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EditorialAnimal Models of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases
Tomohiko Sasase ,1 Fatchiyah Fatchiyah ,2 Katsuhiro Miyajima,3 and Masayo Koide4
1Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Research Center of Smart Molecule of NaturalGenetics Resources, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia3Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan4Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Tomohiko Sasase; [email protected]
Received 10 December 2018; Accepted 10 December 2018; Published 6 January 2019
Copyright © 2019 Tomohiko Sasase et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.
Metabolic syndrome including diabetes and its complica-tions (e.g., obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) arecommon diseases and frequently occur in combination. Theanimal models of metabolic diseases are essential tools toreveal the pathophysiology and provide novel insights todevelop new therapies and drugs. To this day, many animalmodels such as hereditary models, chemical- or diet-induced models, and gene-engineered models have beendeveloped and studied to elucidate molecular mechanismsand functional alterations associated with metabolic diseases.In this special issue, we aimed to provide information onrecent developments on experimental animal models in thisfield and up-to-date information on the pathophysiology,therapeutic drugs/strategies, and diagnosis of metabolicdiseases. Here, we bring together 6 excellent articles relatedto diabetes and related metabolic diseases from all overthe world.
The review article “Focusing on Sodium GlucoseCotransporter-2 and the Sympathetic Nervous System:Potential Impact in Diabetic Retinopathy” by L. Y. Heratet al. comprehensively covers the etiology of diabetic retinop-athy (DR) and highlights novel targets, SGLT2 and thesympathetic nervous system, for the management of thispathology. DR is a serious microvascular complicationobserved in many diabetic patients that can ultimately leadto vision loss. Prevention of DR and other diabetes-relatedmicrovascular complications is a major treatment goal.Today, SGLT2 inhibitors provide a new therapeutic option
to control blood glucose levels and prevent the subsequentdevelopment of diabetic complications in retinal microvascu-lature. This in-time review summarizes current evidence onthe use of SGLT2 inhibitors and identifies gaps that need tobe addressed.
In the article entitled “Spontaneously Diabetic Torii(SDT) Fatty Rat, a Novel Animal Model of Type 2 DiabetesMellitus, Shows Blunted Circadian Rhythms and MelatoninSecretion,” K. Sakimura et al. demonstrate the deficits inthe circadian rhythms and dysregulation of melatonin secre-tion in SDT fatty rat, a new animal model of type 2 diabeticobesity. Since hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulinresistance are all observed in these SDT fatty rats from ayoung age, this exciting new animal model will undoubtedlybe useful for future studies investigating the relationshipbetween deficits in the circadian rhythm and metabolicdysfunction in obese type 2 diabetics.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator released fromvascular endothelial cells and plays a crucial role in vascularhomeostasis. In many cardiovascular diseases and type 2diabetes, NO bioavailability is reduced primarily due toendothelial dysfunction. It is also known that metabolic syn-drome including obesity and glucose tolerance is associatedwith impairment of NO signaling. Dietary supplementationof nitrate is an alternate source of NO when the endothe-lium-dependent, endogenous NO synthesis system iscompromised. V. B. Matthews et al. examined whether thedietary supplementation of nitrate prevents the development
HindawiInternational Journal of EndocrinologyVolume 2019, Article ID 6147321, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6147321
of the metabolic syndrome in mice fed a high-fat diet, in theirpaper “Long-Term Dietary Nitrate Supplementation DoesNot Prevent Development of the Metabolic Syndrome inMice Fed a High-Fat Diet.” The authors also discuss theimportance of short-chain fatty acids in the context ofmetabolic syndrome.
Abnormal platelet function such as platelet hyperreac-tivity and hyperaggregability is commonly observed inmetabolic syndrome. It has been reported that argininesupplementation and aerobic exercise training enhancevascular NO activity, resulting in the inhibition of platelethyperaggregability. However, the mechanisms