversion to on-line systems, and to operate the new systems once

they have been set uP.fh. Sto.ry Brook Library is a member of the SUNY/OCLC net-

work. About the time the basic serials reorganization was completed,

on-line serials searching in the OCLC dati base and cataloging and" , became available. These new tools

the new dePartment. CurrentlY a

bibliographic records is under way,

r searc[ing and cataloging are beingi begun PreParations to adoPt the

OCLC serials conrrol subsystem and rinion'lisi of serials. Adoption o.f

on-line serials check-in is 6eing delayed until claiming becomes avail-

able and is proven to be dependable.Convers i ,on requi res coordinat ion, set t ing pr ior i t ies, and com-

munication between serials cataloging and check-in functions. Within a

single department, this coordinitioi can be accomplished. smooth-ly

*itf i ""airstanding

of the necessity of each action, and without writ-

ing memos or caliing meetings among sections of different depart-

-3.r,r. When all seriils functi6ns are in one department, the depart-

ment has the ability to change and control all the factors involved in

Organization of Seriak Worh I 315

conversion, and the adoption of the new tool is accomplished with aminimum of friction and delay.

Automation and O r ganiuttion

The discussion up to this point should not be taken to imply thatautomation will have no impact on the internal structure of libraries.On the contrary, automation can be expected to exert an influencetoward the creation of separate serials departments where they do notalready exist. Also, it is interesting to speculate that automation mayfavor the parallel formation of a single monographs department. Inthe automated technical services division of the future there may betwo departments, divided according to the flow of work and the de-gree of interdependence of tasks. In manual processing of mono-graphs there is a division of labor between preorder searching, pre-cataloging searching, and cataloging. With automation these threefunctions can be handled by the same person at the terminal. When alarge number of personnel are involved, it is still advisable to keep ac-quisit ions and cataloging separate, but if automation reduces thepersonnel requirements by as much as half, the two monograph de-partments may be united into one department of optimum size foradministration.

From the foregoing, it appears that automation only reinforces theadvantages of the separate serials department. The plans of a particu-lar library need not stand in the way of the creation of a serials de-partment according to the principles discussed in this paper, regard-less of whether the library is to remain totally in a manual system, hascontemplated the conversion to an automated system, or has been ful-ly or partially automated.

CoNcLustoNs

By applying Thompson's theory of grouping for coordination to theorganization of serials handling, it is apparent that serials functionsshould be grouped together for coordination, since they are recipro-cally interdependent. The organizational and procedural changesbased on this principle at the SUNY Stony Brook Library have re-sulted in many improvements in both manual and automated han-dling of serials work.

The typical problems of serials management, abundantly discussedin the l ibrary l iterature, cannot be solved simply by adopting theOCLC system or any other system. Before the new technology can beuseful, the library must have accurate data in well-organized manualfi les. Otherwise, automation wil l only multiply errors and transmitthem throughout the land. The procedural changes that have beendescribed proved to be necessary steps in preparation for automationof serials, and the centralized serials department has been readilyadaptable to the conversion process.

Will the centralization of serials functions work as well in other li-braries? Obviously, one successful experience is no assurance thatsimilar efforts will succeed in all cases. The rationale for the reorga-

316 I Library Resources U Technical Seruices. Fall 1980

nization assumes other things equal, and other things are not alwaysequal. Besides the basic condition of grouping operations rationally,there are other conditions to be met, such as: (1) strong leadership byresponsible management; (2) support, cooperation, and understandingof the l ibrary adminis t rat ion and col leagues; and (3) good staf fsupport.

Where these other requirements can be met, a strong case can bemade for reorganization along the l ines that have been describedhere. The centralized organization of serials work will mobilize theflexible pool of workers and talent that is needed both to improvemanual operations and to accomplish the conversion to automation.Legible, accurate, and updated contents of various serials fi les andversatile and disciplined personnel in a well-organized serials depart-ment are the basic prerequisites for the productive automation of se-rials. These factors are best obtained in a department that places itstop priority on achievement of the goals of serials management.

REFERENcES

l. Harr is J. Gable, "The New Ser ia ls Department," L ibran Journal 60:869 (Nov. 15,1935 ) .

2. Victoria Arend Johnson, "Organization of Serials Departments in University Librar-ies" (Master's thesis, Univ. of Chicago, 1973), p2-3.

3. As early as 1935, Gable advocated the separate serials department, which would in-clude catalogers. (See Gable, "The New Serials Department," p.867-71.) Most au-thors on serials organization since then, when not simply describing their own librar-ies or reporting surveys, have tended to agree with Gable: Fred B. Rothman, "Pooh-Bah of the Serials Division," Library Journal 62:457-59 (fune l, 1937); Fred B. Roth-man and Sidney Ditzion, "Prevailing Practices in Handling Serials," ColLege U Re-search Libraries l:165-69 (March 1940); Beatrice V Simon, "Cataloging of Periodi-cals," Ontario Libram Reuiew 33:239 (Aug. 1949). The advantages of the separate se-rials department with catalogers are summarized most recently in Hans H. Weber,"Serials Administration," Seriak Librarian 4:144.-19 (Winter I979).

4 Andrew S. Osborn, Serinls Publications: Their Place and Treatmenl in Libranes, 2d ed(Chicago: American Library Assn , 1973), p.5.+-56.

5. Surveys of serials organization have indicated a trend of increasing numbers of sepa-rate ser ia ls departments: Rothman and Di tz ion, "Prevai l ing Pract ices," p. 165-69;Robert W. Orr, "The Selection, Ordering and Handling of Serials," in Herbert Gold-hor, ed., Selection and Acquisition Procedures in Medium-Sized and Large Libraies, Aller-tcrn Park Inst i tute, no.9 (Urbana, I l l . , 1963), p.7 l -78; Johnson, "Organizat ion of Se-r ia ls Departments in Univers i tv L ibrar ies"; Mart in Ward, "Observat ions t i f Ser ia lsManagement in Seventeen London Libraries," Libram Association Record 77:247 (Oct.f 975); Donald H. Dyal, "Surve,v of Serials Management in Texas," Texas Liltraies38:164-72 (Winter | 976).

6. Dyal , "Survey of Ser ia ls Management in Texas," p. l72.7. James D. Thompson, Organizatiotts in Action (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), p.5l-

65.8. Thcrmpson, Organizalions in Action, p 599 For similar views see Gable, "The New Serials Department," p.STl; Rothman, "Pooh-

Bah of the Serials Division," p.458; Michael Slama, "Technical Services and the Di-visionaf Plan at Idaho," Library Resources U Technical Seruiees 3:199-200 (Summer1959); Weber, "Ser ia ls Administrat ion," p14647. Osborn takes a contrary v iew,arguing that the inderdependencies between monograph and serials cataloging makeit necessary to keep them together in one organizational unit. (See Osborn, SenalsPublications, p.56.)

/ 317

Use Studies of Librory Collections

Roben N. Broqdus

rather general terms.l. Use studies have pointed up the fact that in many libraries, espe-

cially large academic and research l ibraries, there are miles'ofbooks that are not borrowed for years and years.

Robert N. Broadus is a professor at the school of Library Science, University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill. Edited version of paper presented at "Use and the User," aprogram meeting sponsored by the Collection Development Committee and other unitsof the Resources Section on fune 26, lg7g.

318 | Library Resources El Technical Serwices' Fall 1980

The highly controversial study at Pittsburgh claims that in the

Hillman iibtuty, only 51.6 percent of the monographs-circulatedat all during an eniire seven-year period' Nearly half did not

have one reiorded use.r When'this news broke, there was a good

deal of gasping and astonishment plus no little dismay, but all of

us who -had

sneaked through subterranean stacks, snatching at

the chains of naked light bulbs, already had a fair impression:

many of these books hive been handled only on the annual visit

of the cleaning person.And there was previous documentary evidence as well ' For

one, in 1958 and -1959,

Nothiesen studied use of serials over

twelve months in the John Crerar Library' The library, then in

downtown Chicago, had absolutely closed stacks: therefore all use

was recorded inlhe circulation files. Of the ten thousand serial

titles owned by the library, some six thousand (60 percent of the

runs) did not circulate during the twelve months. About 40 per-

cent, or 3,988 tit les, *.r. .rred, but 2,582 of these were borrowedonly one to five times each.2 All this occurred in a library serving

period.3 These books were comparatively new acquisitions-notihe ancient curious volumes of forgotten lore.

What of smaller academic institutions? Ettelt found that of the

ing nevertheless.Fublic libraries have much greater per-rirle use. but there have

been few detailed studies of ihem. A major factor is the public

2 .

Ilse Studies I 319

ment that no library should try to be complete for any communi-ty of users. If it is, it apparently will have to collect and storethousands or millions of items that will be used once a decade oreven less frequently. So far, there seems no escape from thatfact.

Applications, however, are not always easy to make. For in-stance, the Pittsburgh study tabulated 1974 circulation accordingto number of times each item was borrowed. The distributionfollows the Bradford-Ziph law in that a few items circulatedheavily, twenty or more times each, while many items were bor-rowed only one or two times each. But note the dilemma: Of2l7,l l9 transactions (circulations) during the year, 63,526 in-volved items that circulated only one time each.7 Did the librar-ians make wise decis ions when they acquired these low-usebooks? If these tit les had been rejected, then circulation as awhole might have been reduced by 29 percent, or on 63,526occasions the reader would have obtained a book of lower prior-ity than originally desired.

In addition to recorded circulation, there is also the questionof consultation in the building, an important kind of use to bediscussed below. But, all told, these studies have pointed upmore sharply an old problem for research libraries particularly:little use-especially little recorded use-of so many library re-sources.The next generalization I think of significance is that use ofmaterials in the building seems to be parallel and proportional tocirculation. Fussler and Simon chose a sample of stack books andplaced in each a questionnaire that would be revealed only whenthe book was opened. In half of these books they also concealeda pen that the user could take as a token payment for complet-ing the questionnaire. The results: "Books that develop little re-corded use (circulation) develop little browsing, and books thatdevelop much recorded use develop much browsing, except forthe highest use books."8

McGrath, at the University of Southwestern Louisiana Uni-versity Library, counted books left on desks and tables and ana-lyzed them according to thirty-eight subjects. The subjects thatshowed heavy use by this measure were those which accountedfor more circulation (as a rule), and vice versa; for instance, ineconomics 59 were used in the library, 169 checked out; morebooks in the field of English were used, with 665 used inside andmore than 2,000 checked out.s In England, Harris, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic,ro and Hindle and Buckland, at the Uni-versity of Lancaster,rr found similar relationships, as did the Pittstudv in this countrv.12

Note, however, that though use within the library seems pro-portional to recorded circulation, we do not know much aboutthe ratio. McGrath (counting only books left on desks and tables)found inside uses to be lower than circulation. Fussler and Simon(counting items removed from shelves) said, "There is consider-

320 I Library Resources fl Technical Ser-uices' Fall 1980

ably more browsing (as measured by the number of touches)than recorded use . . . maybe 3 to 9 times as much."r3 The dif-ference probably is accounted for by the ways of measurement.Some people do pull books off the shelves, examine them, thenreshelve them, and don't leave them strewn around. Harris, atNewcastle, placed a slip of paper in each of a sample of books, sothat it would be disturbed only if the book were handled, thenwent back later to count the slips missing or changed. He con-cluded that "the number of books receiving any consultation atall is 20 times as high as the number being used at desks and notbeing re-shelved."ra For every book left on a table, nineteen wereat least touched and then put back. In this case, the ratio variedremarkably by subject. Nurses tended to set things back on.theshelf. (Fortunately, he didn't check library science students.)

In short, it is difficult to measure the amount of use in librarybuildings, though we are fairly sure that it mirrors in some re-spects (e.g., by class of books) the recorded circulation.

3. Studies of use have pretty well demonstrated for most librariesthat the best way to predict the titles that are going to be calledfor next year is to note the ones used in the immediate past. Thisfact is of great practical value in deciding what to discard or sendto storage.

Again, the Fussler-Simon work, which invest igated severalcriteria such as language and age of materials, found earlier useto be the most significant in determining later use.r5 Trueswell,in a study of three l ibraries-at Northwestern University, theUniversity of Massachusetts, and Mt. Holyoke College-foundvery nearly identical data for each: About 93 percent of the booksthat circulated had been checked out during the previous fiveyears.r6 To look at a study of a small public l ibrary in Iowa, Eg-gers noted that 93 percent of all returned books had circulatedin the previous one year.tT Slote's dissertation on adult fiction infive public libraries reached the same general conclusion.rs

. Something of _the same pattern has been.observed by w_ay 9fcitation counts. Line. for instance. found that those articles inPhysical Reuiew that had been cited heavily immediately aftertheir publication were cited frequently during the next twelveyears. If a paper was not referred to very much right after pub-lication, it had less chance of being cited often in Iater years.re

Sociologist Robert Merton has termed such phenomena exam-ples of the "Matthew Principle," referring to the words of JesusChrist in the Gospel according to Matthew: "For unto everyonethat hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance." In otherwords, it is easier for a millionaire to get an extra ten thousanddollars than for a pauper to do so. Derek de Solla Price uses theexpression "cumulative advantage distribution."2o (Jesus mighthave put it that way had he been at Yale.) A paper (A) is cited byanother author. Those who read the latter then are more likelyto look up paper A because of the citation, and in turn to makereference to it in their own writings. Then new readers are led to

Use Studies I 321

fact is emphasized over and over in citation studies, especially inthe experimental sciences and to a large extenr in the'social 'sci-ences. Even in the humanities, whereaf the source materials thatwriters make reference to are old (for instance, the works ofShakespeare), the critical works cited tend to be recent-at leastMiller so concluded after a brief analysis of citations in AmerrcanLiterature.22

than a huldred years old circulated about as much per title asthose aged seventy to one hundred.2a

year's works received more citations and more use than works

322 I Library Reiources €l Technical Seruices'FalI 1980

published sixty years ago. The American Historical Reaiew had 856

;il; in tgog; it .utt6d 1,452 pages in 1978<ne reason why

itr." tgZA volume will receive the more citations'

In this sense, points three and four are in some harmony' Use

is a predictor of'use, though that use does generally decline over

the years.5. Another notable finding of use studies is that Americans on the

whole, even scholars (with theutilize a great quantitY of forei

In the social sciences 90 to {U.S. writers are in the EnglisJ

ple in American literature obvious-

ove r rate rhe u s e o r rore i gn - r J;:[.'illilt:t i:l: .':'fl?"i.:" *L';circulation from librariesl trlosi citition studies are based on the

writings of scholars or research people-a level "higher," more. ,ser iJus" than that of the average user .of .a u.n ivers i ty l i -

brary. Heussman studied references made in L'ngltsh-language

th."i"gi."l journals and compared the results with circulation in

lwo semlnary l ibraries. Of the citations, 52'6 percent were in

Engl ish, but c i rcu lat ion f rom the l ibrar ies was 95 '5 percent

n.,[f irn.t" Few foreign-language, materials were borrowed by

semlnarlans and faculiy; rnuiy silch languages were cited in jour-

nals. Other studies indicate the same discrepancy'

In England, Wood and Bower analyzed.the social science mate-

rials reqirested of the National Lending Iribrary (as it was known

then): 98.4 percent* were for itI once had a student check a

percent of the holdings wertcirculation, only I Percent r^student in a different univeholdings were in foreign la-npercent. In each case, the fowere greatlY underrePresented.apparent use received by foreign-language materials Tuy-!1t:-e'rittable, but it seems pretty

"well demonstrated in the U'S.A.

ind the United Kingdom.other conclusions reac-hed by use studies could, of course, be men-

tioneJ (there have been ,o -u.ty such efforts in recent years), and lists

;i i,"p;;;;"i periodical titles could be presented, but these five points

,e.* to -. ut the moment the most significant'I don't know whether to emphasize the value of use studies, or to

srress rheir limitations and difficulties. Some exPect too little from

them. some too much. We do need better predictions of what people

*Percentage calculated by this author.

Use Studies / 3ZZ

And yet, most use studies so far are rather blunt. our measure-

To base future decisions on past.use represents also a heavy mea-sure of conservatism. It fails to provide new and different resources romeet fresh interests.

But these difficulties.are pr€sent in almost every attempt to measurethings of presumed value to human beings-fro- t""tnfiurie to inter-

324 / Library Resources €l Technical Seraices' Fall 1980

state highways. In spite of these difficulties, use studies are valuable.We have learned a good deal from them. The more evidence we cangather, the better we'll be able to build and manage collections thatmeet the needs of our users.

REFERENCES

l. Alfen Kent and others, Use of Library Materinls, The Uniuersity of Pittsburgh Stzdl (New

York: Marcel Dekker, 1979), p.12-13.2. M. A. Nothiesen, "A Study of the Use of Serials at the John Crerar Library" (Mas-

ter's thesis, Univ. of Chicago, 1960).3. Herman H. Fussler and J. L. Simon, Patterns in the IJse of Boohs in Large Research

Librarizs (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1969), p.23.4. Harold J. Etteli, "Book Use at a Small (Very) Community College Libraty," Library

Journnl 103:231,1-15 (Nov. 15, 1978).5. Richard W. Hostrop, "The Relationship of Academic Success and Selected Other

Factors to Student Use of Library Materials at College of the Desert" (Ed.D. dis-sertation, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 1966), p.62.

6. Richard W. Trueswell, "Some Behavioral Patterns of Library Users: The 80/20Rule," Wilson Librarl Bulletin 43:458-61 (an. 1969).

7. Kent and others, Use of Library Materiak, p.38-40.8. Fussler and Simon, Patterlls in the Use of Boohs, p.lli.9. William E. McGrath, "Correlating the Subjects of Books Taken out of and Books

Used within an Open-Stack Library," College El Research Libraries 32:280-85 (Julyl 9 7 l ) .

10. C. Harris, "A Comparison of Issues and In-Library Use of Books," ASLIB Proceed'ings 29: l l&-26 (March 1977).

ll. Anthony Hindle and Michael K. Buckland, "In-Library Book Usage in Relation toCirculation," C olle c tion M anagement 2 :265-7 7 (Winter I 978).

12. Kent and others, Use of Library Materinls, p.l0.13. Fussler and Simon, Patterns in the Use of Boohs, p.ll5.14. Harris, "A Comparison of Issues," p.125.15. Fussler and Simon, Patterns in the Use of Boohs, p.14-33.16. Richard W. Trueswell, "User Circulation Satisfaction vs. Size of Holdings at Three

Academic Libraries," College U Research Librarfus 30:204-13 (May 1969).17. Lolly Eggers, "More Effective Management of the Public Library's Book Collection,"

Minnesota Libraries 25:56-58 (Summer 1976).18. Stanley J. Slote, "The Predictive Value of Past-Use Patterns of Adult Fiction in Pub-

lic Libraries for ldentifying Core Collections" (Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers Univ.,1970).M. B. Line. "Does Phvsics Literature Obsolesce?" BLL Reuiew 2:8'1-91 (1974).Derek de Solla Price, "A General Theory of Bibliometric and Other CumulativeAdvantage Processes," Journal of the American Society for Information Scierce 27:292-305 (Sept.-Oct. 1976).

21. Fussler and Simon, Pattens i.n the Use of Boohs, p.90.22. William Miller, Collection Deaelopment in the Literature of the Humanities: Can Citation

Analyses Prouid,e a Rational Guide? (Beaverton, Oreg.: Blackwell North American,l 976).

23. Philip M. Morse, Library Effectiueness, A Systems Approaci (Cambridge, Mass.: MITPress, 1968), p.89.

24. Fussler and Simon, Patterrc in the Use of Boohs, p.9l25. M. B. Line and A. Sandison, "'Obsolescence' and Changes in the Use of Literature

with Time,"'iloumal of Documentation 30:283-350 (Sept. 1974)'26. J. W. Heussman, "The Literature Cited in Theological Journals and Its Relation to

Seminary Library Circulation" ( Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of lllinois, 1970).27. D. N. Wood and C. A. Bower, "The Use of Social Science Literature," Journal of

Documentation 25: 108-18 (June I 969).28. Richard L. Meier, "Efficiency Criteria for the Operation of Large L|braries," Library

Qnrterly 3l:215-34 (uly l96l). The methodology is explained in detail.

19 .20.

| 325

The More PrqcticqlMicrofilm-Vesiculqr

Don M. Avedon

Vesicular f i lm is sometimes called thermal f i lm because it is de-

Iuecr FoRllertou

Don M. Avedon, is vice-president of Automated Datatron, Inc., washington, D.c. Manu-script received April 1980; accepted for publication June lgg0.

326 | Library Resources A Technital Sentires. Fall 1980

0-V Ught

llll

U-V Ught

illl ll

AffiLatent Developedlmage Image Image

tn. ull?lii.t ,o..,,

Vesicular film is generally a sign-reversal process..A negative master(clear lines on a daik backgroun-d) produces a positive- duplicate (dark

iin.r ott a clear backgrouid); a positive master produces a negative

duplicate.

BASE MATERTAL AND Srustrtvr LAYER

The base material used for vesicular film is always polyester. It isused because of its resistance to tearing, breaking, heating, and curl-

S E N S I T I V E L A Y E R

S U B S T R A T U M

P 0 L Y E S T E R B A S E -

Figure 2A Cross Section of Vesicular Film

More Practical Microfihn I 327

Because of the type of base material and sensitive coating used invesicular film, it is much more durable and resistant to scrarching thansilver-gelatin film, even when it is on a polyester base. Diazo films arealso more resistant to scratching than r;1ys1-gelatin films.

IuecE PRoprnuns

Vesicular films can resolve upwards of 400 line pairs per millimeter;this capahility is e>sellenr for microimages. The veiicular image is verysharp and allows high-quality duplicates to be made on it. Vesicularfi lm has a slower speed than silver f i lm and cannot be used as acamera film. However, it has ample speed as a duplicating film and, asa matter of fact, is faster than diazo film. The contrasi of vesicularfilm, although measured differently from that of other films, is com-patible with the human eye and the reader screen image. Vesicularfilms are produced in different colors, which have no Cffect on theimage photographic properties, i.e., the image on the reader always

?ppears in black and white, even though the film itself looks gray,blue, or light beige.

Rrpn tNr CuRnectenrsrrcs

Vesicular film can produce good to excellent hard copies in mostre.a$gr-prinlers. Although it can be used as a master foi generatingadditional duplicate microimages, the quality will only be faii.

SronecE

Vesicular film is very durable and resistant to water solutions of

Filing Enclosures (Cabinets and Storage Deaices). It is recommendedthat reels, cartridges, cassettes, and microfiche be stored in plastic file

328 | Library Resources €l Technical Seruices' Fall 1980

units. Wood and steel units may also be used. Steel units should becoated with lacquer, enamel, or other corrosion-resistant finish. Somevesicular films may have a chemical reaction with bare metal.

Temperature. Short-term storage temPerature should not exceedninety degrees Fahrenheit (thirty-two degrees Celsius). Storage temper-ature for extended periods of time should not exceed seventy-five de-grees Fahrenheit (twenty-three degrees Celsius). There is no lowerl=imit on temperature; however, vesicular film is quite sensitive to heat(temperatures above one hundred degrees Fahrenheit).

Humidity. Neither high npr low humidity has an adverse effect onvesicular film.

Cleanliness. Although vesicular film is highly scratch-resistant, dirtcan scratch any microimage. Storage of all microforms should be airconditioned, if possible, and otherwise cleaned regularly and thor-oughly.

Light. Because processed vesicular film is highly stable, it may beused in any normal working environment.

HANDLING Pnocrssnl FTIIT

Properly handled vesicular film will resist scratching and tearing.Frequent use in readers or other machines will not damage the film.

If dust or fingerprints have accumulated on the film, the quickestand easiest way to clean both sides at once is to put the film on therewinder and hold a clean, Iint-free cloth dipped in solvent to it whilerewinding. Any commercial film cleaner may be used. Be sure to readand follow the safe.ty precautions on the label of whatever cleaner youuse. Vesicular film can be washed with soap and water if necessary(not exceeding one hundred degrees Fahrenheit), but must, of course,be thoroughly rinsed and dried after washing.

It is recommended that vesicular film not be interfiled with othertypes of film because of a possible chemical reaction.

If these precautions for storing and handling vesicular f i lm areobserved, periodic inspection is not necessary.

CoNcl-usroN

lf your l ibrary is paying more money for silver-gelatin microfi lmthan the same publications would cost on vesicular film, you probablyshould reconsider your position. If you are already using vesicularfilm, perhaps this article has made you more aware of the necessarystorage and handling requirements.

| 329

An In-Depth Collection Evoluqtionqt the University of Mqnitobqlibrory: A Test of rhe Lopez Merhod

Thomqs E, Nisonger

lhopa; E. Nisonger is a .bibliogra.pher at the Etizabeth Dafoe Library, University ofManitoba. Manuscript received April lgzg; accepted for publication Sepiember 1979.

330 I330 / Library Resources tl Technical Services' Fall 1980

tool.

EVALUATION METHOD

Lopez describes his technique in two brief paragraphs'

obtain the third reference. Thus a concentration of references limited to a

date.e

In-Debth Collection Eualuation I 331

necessary to discontinue the search. It was decided to make an adjust-ment in the scoring method to take these situations into account.However, no accommodation in the scoring was made for works listedin the public catalog that could not be found on rhe shelves or else-where. Because they would not be available to a library patron, suchworks were treated as if they had never been in the collection at alland were counted in the category of unsuccessful searches. The ques-tion of differing editions was an especially vexing problem. We de-cided to count as a successful search an edition later than the onecited but not an earlier one, on the theory that a revised or enlargedlater edition would be more likely to contain the specific informationneeded by the library patron. The validity of this decision is admitted-ly questionable, but some mechanism was required to cope with thisparticular situation. Because Lopez'article does not provide any guid-ance concerning these problems, it became necessary to improvisestrategies to resolve them.

When the checking was completed, it became evident that one coulduse several different statistical measurements to evaluate the results.In addition to calculating the raw score as described by Lopez, onecan calculate the score as a percentage of the maximum possiblepoints, namely, 3,750 for a sample of twenty-five references. It wasdecided to adjust the percentage score by eliminating all cases thatcould not be searched at a higher level because the works lacked bib-Iiographical references. The adjusted percentage is derived by sub-t ract ing f rom 3,750 the number of points that might have beenobtained had one been able to complete the search through the fourthlevel and dividing the raw score by the remainder. For example, let ussuppose there were no citations in a book found at level three. Thiswould, of course, mean that it was impossible to search at level four,so eighty points were subtracted from the maximum total-3,750. Theraw score is then divided by this figure-3,670-to obtain the adjustedpercentage. This figure is probably the most significant statisticalmeasurement (at least for our purposes) because it provides the mostmeaningful basis of comparison between the first and second times theexercise was carried out as well as among the four subject areas.

PRosI-eN,Is WITH THE Rnsulrs

After the statistical results were calculated, two major problems be-came apparent. First, there were significant discrepancies in the indi-vidual scores between the first and second samples. Second, the rela-tive ranking of the composite results for the four subject areas did notcorrespond to the anticipated rankings expected from the Universityof Manitoba book selection policy.

Table I summarizes the statistical results of the two surveys and re-veals large discrepancies in three of the four subject areas, eventhough the composite variations fall within reasonable limits. Only inthe area of family therapy did the results remain consistent, whilemedieval French literature and modern British history showed a widerange.

332 I Library Resources €l Technical Sentices. FaIl 1980

TABLE I

Resulrs rRoM Two SRpIpIrs SEIEcTEI BY THE LOPEZ METHODTO EVALUATE THE UNIVERSITY oF MANIToBA LIBRARY CoLLTcTToNs

Subject FieldScores

High LowPercentage Adjusted PercentageDifference High Low

American NovelFamily TherapyMedieval French

LiteratureModern British

HistoryComposite

1 7 . 73 . 1

43.6

38.63.0

44.75 l . 5

27.8

30.436.6

32.453 .8

t 7 . 0

21.434.2

*Results from sample IrR;;;i;; i;;;;Fi; ii.

Needless to say, these inconsistencies in the results are of an un-

this reasoning, the high value assigned to rhe fourth level would skewthe overall results. Thus, the luck of f indlng or not f inding one or tworeferences at the higher levels would cauie a large varLtion in thefinal score.

enormous.

. A careful inspection of table 2 indicates that for most subjecr areasIarge percentage variations still exist under all three permuiations of

l , l 30t1,930*

I ,01 0*

1,140f4,7 rOt

930*l ,870f

5701

700*4,570*

O U

* +

In-Depth Collection Eualuation I 333

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334 I Library Resources U Technical Sentires. Falt 1980

Lopez' system. Several observations are in order. Generally, the levelof variation between the two tests decreases under all three permura-tions. This is true in every case for the American novel and modern

factors must also be at work.Unfortunately, the inconsistencies in the results under the three

permutations are still of such a magnitude that it would be difficult orimpossib le to use any of them wi th conf idence as a col lect ion-evaluation tool. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that tests I andI[ were both based on the same bibliography for each subject area.The variations between the two tests could have been even greater ifdifferent bibliographies had been utilized. If there had been-uniform-ly small variations for each subject area (ideally less than 5 percent, orat most 10 percent) under any of the three permutations, one wouldhope that that particular formula constituted a viable evaluation tooland further experimentation would have been in order. More reliable

lify this benefit.

cllly, if there were to be perfect correlation between the rankings andthe collecting levels, the subjects collected at rhe Ph.D. level-theAmerican novel and modern British history-should rank in the twohigher positions (one and two), while the two M.A.-level subjects-


TABLE 3

ReNx OnonnrNc oF THE SUBJECT AnEes

System Rank SubjectAdjusted Collecting

Percentage Level

Original scheme

PermutationA-4-3-2-rscoring systemfor 4 levels

Permutation8-40-20- 10scorlng systemfor 3 levels

Permutationc-3-2- Iscorlng systemfor 3 levels

Family TherapyAmerican NovelModern British

HistoryMedieval French

Literature



Literature



Literature

American NovelFamily TherapyModern British


Literature

I23

4

I2J

I2J

4

I23

4

55.638. I

26.2

9 9 q

M.A.Ph.D.

Ph.D.

M.A.

M.A.Ph.D.

Ph.D.

M.A.

M.A.Ph.D.

Ph.D.

M.A.

Ph.D.M.A.

Ph.D.

M.A.

58.446.9

32.0

26.9

63.962.0

40.7

39.3

64.552.7

44 .1

37.3

family therapy and medieval French literature-should rank in thetwo lower positions (three and four).

This problem does not seem as serious as the problem posed by in-consistencies in the results between tests I and II because it does not

336 / Library Resources €l Technhal Ser-uices. Fall l9g0

limited.

VALUE oF METHoD AS A MEASURE oF CoLLECTtoN DeprH

As we carried out the experiment, we became aware that materialwith a recent imprint date was more likely to tre in the collection than

*Lopez does nor explicitly state that his method is intended ro measure the depth of acollection. However, this is, the obvious import of the technique as the procedure oftracing references backwards in time to eariier sources approximates the'process usedby a library patron doing in-depth research in a particular'subject area.


tron.

CoNcl-ustoNs

libraries.

AcrxowlrDcMENTS

The author acknowledges the assistance of his colleagues, RuthMay, chief bibliographer, Sharon Tully, and Verona Dechene, each ofwhom participated in the experimenr and provided suggestions forthe paper. He also thanks Peter Marshall,

-Glen Kunzriin, and his

wife, Claire, for their valuable suggestions.

l .

RErrneNcrs

Paul B. Kebabian, "The Distance to a Srar: Subject Measurement of the Library ofcongress and University of Flordia collections,'icollege tl Research Libraries 27:267._70 (July 1966t.Lewis S,tieg, "A Technique for Evaluating the College Library Book Collection,"Library Quarterly 13:3444 gan. 1943).Robert Peer l ing Coale, "Evaluat ion of a Research Library Col lect ion: Lat in-American Colonial History at the Newberry," Library Quarterly 35:173-84 (fan.

2 .

3 .

338 I Library Resources U Techniral Seraices' Fall 1980

1965). See also William webb, "Project coED: A university Library collection Eval-uarion and Development Program,; Librarl Resuntes tl Technical Senices l3'.41t742

r974).7. Paul N. Mosher, "Collection Evaluation in Research Libraries: The Search for Qual-

ity, Consistency, and System in Collection Development," Library Resources U Tech'

nical Senices 23:16-32 (Winter 1979).8. Manual D. Lopez, "A Guide for Beginning Bibliographers," Library Resources U

Technical Seruites 13:462-70 (Fall 1969).L

1 0 ,

l l

I 339

Monogement Informqtion Aspectsof Automqted Acquisit ions Systems

J. Michqel Bruer

Thi,s paper discusses managernent needs for timely, appropriate, and compre-heruiue acquisitions information, noting that the requirement for summaryand exception reporting mandates on-line, rather than off-line, automated ac-quisition systems. The extent to which present-day automated acquisition sys-lems are likely to be fulfilling these needs is assessed. on the basis of responsesto a Resources and Technical Seruices DiuisonlAssociahon of American Pub-Iis he r s que s tionnair e.

.Clr e RECENT LIBRARY CONFERENCE, one of the speakers asked for ashow of hands from the audience as an indication of the number whoconsidered themselves to be managers. The speaker was somewhattaken aback when almost all of the hands were raisedi /et, in a veryreal sense, the response in this instance should not be surprising. Thepoint is that management is a term that can refer to many levels ofpolicy and responsibility. It is a mistake to assume that managementand the consequent need for management information applies only tothe highest levels of administration. To some degree, management is aproblem and a process at all levels of an organization, even at the in-dividual project level. Nevertheless, in order to provide a particularfocus, this paper will emphasize higher Ievel management implicationsof automated acquisitions systems, since good decisions are absolutelycrucial at this level in terms of system evaluation, selection, and imple-mentation.

It has been said that the one universal characteristic of managementand managers is that the more you manage, the less you do. Howevervalid that observation may be in terms of managers we have known,there can be little doubt that the more one knows. the better one canmanage. Another way of looking at this concept is to suggest that theessence of good management is good information. And in this sense,management as a function may be defined as interpretation of in-formation so that appropriate decisions can be made.

But the management information delivered by any given system

J. Michael Bruer is the assistant director for the California Library Authority for Sys-tems and Services. Paper presented on June 27, 1978, at the RTSD/Association ofAmerican Publ ishers Joint Commit tee program, "Automated Acquis i t ions: What 'sGood? What's Bad? What's Missing?"

340 I Library Resources U Techniral Seruices' Fall 1980

vendors.It is readily apparent that comprehensive, detailed, batched reports

would be of little-value in these cases. A list of all the books that havebeen sent to cataloging would not provide a focus on those that havebeen overlooked or l,ost. An overdue-in-cataloging report, on the

with reference to potential changes in the system.In this connection it is interesting-perhaps one should even say

alarming-to note that the RTSD/AAP survey data reveal that ten offorty syJtems surveyed were not based on detailed study before initiat-

Management Information I 341

ing planning for automation.* And many of the studies that did takeplace relied on acquisitions personnel for information and interpreta-tion either very little or not at all.

Once the decision has been made to implement a new system, themanager must consider the synergistic aspecrs of the system beingproposed. If the basic objective of an acquisitions and processing sys-tem is to deliver library materials ro the shelf ready for use as quicklyas possible, it is importanr to take into accounr the interface betweenthe acquisitions system and other sysrems within the library. When alibrary has two or more computer-based systems in operation, in-formation should be transferable among systems, in any direction, inmachine-readable form. In some cases, this information is held in ashared data base that may be accessed directly by each of the sysrems.ln other cases, the connection is indirect; for example, data may betransferred from one system ro anorher by disk file copies, or by acommunication link.

The point is that acquisitions does not operare in a vacuum; it istightly coupled to collection development, cataloging, serials, and cir-culation, and perhaps somewhat Iess so to reference and other service

question at all, an oversight that leads one ro suspect that they dependheavily on data reentry as well.

*Editor's note: As a source of data for the "Automated Acquisitions" state of the artpresentat ions at the 1978 ALA conference, approximately 140 quest ionnaires weremailed to libraries, networks, and commercial firms known to have been or to be de-veloping automated systems applied to library acquisitions. Of the forty-five responsesto the RTSD/AAP survey complete enough to be usable, eight were from public orcounty libraries, twenty-six from academic libraries, and eleven from special libraries,networks, or commercial firms. In the spring of 1978, the Association of Research Li-braries also undertook a survey of automated acquisitions systems in ARL libraries. Theresults of that survey were still available as otJuly 1980: Association of Research Librar-ies, OFfice of Management Studies, Automated Acquisitiotu in ARL Libraries, SPEC Kitno.44 (Washington, D.C., 1978).

342 I Lihrary Resources €l Technical Seruices'Fall 1980

and even fewer provided collection development information or per-mitted interaction with cataloging and circulation. Some libraries re-sponded to questions about management information and interfacingwith answersiuch as "None," "Does not interface," and even "[Acquisi-

tionsl has nothing to do with Management/Collection Development."On the other [and, when system interfacing has been properly de-

reported some mitigation of the problem of labor intensiveness so en-demic to acquisitions processes, and a reduction in the rate of increase

pedes the rate of progress in this area.

I 343

Cqtqloging Adminislrqlors'Views on Cqtologing Educqtion

Cynrhio C. Ryons

One of the basic questions in strucluring a cataloging and classificationcourse in a graduate library school program is the importance of leaching thecourse in the theoretical uersus the practical mode or a combination of the two.This article reports the results of a surue) of cataloging practitioners on theiropinioru on the follouing issues: (I) structure of the cataloging curriculum mtod,ay's graduate library school; (2) relationship of the use of computers mcalaloging lo the cataloging curriculum; and (3) adequacy of preparation ofcurrenl graduates for positions as catalog libranans.

Boar" cATALocTNG AND cLASSTFTcATIoN couRSES in the Uni tedStates tend to be focused on teaching the overall background of thesubject, i.e., aimed at the general librarian, not at the practicing cata-loger. While it is generally agreed that all practicing librarians need afundamental understanding of cataloging, the nature of these coursesand the emphasis given to this requirement do vary. Further, instruc-tors in the course may well give special emphasis to theory, to practice,or to some combination of the two.

In an effort to assure that what is learned by the student is useful inhis or her career, interaction is often established between the libraryschool faculty member and the university's catalog department. Thereis still much discussion, however, as to whether the basic orientation ofthe course should be a theoretical or a practical one. For example,Thompson believes that:

On every level of practice there is the need of theory. At one level, we canview theory as necessary because it helps us determine what is important orrelevant to what we are attempting to do. . . . On another level, theory helpsus organize and logically relate information and ideas so that our practice hasclear direction and purpose.t

In fact many practitioners hold that it is impossible to Iearn theprinciples of cataloging effectively without first learning the theory be-hind the principles. Others prefer a more balanced combination oftheory and practice. Lubetzky stated the need for teaching boththeory and how-to-do-it cataloging courses:

Cynthia C. Ryans is a catalog librarian at the Kent State University Library. Manuscriptreceived October 1978; accepted for publication December 1978.

Library Resources €l Technical Set'uices' Fall 1980

Brown states that "perhaps realistically, most basic and secondary Ievel

courses will continue to be a blend of'solid foundation through princi-

ples and theory with practical experience gained through assigned

problems or supervised laboratory."3

THeonv vs. PRACTICE

There are many definitions of theory. Kolasa defines theory as "a

set of facts that ih. ..r.ut.her believes is isomorphic with the real

world. It must be in a state able to be tested."a According to Kuhn, "a

theory is a hypothesis which has been pa-rtially. tes^ted a.nd still.remains

tenabie."s Cari White states in his book that "the function of theory in

Anglo-American CataLoguing Rules. AIso many libraries are. now using

thd'ISBD standards. fh..ifo.., i t seems rhat a good basic background

the needs of tomorrow."T

future.

Tur Sunvtv

The survey was conducted to determine the feeling of.practitioners

on the impoitance of cataloging courses in the library school curricu-

Cataloging Adminislrators' Views I 345

lum as well as the most useful approach to teaching a catalogingcourse to prepare a student to become a qualified cataloger. A highlystructured questionnaire was developed by the author and sent in1977 to the head of the catalog department in the library at each ofthe universit ies that have American Library Association-accreditedgraduate l ibrary programs.s Of the s ix ty quest ionnaires sent out ,forty-two were returned, a 70 percent response.

The questionnaire was designed to determine practicing catalogprofessional/administrators' views on a variety of topics relating tocataloging education, in particular, their attitudes regarding theory vs.practice, cataloging course content, new trends in l ibraries, such ascomputers, the attitude of the practicing librarian on hiring new asopposed to experienced MLS graduates, and the future needs forcatalog l ibrarians. Further, the role of computerized systems in. thecataloging process was explored.

The department heads were also asked what type of qualificationsthey expected a beginning cataloger to have and the types of specificknowledge that is expected on the job, such as research procedures,knowledge of computers, etc.

The respondents to this survey indicated that they believe theory isa very important element in the teaching of cataloging in the graduatelibrary school. Thirty-nine of the forty-two respondents (93 percent)said that they think the quest for theory is a worthwhile objective,while three respondents (7 percent) responded negatively to this ques-tion (see table l). However, these respondents did not believe that thecourses should be taught strictly from the theoretical point of view,although a slight majority think that theory is more important thantechnique. In response to the question "Do you feel that knowing cata-loging techniques is more important for graduate Iibrary science stu-dents than understanding cataloging theory?" eighteen of the respon-dents (43 percent) answered in the affirmative while twenty-three (55percent) answered no to this question. One person thought that cata-loging techniques and theory are equal ly important in cata logingcourses. This finding indicates that the l ibrary practit ioners believethat theory is an important dimension of the graduate catalogingcourse.

To a question asking if cataloging theory has major applications thatcan be used effectively by the cataloger, again the response was posi-tive. Thirty-seven (88 percent) replied yes to this question while four(10 percent) replied in the negative.

The results of the questions on the cataloging curriculum indicatethat theory is very important. Theory alone is not sufficient, however,as indicated in the following responses from catalog department headsregarding course structure.

First, all the respondents indicated that they believe that a catalog-ing course should be a basic offering of any library program (see table2). However, thirty-seven (88 percent) believe that if only one coursein cataloging was taken by a graduate library science student, it shouldbe oriented to practice rather than to theory. Such a response is opento various interpretations, including the view that students cannot

346 I Library Resources U Technical Sertices. FaIl 1980

TABLE I

VALUE oF TEACHING Tsgonv IN- CATALocING CoURSES

Yes No Both NR Total

Do you feel that the questfor theory in cataloging isa worthwhile objective? 39 (93%) 3 (77o)

Do you feel that knowingcataloging techniques ismore important forgraduate library sciencestudents than understand-ing cataloging theory? 18 (43%) 23 (55%) | (2%)

Do you feel that catalogingtheory has major applica-tions which can be effec-tivelv utilized bv the cat-aloger? 37 (88%) 4 (r0%) | (2%)

understand theory as easily in a beginning course as they can afterthey have been exposed to cataloging procedures, or the feeling thatwith so little required cataloging being offered in the programs, thestress must be on applications.

Although all the respondents indicated that they think that catalog-ing is a basic course in the library science curriculum, many believethat the existing academic curriculum in cataloging is incomplete.Thirty-two (76 percent) think that the curriculum is incomplete whilefour (10 percent) think that it is complete.

The opinions of the respondents were varied as to whether they be-lieve the amount of theory being taught in the cataloging courses to-day is adequate. Ten (24 percent) believe that there is too little theorybeing taught, frfteen (36 percent) believe that there is enough, whiletwelve (28 percent) believe there is too much. Five (12 percent) didnot respond to this question. Obviously, this is a question of percep-t ion and, therefore, the actual amount is not the re levant issue.Rather, this response indicates satisfaction or dissatis{action with theproducts of library schools today.

The overall response to these quesdons indicates that the respon-dents think that theorv is necessarv but should be mixed with thepractical approach to cataloging. Many practitioners seem to think thatonce students learn the basic concepts behind cataloging, then the var-ious rules wil l just fall into place when they begin their work experi-ence. Others appear to think that since there is much to be learned onthe job, good course work should give a student the basics in order tomake job experience more producttve.

PRecTTcRL EXPERIENCE

To allow the students to obtain some cataloging expertise outsidethe classroom, a few catalog departments cooperate with the libraryschools at their universities by permitting the students in the catalog-

42

42

42

Calalogtng Administrators' Vieus I 347

TABLE 2

ErrrcrrveNrss oF CoURSE CoNrrNt

Yes No Both NR Total

Do you feel that catalogingis a basic course in any li-brary school curriculum?

Since the first catalogingcourse taken by a gradu-ate student is sometimeshis or her only catalogingcourse, do you feel itshould be "practical ap-plication" oriented?

Do you feel that the existingacademic curricula in cata-loging at most libraryschools is frequently in-complete?

Do the students in libraryschool who are taking acataloging course catalogany books during the termin cooperation with yourdepartment?

Do you feel that the type ofcourse work presentlyavailable in most libraryschools adequately pre-pares students for posi-tions in cataloging?

Do you feel that the actualprocedures of catalogingin a university library cata-log department reflect theway cataloging is taught inlibrarv schools?

42 (r00%)

37 (88Va) 5 ( l2Vo)

32 (76%) 4 (ro%)

42

42

6 ( r4%) 42

6 ( r4%) 34 (8 r%) 2 (5%) 42

ro (24%) 26 (62%) | (27a) 5 (12%) 42

6 (r4%) 33 (79%) | (2Vc) 2 (57c) 42

ing courses to obtain "hands-on" cataloging experience. Although onlysix (14 percent) of the institutions have developed such an arrange-ment, this type of cooperation could prove beneficial to the student.This is further evidenced by the fact that some of the respondents in-dicated that their schools do have MLS students who work in the cata-log department during their graduate program, although this experi-ence is not part of the regular cataloging course.

In response to a question asking if the catalog department headsthink that the typical MLS student is adequately prepared to be a cat-aloger, only ten (24 percent) indicated that they believe they are pre-pared while twenty-six (62 percent) believe they are not prepared.Perhaps this can be attributed in part to the lack of practical orienta-tion. Some department heads think that there is more stress on the

348 / Library Resources U Technical Seruices. Fall 1980

Dewey system, which is not as widely used in academic libraries as theLibrary of Congress system. They also think that there is inadequatecoverage of the cataloging of serials and periodicals. Some respon-dents indicate that their library schools do offer some practical experi-ence in cataloging that is not part of the cataloging course curriculum.Also, workshops on topics such as OCLC have been offered to gradu-ate library school students, permitting interaction between the practi-tioner and the library science student.

The cataloging practitioners further indicate that students are notadequately prepared for a position as a cataloger upon comPletion oftheir degree, especially since they tend to believe that the way catalog-ing is taught in library school does not reflect actual cataloging proce-dures. In fact, only six (14 percent) of the respondents believe theprograms reflect actual cataloging procedures. It should be pointedout here, however, that a library school cataloging course does notsimply prepare students to work in a university Iibrary but also mustprepare them to be librarians in special libraries, school libraries, etc.Still this very strong view tended to reinforce the dissatisfaction withthe current cataloging preparation of MLS students noted above.

The majority of respondents prefer to hire their staff directly out ofIibrary school, a fact that seems to indicate that they prefer to trainthem in their own library procedures rather than to hire someonewho has had on-the-job training at another institution. (Naturally, thisfinding could also ieflect curient budget realit ies.) Twenty-five (60percent) of the department heads responding to the questionnaire in-dicate a preference to hire new employees just out of library school,while eight (19 percent) require their new employees to have a mini-mum of two years' experience. Four (nine percent) indicate that theyhire both new and experienced catalogers. Five (12 percent) did notanswer this question.

The question arises as to how the advent of the various comput-erized cataloging data bases throughout the country has aff'ected thecontent as well as the quality of cataloging courses in graduate libraryschools. Having full cataloging records easily accessible via a screenand the opportunity to order catalog cards, alphabetized and ready tofile, by merely pushing a button can, in some libraries, offer an oppor-tunity for staff reduction. However, the professional is still needed tocatalog material not in the data base and to verify material that is inthe data base to which a library wants to add its holdings. These areonly a few of the ways professionals are still needed even with an on-line cataloging system.

Horv does the use of an on- l ine cata loging svstem in univers i tylibraries affect the teaching of cataloging? The catalog departmentheads in the l ibraries surveyed were asked if they believe that theuse of an on-line cooperative cataloging system in many libraries hasreplaced the need foi cataloging courses in the library school. All ofthe respondents answered no to this question (see table 3). In re-sponse to another question asking if such a system has lessened theneed for cataloging courses in library school, still the majority (93 per-

Calaloging Administrators' Vieus I 349

cent) believe that it has not. [n fact, only three (7 percent) believe thatit has.

Thirty-seven (88 percent) of the libraries responding indicated thattheir l ibrary does participate in a computerized cataloging system,while only five (12 percent) do not. In addition to the five librariesthat do not participate, only four respondents said that they have noin-house training for a- cooperative cataloging system. Two of thoseusing a cooperative cataloging system did not respond to this question'Although the respondents do think that a course in cataloging is im-portant in the library curriculum, the majority (thirty-one, or 74 per-cent) indicate that they train their staff in the use of the computerizedsystem. This does not mean that they do not want the library school toprovide a background in this area, only that they teach new staff howtheir particular library makes use of their system. Since there wereonly five institutions that responded to the questionnaire that do notuse a computerized cataloging system, it is assumed that these five fallinto the "no" or "no response" category of having no in-house train-i.g'

TABLE 3

Coopenerrvr CRreLoctxc

Yes No NR Total

Do you feel that cooperative catalog-ing (OCLC) has replaced the needfor cataloging courses in the libraryschool curriculum?

Do you feel that cooperative catalog-ing has lessened the need for cata-loging courses in the library schoolcurr iculum?

Does your l ib ra r l par t i c ipa te in a c ( )m-puterized cataloging system such asOCLC?

Do you have any in -house t ra in ingfor a computerized cataloging sys-tem?

42 ( r00%)

3 (7%) 39 (937a)

37 (88%) 5 (12%)

3r (747o) I (2 r%\ 2 (5%)

42

42

42

42

CoNCLUSIoNS

The study reported here represents the attitudes of the catalog de-partment heads in forty-two libraries across the country on teachingtheory versus practical cataloging in the graduate l ibrary school.Fur ther , . i t explores other at t i tudes regarding curr ic ' r lum, futureopportunities in cataloging, cooperative cataloging, etc. The findingsindicate that the respondents overwhelmingly believe that theory isimportant in the cataloging curriculum. However, they believe thattheory in itself is not enough and should be combined with the prac-tical side of cataloging. Clearly, the majority of respondents believe

350 I Library Resources €l Technical Seruices. Falt 1980

library school into the currenr job:or a position as a cataloger as theyrhis situation could be alleviated ifeen the library school and the cata-ers could teach sessions of the cata-

academician could work on a part-Irtii;ee it":t:ti"i";r";t":H;r,11 :l:catalog department in order to learn the cataloging procedures in that

r l knowledge p lus the theoret ica lraps provide a more complete cata-:pare more adequately the graduate,b market. If neither of these twoby the academician and the practi-

:ture for a cataloging and classifica-tion course would be of value.

The ,responderrts did indicate that they preferred to hire new staffout of lib^rary school and train them rathei than hire experienced cat-3loggT.since_each library is unique in its cataloging procedures, it ishard fbr any.library school ro rrain studenrs for"pos'iti,ons in differentlibraries. Training a rew library science graduate with a good theoret-ical background in the procedures of any particular l ibriry would bemore efficient for both the student and the catalog department.

The respondents also indicate that very few iatal,og deparrmentscooperate with on-the-job experience for'srudents in

*the iataloging

courses offered at their university's library school. programs t.,.f, uipracticum programs and internships give'the l ibrary rfi.n.. studentvery good practical experience, even iho.,gh they are not offered aspart of the cataloging curriculum. In some insiitutions, interns orpracticum students are placed in the same libraries where they didtheir student work. This is an advanrage for both the student and thelibrary in^reducing the training time-involved for a new employee.Perhaps if programs such as these could be initiated, there would befewer criticisms about the preparation of the MLS student.

Cataloging of the future is leaning more toward the use of compur-ers, but the respondents indicate that the use of computers does notlessen the need for cataloging courses in the library school curriculumfor cataloging professionals. Although the majority indicate that theydo train their staff in the use of the computlr, some graduates wiilnot .go. in to l ibrary s i tuat ions where the computers are now beingused. Therefore, it would appear that a combination of practicaiknowledge in the use of compuiers in cataloging prus theory would bea useful plan for teaching compurer coursesl rhe student th..r wouldhave background knowledge that could be applied in a library wherecomputers are used.

ndents think that theory should berrriculum along with the practicalt they also think that if only onelent in this area, it should be more

Cataloging Administrators' Vieus I 351

REFERENCES

l. Loren J. Thompson, "The Nature and Need of Theory," The Educational Forum

39:476 (May 1975).2. Seymour Lubetzky, "On Teaching Cataloging," Joumal of Ed,ucation for Librananship

5:257 (Spring 1965).3. Betty Martii Brown, "Curriculum: Acquisitions and Cataloging," Drexel Librarl

Qnrterly 3:87-88 (Jan. 1967).4. B-lair J. Kolasa, Iniroduction to Behaaioral science for Business (New York: Wiley, 1969),

p .5 .S. Alfred Kuhn, Tie Snny of SocieQ, a Unified Approach (Homewood, Ill.: Richard D'

Irwin, 1963), p.35.6. Carl M. WhiG, A Historical Introduction to Library Education: Problems and Progress to

195l (Metuchen, NJ.: Scarecrow, 1976), p.132.7. Jesse H. Shera, "On the Teaching of Cataloging," Journal of Cataloging and. CLassilica'

t ion l2: l3l (uly 1956).8. Ameican Libram Directom, 30th ed., 1976/77 (New York: Bowker, 1976).

352 I

A -Computer-Produced

Seriqls Book Cqtqlog withAufomqticqlly Generoted Indexes

Helen H. Spolding

.(L uNIeuE SERIALS cATALoc at the Iowa State University Library isthe sole public source of bibliographic informarion describing the l i-brary's serials collection. The catalog consists of two annual boundvolumes and is updated by a monthly, loose-leaf, cumularive supple-ment. In volume one are approximately 33,000 complete bibliographicrecords listed by title. The second volume contains two indexes, auto-matically generated by the local program: the corporare body index,which gives tit les and call numbers for corporate body main andadded entries, and the subject heading index, which lists titles and callnumbers under the appropriate Library of Congress subject headings.The supplement updates all three sections, cumulating each month.The library developed the catalog in a sequence that enabled theprogram to grow in sophistication while compensating for budget re-strictions. This article describes the chronological development of rheSer ia ls Cata log that resul ted in the unique features of the localprogram.

CnneTINc THE SERIALS DATA BASE

In 1969, the three regents' institutions in lowa, Iowa State Universi-

Helen H.. spalding was formerly the head of serials cataloging at the Iowa State Uni-versity Library and is at present head of technical servicei, Universitv of Missouri atKânsas c i ty L ibrary. Manuscr ipt received July I979: accepted for publ icat ion september1979 .

Serials Book Catalog I 353

ty (ISU), the University of lowa, and the University of Northern lowa,began the conversion of their serial records to MARC II format. tSUand -the University of Iowa had been maintaining separare files of cur-rently received periodical titles on magnetic tape. The use of MARCII would allow them to standardize the formar-and, with added mod-ifications, create a union list among the Iowa state universities to linkwith_ larger networks.r The initial conversion used eleven MARC tags.2

The union list never materialized, but Iowa State University decidedto produce its serials list in a book catalog because its tape file hadbeen upgraded to a list of all currently received serials in ihe processof conversion. The catalog appeared in July 1973 and consisted-of onevolume, Iisting by main entry all currently received serials, their callnumbers, locations, and holdings.

At this point, the l ibrary outl ined a long-range plan that wouldautomate serials cataloging complerely. This outline projected stages inwhich the serials data base would grow progressivily

-from a system

with main-entry access to records batched for updating in a book cata-log, to a system with multiple access to records- updaGd in an on-linesystem. The first phase of this plan included rhe correcrion and refine-ment of the bibliographic data so rhat the remaining serials informa-t ion gather ing and ret r ieval would modi fy accuiare, descr ipt iverecords- During this phase, the staff continued to maintain completeserials information in the card catalog. This phase was to concludewith a regularly scheduled book catalog that would replace the serialsinformation in the card catalog

Because of the heavy public use of the Seriak Catalog it was decidedto include ceased tit les in the April 1974 edition and-to improve thequality of the information. The staff expended only 700 hours enter-ing additional titles and informarion and correcting obvious errors.This effort lengthened the file ro approximately Z'7,000 titles. Fiveadditional tlgs in the program formar enabled the staff ro inpur morebibliographic description.

Decisions concerning cataloging practice also affected the content ofthe Seriak Catalog. At the close of 1973, the library adopted successiveentry cataloging for serials with tit le changes occurring after May1971. As the Guidelines for ISDS (Internarional Serials Data System)and the ISBD(S) (lnternational Standard Bibliographic Description forSeriak) were developed and considered by the AACR revision commit-tees, the serials catalogers decided to follow them for determining theunique tit les of serials.

These changes appeared first in the catalog of serials listed by mainentry that was distributed in September 1974. A monthly, cumularivesupplement updated it. As a new user aid, catalogers placed a refer-ence card in front of the first series added entrv for analvzed issues inthe card catalog. This card referred users ro the Seria'k Catalog forcomplete information abour the series if the analyzed monographswith the series added entry did not provide the needed information.

During this phase of the catalog's development, study of trends incataloging and recognition of the unique retrieval aspects of a comput-

354 I Library Resources U Technical Seruices. FaIl 1980

er-produced book catalog led to the decision to resequence the SeriakCatalog and the check-in records in the serials Kardex to title entry.

RESEqUENCTNc ro Trrln ENrRv

Previously, serials with generic titles had been entered by corporatebody main entries because the titles were common or nondistinctiveapart from the corporate headings. But changes in AACR and LCpractice reduced this need. Cataloging Seraice no. 108 announced thedeletion of AACR I rule 1628 so that each title would be recorded infull, including the name, or abbreviation, or initials of the name of thecorporate body.3 Cataloging Seruice no. 109 stated that in LC entries ti-t les consisting only of generic terms would be made distinctive byadding a space-hyphen-space and the author statement.4 For severalyears the ISU Library bibliographic searchers had found the LC de-pository card file and the library on-order file easier to search by title.The library staff felt confident that unique bibliographic records couldbe identified more readily by using title entry for its serials, especiallysince the records would be l isted in the book catalog format withaccompanying indexes of added entries.

Also affecting this decision was the belief that user access would befacilitated by arranging serials by title. The patron would no longerneed to guess at whether a serial was cataloged under title or corpo-rate body and would not need to figure out the correct form of anycorporate body main entry. Many indexing and abstracting tools citeserials by title, providing the user with a title entry to begin a search.Impressions of the diff iculty users had in manipulating corporatebody main entries were supported by user studies elsewhere. Tate re-ported a study of a random sample of bibliographical citations thatconcluded, "the type of entry least efficient in locating material wasthe corporate author,"5 and, "the title is a more efficient finding de-vice than the main entry."6 The Atomic Weapons Research Establish-ment, Aldermaston, did a survey of users' requests for books andfound that "the title information was completely accurate for morethan 90% of the sample, while the comparable figure for author in-formation was under 75Va.7 . . . In nearly all cases titles which wereincorrect and untraceable were the result of inversion or the omissionof commonplace descriptors such as 'report' or 'outline of.' "8

The capabil it ies of the computer-produced book catalog formatfurther supported the logic of resequencing to title entry. Corporatebody and subject indexes would accompany the volume of serial titlesthat contained full bibliographic information. The user who knew thesponsoring organization but was not sure if the needed tit le was"Annual report," "Report," or "Company report" could be referred bythe corporate body index to the appropriate title in the title list. Theconcept of "main entry" would be irrelevant in a system where onecould retrieve any part of the bibliographic record by a relevant fieldin the machine-readable format. Further, by ignoring all internal prep-ositions and articles in the filing of titles, a patron could scan a pageof "proceedings" and easily find the desired title without worrying

Serials Booh Cataloe I 355

about whether it was "Proceedings of the Organization," .,proceed-

ings-Organization," "Proceedingi for the Oiganization,,, etc. Thispract ice a l ready__was in use by several indei ing and abstract ingsources, such as Chemical Abstracts.

. T!.. Se_rials Department planned to resequence to tit le entry itscheck-in Kardex, which had been arranged by main entry, when theseriak,catalog went to title entry. Retaining conformity between thetwo files would facilitate their use. Referenie librariani could handle

card by card, resulting in a file that was freer of errors than before.

FunrHeR Cetlar-oc Dgvnr-opueNr

The advent of the subject index brought an end ro filing subjectcards for serials in the subject card catalog, and there weie otheradvantages as well. Both the title volume and the corporate body in-dex contained cross-references for the first time. Title iross-referencesin previous editions had been sequenced individually just as rhe rec-ord for each entry had to be sequenced. With the new-edition, a local

lag {9. t it le added entries was introduced into the computer program.In this special tag multiple tit le added enrries could be l isted and thecomputer would automatically generate and file title cross-referencesfrom the tag. Because the program did nor yet provide for assigning

356 I Library Resources €l Technical Services . Fall 1980

multiple corporare body added entries ro any one ritle, the staff en-tered only the "main entry" corporate bodies for the first edition ofthe corporate body index.

titles were input originally.

catalog facilitated scanning and the parrons found it easier to scan apage of "Proceedings-American Society of . . ." than it had been toguess at the corporate author, then guess at the form of the main en-try before attempting to look for the serial in the card catalog.

In the annual editions that followed more refinements were made.Thê corporate body index was printed on green paper, differentiatingit further from the subject index in the same volume, and cross--

FIexTgTITTy oF LOCAL PROGRAM AND PRODUCTION

The new ISU Srrials Catalog was designed to fulf i l l specific localneeds and to permit further development. This rationale led to a com-puter program with fearures and flexibility unique to that serials database.

Seriak Booh Catalog I 357

for birtding. The monthly cumulative supplement is prepared within atwo-week period, from the sorting of the keypunch card batch to thedelivery of the collated, printed pages ready for insertion in the sup-plement binders.

Producing the catalog locally and limiting the size of the data baseto serials held at the ISU Library allow for the creation of special listsof the titles. Although lists can be generated by any tag or any ele-ment of any tag in the program format, four lists are regularly pro-duced and used on campus. These are serial records by call number,by library location, by country of publication, and by active or inactivestatus. Technical services staff use the l ist by call number as theywould any shelf listing, but because this list is in book format it is easi-ly reproduced and carried to the desired work station. The Circula-tion Department and the bibliographers use both the list by call num-ber and the list by library location as they inventory or review theholdings in each subject area. Acquisitions staff can use the active/inac-tive bibliographies for complete listings of ongoing or ceased titles.

This ease of sorting information automatically is the basis for theorganization of the catalog and the unique operation of certain tags.By using a programmed algorithm for manipulating the tags andalphabetic elements, the computer assumes the burden of sorting in-formation by title, corporate body, and subject. Both of the indexesare updated automatically whenever a change is made to the mainrecord.e This machine manipulation makes maintenance of the accesspoints easier, cheaper, and more accurate than that of a manual cardfile, which is more subject to human error. The flexibility of multipleaccess points lessens the importance of a main entry point.

The tags that automatically sort in this manner are the corporatebody, t it le added entry, and subject heading tags, and they do notappear with the main bibliographic recorcl in the tit le volume. Instead,the corporate body and subject headings sort into their alphabetic l ists,producing the two indexes. The tit le added entries automatically pro-duce "see" references in the tit le volume. Any change in a tit le also isreflected in the corresponding cross-reference automatically. When aserial t it le is deleted from the data base, the tit le added entries, corpo-rate body main and added entr ies, and subject added entr ies aredeleted, requi r ing no manual checking, changing, card pul l ing, orkeypunching.

Cross-references between corporate bodies and between subjectheadings wi th in the indexes now need to be entered separate ly .Another local tag can be created to eliminate this manual system byproviding the same automatic sort that treats the corporate body, t it leadded entry, and subject heading tags. The cross-references in the in-dexes are kept up to date by an authority card file that traces for eachcorporate body name and subject heading the "see also" and "see" ref-erences to it. A cataloger removing or correcting a corporate body orsubject heading checks this file and deletes the cross-references thatare no longer relevant or corrects the cross-references to reflect thechanged heading.

358 / tlbrary Resources U Technical Seraices' Fall 1980

The inputting of an index cross-reference or a bibliographic recordbegins by assigning a unique sequence number to the entry. Thekefpuncher indudei this sequence number on the cards ke_ypunchedfor

-each of the tags. Any onC tag can be changed without affecting the

rest of the record.Incorrect directions are printed out each month in an error l ist,

allowing the keypuncher to iorrect such errors in the next batch. Withthe error list are delivered the master list and public list. The master

full tag display.

SYSTEM BENEFITS

Besides being the most complete record of serials information theISU Library has ever had, the Seriak Catalog has provided other ben-efits. Errors are simpler to catch in an easily scanned book formatthan was possible in the card catalog. The facil i ty of the machine-readable records provides for checking and improving accuracy on acontinuing basis as manual maintenance of the card catalog recordsnever allowed. For instance, each time the serials are accessed by a

and correction of them is facilitated by the computer capability. Cor-rections and new information are processed more rapidly with the useof machine-readable records. Now, information particular to a title

literature, the patron does not have to guess the proper main entry.

When problems of inaccurate title citations arise, the corporate body

index ind subject heading index are available. Ignoring all preposi-

Seriak Book Catalog I 359

tions and articles in the filing has enhanced the scanning advantagesof the catalog. Clerks checking in issues at the Kardex are able toidentify check-in records faster by title. Previously, it was only the ex-perienced clerk who could spot corporate body main entries on thefirst try. Title changes are spotted readily upon receipt of the issueswith the Kardex filed by title.

Copies of both used and new catalogs are sold nationwide. Eachyear, a paperback cumulative supplement containing all changes madebetween the last and current editions is produced. The used catalogsare accompanied by this supplement, bringing the used edition cur-rent with the new edition. The ISU Library lends more materials thanit borrows on interlibrary loan, and most of these materials are photo-copies from serials. Interestingly enough, most catalog purchasers areresearch and development offices in private industry who are in-terested in tapping the strong collection of current scientific literature.With personal copies of the catalog, their loan requests are more accu-rate, facil i tating prompt fulf i l lment. About fifty used catalogs withtheir updating supplements are distributed on campus to academic de-partments not having ready access to a library reading room with acurrent edition.

The AACR revision and the freezing of the LC's catalog in l98lwill affect the plans the ISU Library makes concerning the future ofthe catalogs. The advantages of working on-line, rather than produc-ing and batching keypunch cards, and the automation of the Kardexhave been recognized but have not been acted upon until the institu-tion's overall planning for the future has been completed.

CoNcLusroN

Because the ISU Library was not afraid to experiment with the newMARC format and with some new concepts in serials control, the Se-riak Catalog has more than adequately fulfilled its needs for complete,accurate, and accessib le ser ia ls b ib l iographic in format ion. This

and the documents the library can make available. Anything increasingthis communication is good, and anything detracting from it i5 $261"'ttt

REFERENcES

Char les R. Sage, "Ut i l izat ion of the MARC I I Format for Ser ia ls in an Inter-

University Environment," in Proceedings of the 197) Clinic on Library Applications of

Data Processing: Networhing and Other Forms of Cooperalion (Champaign-Urbana: Uni-

vers i ty of l l l inois, 1973), p.2a-31.Library of Congress. MARC Development Office, Seriak: A MARC Format' 2d ed.(Washington: Library of Congress, 1974)."Cataloging Rules-Additions and Change s," Cataloging Sentice 108:2 (April 1974)."serials with Generic Titles," Cataloging Senice 109:9-10 (May 1974).

l .

2.

J .

4 .

5 .

6 .,1

8.9 .

360 I Library Resources El Technical Seruices' Fall 1980

Elizabeth L. Tate, "Main Entries and Citations: One Test of the Revised Cataloging

Code," The Library Quarter\ 33:182 (April 1963).I b i d . , p . 185 .F. H. Ayers and others, "Author Versus Ti t le: A Comparat ive Survey .of

the

Accuracy of rhe Information which the user Brings to the Library catalogue,"

Joumal of Docurnentation 24:268 (Dec. 1968)'

Only One of Whom Shall Save lJs," Amencan Libraries 6:601 (Nov 1975)'10.

I 361

Chqnging from Seqrsto [C Subiecf Heqdings

Thomqs Schqdl ich

This paper briefly discusses the factors that might induce a library to considerchangtng from Sears to Library of Congress subject headings and prouides aquantilatiae eualuation of the compatibility of Sears and, LC headings.

Aa ou* NATIoNAL BIBLlocRApHrc sysrEM DEVELops, i t becomesapparent that l ibraries maintaining Sears subject headings suffer adisadvantage when they try to tap outside bibliographic resourceswhere Library of Congress subject headings are standard. This prob-lem exists whether one considers commercial MARC-based catalogingservices, OCLC, the CIP project, or traditional bibliographic sourcessuch as the American Booh Publishing Record, Subject Guide to Boohs inPrint, or Boohs for College Libraries.

While Sears "followed the form of the Library of Congress subjectheadings with few exceptions" so a library could "graduate to the fulluse of Library of Congress headings when collections grew too largefor a limited subject heading list,"r the availability, currency, specificityand comprehensiveness of LC subject headings compared to Searssubject headings provide strong inducements for libraries, even smallones, to accelerate their "graduation."

However, the task of changing headings ehta i ls a good deal ofwork, so any library that is considering switching from Sears to LCsubject headings needs to know how much divergence can be ex-pected between Sears and i ts parent LC l is t in order to decidewhether or not the perceived advantages of convers ion are out-weighed by the problem of changing incompatible headings. Accord-ingly, this study was undertaken to provide a quantitative estimate ofthe compatibility of Sears and LC subject headings from the viewpointof the library with an established Sears catalog wishing to change tothe LC system.

MrrHoo

A random sample of entries was drawn from a six-months' run ofPublishers Week\ (January-June 1978) assuming that the books pro-

Thomas Schadl ich is the technical serv ices l ibrar ian at the ProsserBloomfield, Connecticut. Manuscript received March 1979; acceptedSeptember 1979.

Publ ic L ibrary,for publication

362 I Library Resources U Technical Seraices . Fall 1980

duced during this period were representative of the books that anAmerican library would be likely to add to its collection. The issueswere bound together, and the pages were numbered consecutively.Page numbers were drawn from a random number table, and threeentries chosen from each randomly selected page, one entry fromeach column, with the entry depending on the digit of the pagenumber that corresponded to the column. A total of 1,220 LC head-ings was drawn from nonfiction entries and checked against the elev-enth edition of Sears. Essentiallv. this simulated the situation that a li-brary would encounter as it discovered how the headings for new ma-terials fit into the Sears catalog. Each LC heading was assigned to oneof three conflict type groups that expressed the relationship of theheading to the Sears list. Group one contained those Library of Con-gress subject headings that exactly matched Sears headings or hadslight differences that would not affect filing. LC headings that didnot match the Sears list but did not conflict either were counted ingroup two. These included headings that were more specific thanSears headings and headings with geographic or other subdivisionsnot provided in Sears. Finally, the cases where all or part of the LCheading conflicted with Sears so that the existing headings would haveto be changed were assigned to the third group. In addition to theconflict type, the Dewey Decimal class number was recorded for eachheading to discover if there was a pattern of conflict types among theclasses. To facilitate the process of counting, the conflict group num-bers and class numbers were tallied by a FORTRAN program.

RssulrsTable I summarizes the results of the count by conflict type and

Dewey class. A 12 test at the a : .01 level shows a significant dif-ference between the conflict group totals found and what would beexpected i f the three types of re lat ionship were equal ly l ike ly .Ninety-five percent confidence interval estimates for the proportion ofsubject headings belonging to each group are:

Group I (match)461 * 33 or 38% + 3%

r.220 r.220Group 2 (nonconflicting)6 1 8 * 3 4 o r 5 l % + 3 %

r.220 r.220Group 3 (conflicring)l 4 l * 22 o r 12% * 2%

1.220 1.220

CoNcr-usroN

A library that is thinking of switching from Sears to Library ofCongress subject headings has many factors to consider that affect themagnitude of the task. For example, would the library retrospectivelychange the headings for older materials? Also, would the conversion

Changtngfrom Sears I 363

TABLE I

TesuLetIoN oF 1,220 Sun;rcr HneorNcs nyCoNrr-rcr CoDE (1, 2, 3) eNo DEwEy Cuss (0-9)

ConflictCode

Dewey Class

3 4 5 6 Total

I2.1

l 825

417

1022 0 1

5.)

356

95r1723

235

566 lt 7

r34

654 lt 4

120

afo r

6 1 8t4 l

J J J I

24 376 l l

(-)5 t15

2727

3

59

2 2 49 7 6J I )

t 4 105Total I.220

Conf l ic t group codes:Group l -Exact match between headings.Group 2-No conf l ic t between headings.Group 3-Conflicting headings.

to LC headings be complete, or would some Sears headings be re-tained? Yet, the overriding factor is the number of headings thatwould have to be changed. Factors determining this total are the sizeof the catalog and the number of conflicting headings expected. Theresults of this study suggest that with 95 percent confid.ence, thenumber of conflicting h6idings involved in such a conversion would

be between l0 percent and 14 percent of the existing Sears headings.With this information, libraries are in a better position to weigh thebenefits of Library of Congress subject headings against the work in-volved in converting.

Rl.r t:Rt:lr:t:t-

l. Barbara Marietta Westby, ed., Sears Lht of Subject Headings (llth ed.; New York:H . W. W i l son . 1977 ) . p . v i i - i x .

364

Charles Ammi Cutter:Library SystemqtiTgT-A Brief Review

Edith Scott

TlN THIS THTRD voLUME or The Heritage of Librarianship Seriesr thepromised objective of the series is fully met, namely, a "carefullyselected" collection of the writings of a prominent librarian accompa-nied by a "substantive, critical essay" assessing the subject's significancefor librarianship, past and present. Francis L. Miksa's biographical andcritical essay, based in part on his doctoral dissertation at the Universi-ty of Chicago, is perhaps even more valuable than the selections fromCharles Ammi Cutter's voluminous writings.

The selections are grouped into six categories: library administra-tion, three short papers on fiction in public libraries, the library pro-fession from the "proposed library convention at Philadelphia" in1876 to a report on the 1902 meeting of the American Library Asso-ciation, cataloging (more than a third of the writings), classification(almost a third), and a few letters and nonlibrary sketches intended togive a more personal picture of Cutter.

Few librarians today return to the nineteenth cenrury for adminis-trative theory. Rather we look to Currer for his principles of descrip-tive and subject cataloging and classification withour considering thatthese were merely a part of a total library philosophy. Miksa's brilliantexposition of the "enculturation process" in Cutter's philosophy ofIibrarianship, with cataloging and classification as tools to serve in thatprocess, is vital to our understanding of Curter's purposes. ("Encul-turat ion" as used by Miksa tp.69l is the socio logical ly or ienteddefinition from the Random House Dictionary of the English Langtage:"the process by which a person adapts to a culture and takes on itsvalues.")

The papers on library administration are interesting illustrations ofCutter's philosophy of librarianship in practical applications if we mayinclude his delightful "Buffalo Public Library in 1983" (p.91-96) asIibrary planning. The three papers on book selection address thequestion of fiction in public libraries, a heated controversy of the time,and also reflect his library philosophy.

Edith Scott is the chief of the Cataloging Instruction Office, Library of Congress.

Charles Ammi Cutter I 365

Miksa's selections from Cutter's writ ings on cataloging are those"that are essential to an understanding of his key ideas" (p.15). Thesection includes manuscript material previously unavailable and sub-stantial excerpts from the four editions of his /?zlas. These latter areespecially valuable for the juxtaposition of the rules for corporate en-try from all four editions. Miksa's commentary on Cutter's principle of"specific entry" in the rules for the subject catalog does much to clar-ify that frequently misapprehended principle. A tantalizing footnote(n.67, p.73) seems to promise further explication of its more difficultaspects in, we hope, a forthcoming publication.

The section on classification includes papers on Cutter's book-numbering scheme, the classification system developed at the BostonAthenaeum, and his Expansive Classification. Most of these key papersare not otherwise readily available.

The ten-page section of nonlibrary material consists mostly of travelsketches and letters. The two exceptions are a note, "On Statistics andRemarriage," and a letter on his plans for the future written to R. R.Bowker a few months before his death. Except for the final letter, thissection has little to distinguish Cutter the person from other culturedbut slightly pedantic librarians of the late nineteenth century. It is toobad that Nina Browne's portrayal of the great "Library Systematizer"as an enthusiastic cakewalk dancer2 was out of scope for this volume.

The thirty-four-page bibliography of Cutter's writ ings that com-pletes the work is especially valuable in that Miksa has identified andinc luded so many of Cut ter 's anonymous works which otherwisewould be lost. The whole volume is, in short, an invaluable addition tothe literature on cataloging and classification. It should foreclose anyfurther invoking of Cutter's name without an understanding of hisreal meaning.

l .

REFERENcES

Charles Ammi Cutter, Charles Ammi Cutter: Library Systematizer, ed. Francis L. Miksa,The Heritage of Librarianship Series (Littleton, Colo : Libraries Unlimited, 1977),34ap, ISBN 0-87287 -112-6.

Nina E. Browne, "Reminiscences of the First Library School of Columbia University,1887-89," New Yorh Libraies l5:165 (Feb. 1937).

366 I

Microform Advertising

Morgoret M. Byrnes

In this article the author summarizes the actiuities of the RTSD Micropub'lishing Committee Ad Hoc Subcommittee on the Mbnitoring of MicroformAduertising. Beginning in January 1977, subcommittee members com|aredthe a.d,aerlising of eighty-four American publishers, including all of the najormicroform producers, against a chechlist of elements derived from the Amer-ican National Standard for the Advertising of Micropublications. Re-spor$es were receiued from 64 percent of the companies eualualed, all express-ing appreciation for the subcommittee's effort. The subcommittee ako draftedsample microform replacement guid,elines and, circulated, them to ten micropub-lishers for comment. After resolaing that a follou-up study be conducted in1982, the Micropublishing Committee dissolued the subcommittee in January1979. Comments are requested from microforms acquisitions and selectionlibrarians regarding the quality of the prornotional materiak they receiae sothat the resulx of the subcommittee's efforts can be more accurately assessed.

A,rqursrs FoR THE PURCHASE of library materials in microform can

rarely be processed in a routine manner. When given only a pYq-lisher's brochure from which to order a microform collection, acquisi-tions librarians often find themselves confronted with a number of un-answered questions. Before an intell igent selection decision can bemade, addiiional details about the microform collection under consid-eration must first be ascertained. Factors such as film type and polar-

reels, fiche, or cartridges included in the advertised collection, plan-ning for storage cabinets cannot be done. If information such as theabove does not appear in the brochures and catalogs, time-consumingcorrespondence between library and micropublisher must take placebefore a purchase request can be approved.

Margaret M Byrnes is head of the Microform Reading Room, Harlan Hatcher Gradu-

ate Library, The University of Michigan. She was a member of the subcommittee that

conducted the survey described here. Manuscript received and accepted for publication

January 1980.

Microform Aduertising / 367

For all the above reasons and because many of the microform col-lections being offered today require a considerable portion of a li-brary's budget, it has become especially important that those consider-ing purchase of such materials be as well informed as possible. In re-sponse to this need, the RTSD Resources Section MicropublishingCommittee appointed an Ad Hoc Subcommittee on the Monitoring ofMicroform Advertising (SCOMMA) in July 1976. Its function was toencourage publishers of microform materials to observe, where prac-tical, ANSI Standard 239.76-1575, American National Standard for theAduertising of Micropublications.r The standard enumerates elementsthat should appear in the brochures and catalogs of any organizationthat offers microforms for sale.

The subcommittee was comprised of chairman E. Dale Cluff andmembers William Allan, Margaret Byrnes, Jack Pontius, and PatriciaSilvernail. Beginning in January 1977, advertising l iterature was re-quested from a total of 149 micropublishers. Of these, 74 percent re-sponded. By the end of 1978, the brochures of eighty-four publishers,including all of the major microform producers, had been comparedagainst a checklist derived from the ANSI standard. Evaluative Ietterswere sent to each, drawing the publisher's attention to the existence ofthe standard and suggesting elements that might be included in futureadvertising. In a few cases, SCOMMA members merely expressedappreciation for the thoroughness of the information provided in thepublisher's l i terature and emphasized the importance of continuingcurrent practices.

Responses to the evaluations were received from fifty-four micro-publishers. Almost without exception, they were appreciative of thesubcommittee's efforts. Ninety-three percent of those responding indi-cated that they either had already begun to incorporate elements ofthe new standard into their advertising or that they intended to do soin the near future. Typical comments included:

Many, many thanks for your interest and especially for taking so much timeto write to us. Because I design and write the promotion and marketing, I amgrateful for any feedback that will sell our products better.I am extremely appreciative of the detailed examinatibn that you made of ourwork, and I hope that within the year, the advertising will be in conformitywith the ANSI standard.Again, I appreciate receiving your comments. It's always nice to know thatsomebody out there cares. We'll certainly use your evaluation form in futureto check the quality of our advertising information.

Most of the letters sent out by the subcommittee specifically ad-dressed the final element in the ANSI advertising standard, the com-pany's product guarantee and replacement policy. In many cases, nostatement as to the company's willingness to replace defective micro-forms appeared in the promotional literature; many of those that didappear needed elaboration. Knowledge of a company's replacementpolicy is an especially important element in the decision to purchase aparticular microform collection since most libraries do not have the

368 I tibrary Resources U Technical Setttices' Fall 1980

staff needed to inspect with care large microform shipments upontheir arrival and problems are often not discovered until the materialsare actually used. Since use might not take place until months afterthe microforms were received in the library, the publisher's replace-ment or guarantee policy could have a significant impact on the li-brary's budget.

Twenty-eight percent of the micropublishers who responded to thesubcommittee's letters explained or elaborated upon their company'sreplacement policies. Comments received included the following:

Our guarantee/replacement policy is in the hands of our subscribers. We willreplace whatever they feel needs to be replaced.

I think the most honest way to approach the matter of defective fiche is thatif there is a reasonable doubt with regard to whose fault it might be, mostmicropublishers will replace the microfiche free of charge.

I will try to include a policy statemen[ regarding imperfect or damaged-in-shipment microforms in the next revised version of these promotional pieces.

In response to the need expressed by some micropublishers to de-velop a formal policy statement that could be routinely included inthei r adver t is ing, the subcommit tee draf ted sample replacementguidelines and sent them to ten micropublishers for comment. Oneresponded by congratulating the subcommittee for formulating theguidelines and suggesting that they should become a standard for themicropublishing industry.

Based on the volume and positive tone of the responses receivedfrom the micropublishers, SCOMMA members rated their project asuccess. One member expressed confidence that the effort would re-sult in a greater awareness of and compliance with the advertisingstandard even by companies that did not respond to the letters thesubcommittee wrote. All believed that the information provided tomicropublishers during the course of the project will ultimately benefitlibrary and publishing communities alike. In terms of furthering com-munication between the two groups, the subcommittee's efforts werejudged to have been extremely worthwhile.

Its function having been accomplished, the Ad Hoc Subcommitteeon the Monitoring of Microform Advertising was dissolved in January1979. At that time, the Micropublishing Committee resolved that a fol-low-up study be conducted in 1982. Acquisitions librarians and selec-tors involved with microform materials are encouraged to communi-cate with the Micropublishing Committee on the quality of the adver-tising they are currently receiving so that the impact of the subcom-mittee's efforts can be more accurately assessed. Comments should besent to the Micropublishing Committee chairman, John Webb, OregonState Library, Salem, OR 97310.

RETERENcE

l. American National Standards Institute, American National Slandard for the Aduertisingof Micropublicarioru, ANSI 239.76-1975 (New York: American National Standards In-s t i t u t e .1975 ) .

I 369

Coronqdo's RqtionqlClqssificqtion System

Robert D. Rodriguez

Francisco de Paula Coronado (1870-1946) deueloped a clossification slstem

for the Natiorml Library of Cuba when be became director of the library in1920. Based on a simple euolutionary mctd.el, Coronado's syslem, which hecalled "Rational Classif.cation System," was entire\ deriuatiue and neuerattracted much interest.

VY seN FRANCtsco DE PAULA ConoNeoo (1870-1946), essayist, his-

l ibraries, most of them with collections of less than one thousandvolumes, employed arbitrary book arrangements grown haphazardlyover time and reflecting the idiosyncrasies of their part-t ime, usuallyvolunteer l ibrarians. Only with the development of Havana's Munici-pal Library and the Library of the University of Havana in the 1920sand '30s and the first formal instruction of librarians in the late '30s

did the professionalization of l ibrarianship in Cuba begin, and, conse-quently, was attention paid to l ibrary cataloging and classification.Coronado's efforts pioneered this interest in Cuba.

In an essay written in 1936-in fact, his only written documentationof his system-Coronado told of his efforts to conceive a new clas-sification system for the National Library.t In order to establish a trulyscientific system, wrote Coronado, he diligently studied:

the classifications of Dewey, or Decimal, of Cutter, or Expansive, of Brown, orSubject, and those adopted by the libraries of Congress in Washington, of theBrit ish Museum in London, and the National Library in Paris, as well as tak-ing into account the helpful advice found in the better treatises on library

Robert D. Rodriguez is an assistant catalog librarian, Fkrrida International University,Miami. Manuscript received June 1980; accepted for publication July 1980' This articleis, after the first two paragraphs, a close paraphrase of Coronado's explication of his

classification system. The terminology and sense intended by Coronado have been re-

tained in order to preserve the hisiorical accuracy of the article and the accuracy of

translation.

370 I Library Resources U Technital Sentices' Fall 1980

economy, such as Delisle, Graesel, Maire, Cim, Fumagall i, Ricardson [sic],Sayers, Bostwick, Bacon, Savage, Birkenmajer, etc., and the above-mentionedDewey, Cutter and Brown. The classification we composed we have called"Rational."2

Coronado's Rational Classification System was based on a purely evo-lutionary model, with subject categories identif ied in the order inwhich they arose historically or have occurred in human thought orreasoning (hence, "rational"). The first category had to be an excep-tion for works such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, etc.(General Works), and books with no particular subject designation,which Coronado calls polygraphy, in the sense of varied or miscel-laneous writings. Successive categories are true subjects.

Since the earth is the fundamental aspect of man's experience,Coronado begins with studies and descriptions of the earth (Geographyand Trauel), followed by studies and descriptions of rr'an (Anthropology).Narration of collective and individual experiences of man (History) fol-lows logically. History is a vast field for the collocation of books, andis, therefore, divided into four categories: ancil lary fields such aspaleography, epigraphy, numismatics, and heraldry (Auxiliary Sciencesof History), and then histories of the world, America, and Cuba, thelatter two subjects specific to the needs of the National Library.

Man's first need was to eat and sustain himself (Agriculture), andafter satisfying his physical needs man turned to the higher needsborn of observation of the world and self (Philosophy). His introspec-tion on the natural led to a consideration of the divine (Religion). Sinceman is a social being, his first expression in the context of society wasthrough language (Philology), which, refined and developed, yieldedwriting (Literature). Maintenance of health, preservation of l i fe, andthe means for both followed (Medicine\, and the need for similarmaintenance or preservation of social order led to rules and codes ofbehavior (Law). Satisfied with basic physical needs, man expressed hiscreativity in the plastic arts and in music, song, and dance (Fine Arts).

In order to transmit all this accumulated knowledge and wisdom,primitive man had to instruct. his progeny (Education); future discover-ies or investigations led to science (General Sciences). Modern man ap-plied the principles of science to collective life in its various aspects(Social, Political, and Econontic Sciences) and was able to use these princi-ples to transform nature to benefit his own activities (Technology). Ofcourse, science and technology were applied not only to beneficent hu-man needs but also to warfare (Military and Naual Science).

The two parts of the last class of subjects are Bibliography andLibrary Economy.

All human knowledge is preserved in books, and books transmit knowledgefrom person to person and, over time, from generation to generadon. Bookshave their science (Bibliography). Finally, books are preserved in libraries, towhich those who desire to read them go. There is also a science of librarieswhich teaches how books are organized, how they are ordered, how they canbe more useful (Library Economy).3

Coronado's Rational Classification I 37 |

Thus the scheme Coronado proposed was outlined as follows.

SUBJECTSA General Works. Polygraphy.B Geography and Travels. Anthropology.D Auxiliary Sciences of History.E Universal History.F History of America.G History of Cuba.H Agriculture.

J Philosophy. Religion.K Philology.L Literature.M Medicine.N Law.O Fine Arts.x

a Education.R General Sciences.T Social, Political, and Economic Sciences.V Technology.Y Military and Naval Sciences.Z Bibliography. Library Economy.

Coronado notes that each of the subjects would be further divided,with subjects indicated by capital letters, classes or categories of sub-jects by lowercase letters, and subclasses by arabic numbers, the entirecombination of assigned letters and numbers being a "signature."Expansion of specific subjects could be accommodated by adding su-perscripts to the representative capital letters, e.g., Ar, At, At; by du-plicating letters, e.g., AA, BB, CC; or by combining capitals, e.g., A,AB, AC, AD. Coronado preferred the first and third alternatives, usedat the National Library at Paris and the Library of Congress, respec-tively.

After some subjects, Ietters are skipped (such as after H for Agricul-ture), because it was anticipated that the National Library's holdings ofbooks and materials on Cuba would increase more rapidly in theseareas and the reserved letter could be used for classifying works onCuba.

Coronado's system is almost entirely derivative, from its simplisticeVolutionary model and selection of topics to the general order of thesubjects and the use of "signatures." Yet for the National Library,already the object of public indifference and official neglect,a Corona-do's efforts were to have a salutary effect, as well as for Cuban librar-ianship as a whole. When Jorge Aguayo, assistant director of the Li-brary of the University of Havana, introduced American Library Asso-ciation cataloging principles and translated Library of Congress sub-ject headings in the late 1930s, and Jos6 Antonio Ramos, technical

xThe chart in Coronado's article erroneously repeats "Derecho" but is here corrected.

372 I Library Resources U Techniral Seruices' FalI 1980

justifying his own appropriation of the name applied, ironically, to hisown: "It gained no adherents and was soon forgotten."s

REFERENCES

l. Francisco Paula de Coronado, "La Clasificaci6n de nuestra Biblioteca Nacional," Rr-

uista Bibliogrdf.ca Cubana l:ll-16 (enerefeb. 1936). Translations from the Spanish

are by the author.l b id . , p .12 .Ib id . , p .14 .Emilio Setien, "El desarollo de la Biblioteca Nacional durante 75 afros y su influencraen el movimiento bibliotecario del pais," Reuista de la Biblioteca NaeionaL Josl Martil9:59-94 (enereabr. 1977).

5. Coronado, "La Clasificaci6n," p.16.

2.3 .

+ .

I 373

Morgoret Mqnn Citotion, | 980:Peler R. lewis

preparation of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition.

Libram Resources U Technical Seruices'Fall 1980

Peter R. lewis

J. C. Downing

The recipient of this year's Margaret Mann award can justifiably beregarded as an admirable representative of British librarianship. Hehas served in all elements of library practice-public, academic, andspecial-besides serving an interesting stint as lecturer in library stud-ies at Queen's University of Belfast in Northern lreland. Throughouthis varied career he has shown great interest in the ever-changing na-ture of library and information services.

The accumulation of interest and experience has resulted in hisbeing offered two positions of considerable significance in the affairsof the l ibrary profession in the Uni ted Kingdom. Both of theseappointments he has accepted at a point when each responsibility washeavily loaded with a variety of problems. Toward the end of 1979 hewas appointed director-general of the Bibliographic Services Divisionof the British Library. And as a long-serving member of its council hewas elected honorarv rreasurer oflhe (Br-itish) Library Association.Each appointment indicates the measure of confidence placed in himby his administrative peers and professional colleagues.

Such positions are not attained, nor enjoyed, without deep thoughtupon professional matters. The choice of Peter Lewis indicates a rec-ognised ability to give sound advice based on reliable judgement, tem-pered by an ability to supply results at a preappointed time. The longlist of official positions, national and international, and the extensivelist of bibliographical references has in no way forced him to operateat a purely superficial level.

To most librarians in North America he will be known as chairper-son of the Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of AACR. a posi-tion which, despite all subsequent arguments about AACR 2, led tothe clearly determined objective of a unified code of rules represent-ing the best American and British practice, while thoroughly reflectingthe international developments that have taken place since the pub-lication of AACR I in 1967. The preparation of AACR 2 is undeni-ably an essential element in the integration of cataloguing practicethroughout the English-speaking world.

Lewis commenced his professional career in Brighton Public Li-brary, Sussex, in 1948 at the age of twenty-two, having served in H.M.Forces in England, India, and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) during the SecondWorld War. He remained in public libraries, moving to Plymouth andChester. unti l 1955. From thence. unti l 1965, he worked in the Li-

J. C. Downing is director of Copyright and English Language Services, BibliographicServices Division, The British Library.

Mann Citation I 375

brary of the Board of Trade (now the Department of Industry). Herehe came under the influence of one of the most energetic and enthu-siastic of British librarians, Ken Mallaber, amongst the first profes-sionally qualified librarians to take charge of a government library.

It was as head of Bibliographic Services at the departmental head-quarters library from 1959 to 1965 that he became deeply interestedin bibliographic disciplines, becoming a member of the Library Asso-ciation's Descriptive Cataloguing Rules Sub-Committee, the work ofwhich culminated in the British text of AACR l. At this time consider-able interest in cataloguing matters was being revived in the UnitedKingdom. From the meetings and seminars held to discuss prospectiveprovisions of AACR I arose the wish to create a Cataloguing and In-dexing Group within the Library Association, with Lewis valiantlyserving as founding editor of the group's periodical Catalogue andIndex.

In 1969 he was appointed chairman of the Library Association'sCataloguing Rules Committee and in that year he made his first visitto the United States, attending ALA Annual Conference in AtlanticCity. He also served as Brit ish representative at the InternationalMeeting of Cataloguing Experts in Copenhagen in the same year. [twas at this meeting that an international standard bibliographic de-scription was proposed, which later developed into a series of stan-dards related to all forms of documentary record. Lewis' own interestin audiovisual media led to his leaving the chairmanship of the Cata-loguing Rules Sub-Committee in 1973 to become chairman of the asso-ciation's Media Cataloguing Rules Committee, which was responsiblefor producing the so-called LANCET rules.

During this period Lewis moved from his lecturer's post in North-ern lreland to become Iibrarian of The City University, London,where he remained until 1972 when he was appointed librarian of theUniversity of Sussex. He was now working within almost a stone'sthrow of his first library post at Brighton Public Library.

The years since have seen him participating in an ever-expandingrange of international, national, and academic library affairs. Besidesthe succession of visits to North America for meetings of JSCAACRhe has visited Greece to advise on academic libraries at the request ofthe British Council. He has been deeply involved in the affairs of theLibrary Association, serving on many committees concerned with bib-Iiographic, academic, and general subjects. He is a member of theeditorial boards of the Journal of Documentation and the Library Associa-tion Record.

He has served the Brit ish Library as an independent advisor onmatters of cataloguing, classification, and indexing, as well as an activemember of committees and working parties of the Standing Councilon National and Universitv Libraries (SCONUL).

All this time he has maintained a regular interest in professionaleducation, first as an examiner in bibliography for the Library Asso-ciation's own curriculum, and later as an assessor at several library

376 I Library Resources €l Technical Sentices . Falt 1980

schools, before finally taking over the chairmanship of the Board ofFellowship of the Library Association.

In writing this short biography it is difficult to represent compre-hensively the many facets of Peter Lewis' professional career. Besidesall his interests and activities he contributes to a happy home life inthe delightful Sussex village of Hurstpierpoint. Here his wife, June, inaddition to attending to the needs of Tim, their son (now attendingCambridge), and Kate, their teenage daughter, works in the localbranch of the county library.

I 377

Esther J. Piercy Awclrd, | 980:Noncy B. Olson

The 1980 Esfher J. Piercy Award is giuen to Nancl B. Oko.n in recognition of

her outstand,ing firomise'for continulng contribution to library technical ser-

ulces.

loseph Z. Nitethi, Estlnt J. Piero Au'rtxl Jury Clnir' 1979-80' u'ith

Pietrr Aunnl recipierft

Nnrrrl B. 0Lson, 1980

378 I Library Resources El Technical Seruices. Fall 1980

Noncy B. Olson

Fronk Birminghom ond Doris Pogel

During the ten years in which Nancy Olson has been in the libraryprofession, her influence has been felt positively and extensively notonly in general ways by her colleagues in Minnesota but also in spe-cific ways by technical services librarians throughout the country. Hercomputer-generated Combined Indexes to the Library of Congress Classifica-tion Schedules and her indexes to the Library of Congrus Cataloging Ser-uice Bulletin have made easier and more efficient the work of technicalservices librarians. As a national authority on audiovisual catalogingand the use of OCLC and an excellent teacher. Olson has shared herknowledge with hundreds of librarians who have participated in herworkshops conducted at Mankato State University and throughout thenation. She has continually given of her time and talent to profession-al organizations, especially a^t the -state level, and because of her broadinterests in many aspects of the library profession and her common-sense judgments, she has assisted the organizations in moving forwardand upward.

A native of lowa, Olson graduated with a B.S. degree from IowaState University at Ames in 1957. During the ensuing years she taughtscience and mathematics at intervals in high schools in Iowa and Ne-braska, but mainly occupied herself with being a full-t ime wife andmother. She returned to the academic setring as a graduate student atMankato State University in Minnesota in 1969 and also served as agraduate assistant in the technical services area of the university's li-brary at that time. Upon receiving the master of science degree with amajor in library science in 1970, Olson joined the faculty of the uni-versity as a full-time cataloger. She has remained in technical servicessince, but. her change in duties is reflected in the titles she has held atvanous t rmes: nonpr int cata loger , book cata log l ibrar ian, systemsanalyst, and audiovisual cataloger.

Olson's enthusiasm for learning led her to continue formal study inthe areas of computer science, systems, and audiovisual materials afterreceiving the master's degree. Armed with a spirit of innovation andwith a knowledge of and pride in solid cataloging principles, Olsonreadily and easily, but soundly, integrated emerging cataloging con-cepts with the new technology to produce model processes, indexes,and catalogs. She designed, developed, and produced the first comput-er-generated book catalogs utilized at Mankaro State University. Pro-duced during lgTl-73, they were periodical and serial catalogs andsubject, title, series, and producer indexes to the institution's motionpicture, play, and curriculum guide collections.

In retrospect it is amazing that cataloging librarians had ro wair so

Frank Birmingham and Doris Pagel are staff members, Library Media Education, Man-kato State University.

Piercy Award I 379

Railway Association. This summer her first textbook will be published.It wil l concern the cataloging of audiovisual materials according toAACR 2.

In Minnesota not only has she conducted many workshops but shealso has been highly instrumental in organizing workshops and other

continuing educition opportunities fbr librarians to become informed

office of the association. The election can be interpreted as illustratingthe high degree of respect and esteem she enjoys among her library

380 / tibrary Resources €l Technical Seruices . Fall l9g0

/ 3 8 1

RS Publicqtion Awqrd, | 980:

Chqrles B. Osburn

The Resources Section selected Charles B. Osburn as the recipient of its Pub-

terns in America (Westport, Conn.: Greenuood Pr., 1979).

Fr,nt lelt kt riglt: Williant A. G|sling, tl ' l-SD Prtsilent; 1979-30; lean R H.anlirt, 117'Sl) lir'-

sources'sectirrt'Chnir, ].979-30; t:tri.r'ks a. Osburn, 1980 R'I'SD Resources Setlutn Publiatiott

Au, t t td tecip ier t t ; nnd Murcin I Parthnhe, R' l 'sD Rcnurres sert iot t Publkat ion Au'anl . lury

Chah .1979 -80

382 I

Fr<>m: Hans H. wcllisch, a.ssociale professor, college o/ Library and Inlormtttionsen' ires; unit ,ersiu:t Maryland.-B.th the heading and rhe c.nrent ' i 'Joan E.M.unt 's art icle "Demise ' f ' a classif ied catalogue: Vict im of progress" ?" (Lr-brarl Resources €l rechnical Sen'ices 23:422-2b, rall 1979) are sad?ening eri-dence for the Iact that after almost half 'a century of ' theoretical writ ingsibout

roper mode o1' working are apparentlyd by North American l ibrarians. WhatI and abandoned was by n() stretch ()f 'Lnd i t seems that rather t lran being aeptirude and ignorance, to judge f iomrl knowledgc ol ' rhe caralog-described).make, nor should alphabetical indexes

ver be mixed up inro a combined al-

addition the classiricarion scheme,,r..it,r't3l?ri#"1 iilX?:';3,1f;,lt #sured, because that classif icat ion scheme was never designed to serve u. u .r.r-tat ional de' ice f irr a classif ied catalog, and i ts 'ery strutture makes i t highlytrnsuitable for such a purpose. The-Boston University catalog fai led for"thesame reas()n. This is n()t a cri t iqu_e of ' the LC scheme but rathei one of peopler{h() tr} to use inappropriate tools { irr the execution ol 'a task and then blanrethe tool l{hen the task cannot_be_ accrrmplished. yor-r cann()t expect a screw-driver to rvork well as a chisel, despite iome superf icial similari t ies beru,eerrthe two.

A- p roper ly c .nsr rucred c lass i f ied cara log is indeed an idear re t r ie 'a lmechan ism in b i - and mul t i l i ngua l s i tua t ions ,and thousands o f ' s r rch ca ta logsare- in da i l y use in the L ' .K . , in many European counr r ies , in south Af i i ; ,and . th roughout As ia , w l re re mrr l r i l i ng i ra l popu la t ions make any o ther k ind o1catalog impracticable.

Perhaps the saddest aspect of t l re art icle is the author's l iank admissign thatt l re users w i l l ge t the shor r end o l rhe s t i ck by t l re k ind o f p rosress thar hasbeen made. Th is . howe 'er . d ,es no t seem to d is t r r rb the ' r ib i r ians or .e r lymuch. The main thing is ro run rhe uni 'ersity l ibrary as cheaply as possible,and users be damned. I f ' rhis be progress we might al l be better 'o' f t 'wi ihout i t .

Editor's note: Letters sent to the editor for publication in this column cannot be ac-knowledged, answered individually. or returned' to rhe authors. Whenever space is avail-able in an issue, selected letters will be published, with little or no edit'ing, thoughabridgment may be required. Letters intended for publication should be type? double-spaceo.

Editor. LRTSII4I5 Farmland DriveRockvill€. MD eOBEa

Letters I 383

in KR (Africa) while the ones on Nigerian law could go in KRG (Western

Africa).

KR

M467i

The advantage of this approach is that it will require little or no.erasure of

call numbers if-a hbrary does decide to reclassify as the new schedules become

available. Instead, the class numerics can be inserted where the blank line now

KBL. Even if LC does make some changes from the notation shown in the

outline, the general order should stay the same, and changes- in notation will,

it is to be hoped, be not too different from that proposed in the outline.

From: Jack MiIk, editor, Bliss Bibliographic Classif'cation. [Abridged]--One can

agree wiih almosr everyrhing argued'by tvtiluse Soudek in her article 'On the

ciassification of psychology*in fenerai library classification schemes' (LRTS

384 / Library Resources €l Technical Seruices. Fall 1980

Spring 1980). But why, oh why is there no mention of the new edition of theBliss Bibliographic Classification? The latter has already published its newClass I Psychology and psychiatry (London, Butterworth, 1978) and virtuallyevery criterion for an adequate classification of psychology posited in the arti-cle is fully met by it.

Although the Psychology class in BCI was decidedly superior to the anti-quated offerings of DC and LC (and the contribution to it of Loutitt, whomSoudek quotes extensively, must have had a lot to do with this) it too sufferedthe central theoretical defect of those other systems in that it lacked a rigor-ous analytical basis and consequently failed to give clear and comprehensiverules for the consistent placing of complex subjects (let alone provide a spe-cific notation by which to represent them).

BC2, which is a very radical and comprehensive revision indeed, remediesthis central defect. As a completely analytico-synthetic classification it meetsexactly Austin's cr i ter ion, commended by Soudek, in that ". . .any compoundsubject, however complex, can be broken down into its separate components,or facets, and these can be reorganized consistently into a standard pattern byreference to a general decision-making model".

The Psychology class, like every other classboth concept

The Psychology class, like every other class in BC2, is completely faceted,th conceptually (i.e. the vocabulary is organized comprehensively into cate-

gorles and sub categones accordrng to strlctly observed classificatory princi-ples) and notationally (i.e. all compound classes, reflecting two or more facetsor subfacets, can be given a precise classmark). It may be noted also that read-ers who associate faceted notation with the complexities of UDC or Colon arein for an agreeable surprise when they find that BCZ classmarks are invari-ably, for the degree of specifity they achieve, briefer that DC or LC class-marks; e.g. Affective psychology lF; Child psychology IM; Social psychologyIN; Psychiatry IRG; Group therapy ISW; Schizophrenia IVN. Of course,highly complex subjects get considerably larger classmarks. But these are in-variably much briefer than equivalent classmarks in UDC (which can often,but not always, match BC2 in specifity) and incomparably briefer than DC orLC if only because these schemes are quite incapable of such precision. Anexample from the Introducrion to Class I is: "Mother and two-year olds: astudy of sex-differentiated aspects of verbal interaction" IMN MMW ORK Q;this classmark represents the ful l subject exactly, formed by a synthesis ofbasic classmarks IMN (Two-year olds) IMM W (Mother-chi ld relat ion) IOR(verbal interaction) IKQ sexes.

Two further substantial advantages may be claimed for BC2. Firstly, its ex-cellent overall order; e.g., Psychology follows Human biology and is fbllowedby Education and Social sciences-a logical and helpful collocation based onBliss's 'gradation in specialty'. Secondly, it provides a number of carefully de-signed alternative treatments so that a library or special collection can adapt itto a special viewpoint if need be (e.g., psychoanalysis may be distributed bysubordination to the specific psychological problem such as Personality, orcollected). . . .

From: Milwe Soudeh, associate professor, Uniuersity Libraries, Northern lllinoisUniuersity.* [Abridged]-As indicated in his letter ro the ediror, J. Mills consid-ers the Psychology class in the first edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classifica-

*The editor invited the author to reply to J. Mills' letrer This is her response. Itshould be noted that M. Soudek's paper was submitted to this journal in October 1978,while the second edition of Class I was not available in the United States until Novem-ber 1978.

Letters I 385

tion "superior to the antiquated offerings of DC and LC." I concur with thisstatement. In my article . . . I expressly mentioned that, in comparison toother major classification systems, "only in the Bibliographic Classification ofH. E. Bliss are psychological sciences treated as a main class, close to biologi-cal, anthropological and social sciences." (p. I la) I could not, however, specif-ically mention the new Class I: Psychology, Psychiatry (2d ed., London: But-terworth, 1978) because at the time of my writing it was not yet available.

386 /

For the Record

Bylows of theResources ond Technicol Services Division

APPRovED Atr,ttN Dlr,ttNrs

The fol lowing amendments wereapproved at the membership meetingon June 30, 1980. I tal ics indicate thechanges.

Art icle V. Meetings

Sec. 4. Votes by Mail. [Last paragraph] Inthe case of a vote by mail the Board ofDirectors may designate publication ofthe ballot or questions submitted in the

RTSD Neusletter or in the official journal

o f t h e D i v i s i o n a s l h e a p p r o P r i a t emethod of submitting the matter to themembers for their determination.

Article XIV. Notice by Mail

Pub l i ca t i on o f no t i ces i n t he / i fSDNeusletler or in the journal of the Divisionor the Association shall be considered suf-ficient to fulfill the requirement of noticeby mail.

Preseryolion of Librory Moteriqls Section Bylows

The bylaws adopted by the Pres-ervation of Library Materials Sectionwere approved a t the membersh ipmeeting on June 30, 1980, with theeditorial changes in Article V, Sec. 4,l a s t p a r a g r a p h , a n d A r t i c l e X I Vnecessary to make the section bylaws

cons is ten t w i th the amendments tothe division bylaws approved at thesame meeting. See Library Resources elTechnical Seruices 24: 182-86 (Spring1980) fo r the tex t o f the by lawsadopted by the section.

I 387

lndex

Volume 24, l98O

Compiled by Edword Swqnson

General Procedures Used in Compiling the Index

The fol lowing types of entr ies are included:a. authors-of art icles. letters. and reviewsb. titles-of articles. books reviewed, and articles about which let-

ters were publishedc. subjects of art iclesSubject entries for individuals are identified by "(about)"; reviews

are identi f ied by "(r)"; letters are identi f ied by "(c)."

Numbers are arranged before alphabetical characters; acronymsare arranged as words.

Paging of Volume 24

Pages l-96 : Number I (Winter 1980)Pages 97-192 : Number 2 (Spring l9tt0)Pages 193-304 : Number 3 (Summer 1980)Pases 305-400 : Number 4 (Fal l l9U0)

"1978 Library Microfilm Rates," 164-69

A

"AACR I as Applied by Research Librar-i es t o De te rm ine En t r y and Head -ings," 25-43

Academic LibrariesGifts and Exchanges, 155-63

Acquisitions SystemsManagement,3SV2

"Adapt ing an Exist ing Oard Catalog toAACR 2." 209-13

Anglo-American Cataloging Rzles, lst ed.,2543

Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed.,3 -16 , 69 -70 , 209 -13 , 214 - t 6 ,217 -22,276-77

Avedon. Don M.. 325-28

B

Bibliographic Networks, 226-29Birmingham, Frank, 378-80Book Catalogs, 325-60Braden, Sally, 135-54Bri t ton, Helen H., 135-54Broadus. Robert N.. 317-24

Bruer, J. Michael, 33942Brynteson, Susan, 84 (c)Byrnes, Margaret M., 36ffi8Byrum, John D., 25-43

c

Card Catalogs, 209-13Revisions to Headings, 64-68Standards,69-70

Catalog DepartmentsOrganization, 135-54

CatalogersEducation, 343-5 1

Cataloging. Sez Descr ipt ive Cataloging;Subject Cataloging

"Ca ta l og ing Adm in i s t r a to r s ' V i ews on

Cataloging Education," 343-5 I

CatalogsConf l ic ts in Headings, 3-16See ako Book Catalogs; Card Catalogs;

COM Catalogs"Chang ing f r om Sea rs t o LC Sub jec t

Headings," 361-63Charles Ammi Cutter: Librarl Systematizer

364-65 (r)

Clack, Doris Hargrett, 23546Classification, 237-39

388 | Library Resources €l Technical Services. Fail 1980

Coronado, 369-72Dewey Decimal, 99-106, I 14-28Library of Congress, I l.+-28, l2S-34Rider International, 106-1 3Special subjects: Law, I29-34; psycholo-

gy, t14-28"Collection Development and Preservadon

in 1979," 247-73Collver, Mitsuko, 307-16COM Catalogs,222-23"A Computer -Produced Ser ia ls Book

Catalog with Automatically GeneratedIndexes," 352-60

coNSER,278-79"Copjng with Subject Heading Changes,"

6.+-68, 29.+-95 (c)Coronado, Francisco de Paula, Z69-72

(about)"Coronado's Rational Classif icat ion Sys-

tem," 369-72Corporate Authors, 195-208Custer, Benjamin A., 99-106, 297Cutter, Charles Ammi, 364-65 (r)

D

Decimal Classif icat ion Editorial pol icyCommittee, 179-80

"Demise o f a C lass i f ied Cata log" (Fa l l1979) ,382 (c )

Descriptive Cataloging, 217 -34Dewey, Melvil, 99-106 (about)Dewey Decimal Classification. Sez (Classifi-

cation, Dewey DecimalDowning, J. C.,374-76

E

Emory University, 209-l 3"The Essentials or Desiderata of the Bib-

l iographic Record as Discovered byResearch" tFal l t979;, 295-96 (c)

Exchanges. See Gifts and Exchanges" A n E x t e n d e d R e v i e w o f p R E , C l S "

(Spring 1979), 8a-86 (c)

F

"False Economy; or, Saborage ar the Cata-log!" 69-70, 296 (c)

F o r d , B r u c e E . 2 1 4 - 1 6"Fremont R ider and H is In te rna t iona l

Classification," I 06-l 3

Glasby, Dorothy 1., 27a-82

H

Hal l , John D., 135-54Heynen, Jeffrey, 58-63Hoffman, Herbert H., 296 (c)Hopkins, Judith, 383 (c)

I

"An In-Depth Collection Evaluation at theUn i ve rs i t y o f Man i t oba L i b ra r y , "329-38

Indexing, 24142"Interfacing a Local System with OCLC"

(Spr ing 1979), 84 (c)"International Micrographics Standards,"

58-63In te rna t i ona l O rgan i za t i on f o r S tan -

da rd i za t i on . Techn i ca l Commi t t eel7 l : Micrographics, 58-63

Iowa State University, 352-60

J

J6rmy, Imre T., 164-69

K

K l i n e , P e g g y S , 2 0 9 - 1 3Knox College, 129-34Kovacic, Mark, 155-63

L

LawClassification. 129-34

Lewis, Peter R., 373-76 (about)Library Collections

Evaluation, 329-3flUse Studies, 317-24

"Library Microfilm Rates," 164-69Library of Congress. Decimal Classi f ica-

tion Division, 99-106L ib ra r y o f Cong ress C lass i f i ca t i on . See

Classification, Library of CongressLibrary of Congress Subject Headings. See

Subject Headings, L ibrary of Con-gress

"The L i f e and Dea th (? ) o f Co rpo ra teAuthorship," 195-208

Lotka's Law, 3-16

M

Magrill, Rose Mary, 44-57,247-73"Managemen t I n f o rma t i on Aspec t s o f

Au toma ted Acqu i s i t i ons Sys tems , "33942

G

Gates, Barbara A., 17-24Gifts and Exchanges, 155-63"Gif ts and Exchanges in U.S. Academic

Libraries," 155-63

Microfi lm, Vesicular, 325-28"Microform Advertising," 366-68Microforms. 283-90

Advertising, 366-68Prices,164-69Standards, 58-63

"Mic rograph ics , Reprography , andGraphic Communications in 1979,"283-93

Miksa, Francis L., 364-65 (r)Mills, Jack, 383-84 (c)Milstead, Jessica L., lTtt-?8"The More Practical Microfilm-Vesicu-

lar," 325-28

N

National Library of Cuba, 369-72National Periodicals Center, 254-55, 280-

8 l"Natural Versus Inverted Word Order in

Subject Headings," 174-78"New Attempts to Resolve Old Conflicts,"

2t4-16Nisonger, Thomas E., 329-38Norie, Elisabeth, 69-70

o

ocLC. t35-54.220-27Olson, Nancy B., 377-80 (about)"On the Classi f icat ion of Psychology in

Gene ra l L i b ra r y C lass i f i ca t i onSchemes," I l4-28, 383-85 (c)

"Organization of Serials Work for Manualand Automated Systems," 307-16

Osburn, Char les B , 381 (about)

P

Pagel, Doris, 378-80Personal Authors. 3-16. 214-16Pietris, Mary K., 294-95 (c)"A Plain-Let ter Romanizat ion for Rus-

s ian," 170-73Poole. Herbert. 106-13Potter , Wi l l iam Gray, 3-16Preservation of Library Materials, 44-57,

26244Preston, Gregor A., 64-68Psychology

Classification, I l4-28

R

Reprography, 290-9 IResearch Libraries, 25--43Research Libraries Group, 227-28, 255Resources and Technical Services Division

Index I 389

Annual Reports, 1978179, 7 l-83, 179-80

By laws: Proposed amendments , l8 l ;Approved amendments, l8l-82, 386

Micropublishing Committee. Ad HocSubcommittee on the Monitoring ofMicroform Advertising, 366-68

Preservation of Library Materials Sec-t i o n : B y l a w s , 1 8 2 - 8 6 ; B y l a w sapproved, 386

Reynolds, Dennis, 129-34Ricard, Richard J., 2543Rider, Fremont, l0&-13 (about)Rinehart, Constance, 44-57, 217-34RLrN. 227-28. 255Robinson, C. Derek, 8,1-85 (c)Rodriguez, Robert D., 369-72Romanization, 170-73Russian Language, l7O-173Ryans, Cynthia C., 343-51

S

"Sabotage at the Catalog!" 69-70Saffady, William, 283-93Schadlich. Thomas. 36 l-63"A Scheme for the Temporary Classifica-

t ion of Materials on Foreign Law,"129-34, 383 (c)

Scott, Edith, 364-65 (r)Sears List of Subject Headings See Subject

Headings, Sears"Selection for Preservatio n," 44-57Serials,274-82

Catalogs, 352-60Union Lists, 279-80

Serials Departments, 307-l 6"Serials in 1979," 274-82Small, Carolyn, 298 (about)Soudek, Miluse, I 14-28, 384-85 (c)Spalding, C. Sumner, 195-208Spalding, Helen H., 352-60State University of New York at Stony

Brook, 307-16Steyskal, George C., 170-73Studwell , Wil l iam E., 84 (c)Subject Cataloging, 23546

Subj?ct lleadings, 239-41Changes to, 64-6uLibrary of Congress, 17 4-78, 361-63Sears, 36 l-63Word Order, 174-78

"Successful Workshop Planning," l 7-24Superimposition,2543Swanson. Edward. 387-90

T

Taylor, Marion R., 209-13Thorson, Connie Capers, 129-34

390 I Library Resources U Technical Sentices . Fall 1980

"Treatment of People and Peoples in Sub-ject Analysis" (Fal l 1979),294 (c)

U

Unique Serial Identifiers, 277Univers i ty of l l l inois at Urbana-Cham-

paign, 3-16University of Manitoba, 329-38University of Michigan, 4tt-57University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 3-l 6"Use of Al ternat ive Class Numbers for

Bibliography in the Library of Con-gress Classi f icat ion System" (Spr ing1979), 84 (c)

"Use Studies of Library Collections," 317-24

"U t i l i za t i on o f Pe rsonne l and B ib l i o -graphic Resources for Cataloging byOCLC Participating Libraries," 135-54

v

"The View from the Editor's Chair," 99-106

w

Weintraub, D. Kathryn, 85-86 (c)Wellisch, Hans H., 295-96 (c), 382 (c)"When Names Collide," 3-16Woods, Frances B., 298Workshops, l7-24Wright, Wyllis E.,297 (about)

Y

"Year's Work in Descript ive Cataloging:t979," 217-34

"Year's Work in Subject Analysis: 1979,"23546

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A Guide toBritishGovernmentPublications

By Frank Rodgers

This valuable guide presents a broad view of thepublications released by British government depart-ments and related agencies. While the main focus is oncentral departments, liberal interpretation has beenmade of the status of other official and quasi-officialbodies, so as to include many of the committees, boards,councils, and other agencies active as publishers.

Since most libraries arrange non-parliamentary ma-terial by issuing department, A Guide to British Govern-ment Publications uses the publishing activities of gov-crnment departments as its organizational framework.'the book is divided into three sections: Part I containsan introduction to the British Constitution and Govern-nrcnt and to the organization of government publica-tions. Part II examines the publications of Parliament,and Part III, the largest section of the book, detailsthe publications of the various executive agencies.

The principal emphasis of A Guide to British Gov-crnment Publications is on publications currently ap-pearing or recently produced by departments presentlyin existence. Each entry includes a brief account ofthe agency's origins, history, and major changes infunction. xviii, 750p. 1980. (ISBN 0-8242-0617-7).

$35, U.S. and Canada; $40, other countries.

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Gaylordb newest and best.our l98l-82 catalog.

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AACR 2 Wilt AffectYou And Your Library

HERE'S A PRACTICAL APPROACH TOAPPLYING THE COMI]IG CATATOG CHAIIGES. . .

GETfllIG READYFOR AACR 2:THE GATALOGERS GUIDEby oillsta F.B. ]offfiannSchedul€d for publlcatlonS€ptember 1980

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More than l0o pa96 of actual catatogtng examptes showthe rules In acdon. Facstmlt€ flde pag6 are presented wlthlllustratlons of catalog cards whtch compare AACR ,t rul€6wlth AACR 2 rules. wrtften by an experlenced catetoger whoworked on the new rules, thls easy.toread colhpllauon ofcataloglng examples and formats rang6 from books, monGgraphs, and manuscrlpts to s€rlals, souncl recordlngs anclphotographs. Thut tne reader 19 shown spec,flc crtaloglngsolutlons .|s well .|5 AACR 2's generat theory.

chapters on termlnology, rules of punctuaflon, cholce ofe;try and forms of headlngs-aftcng wlth catatoglng atds,resourcB for further Informaflon ancl a checkllst of oolntsto remember-rfiake thls gutde an lmportant reference i|swell a6 a workhg tool

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TrtE JOURNALS AND

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EDITORIAT BOARD - American Library Associationdownloads.alcts.ala.org/lrts/lrtsv24no4.pdf · EDITORIAT BOARD Editor, and Chairperson of the Editoriat Board' ..-.."""" """EI-tznsrrH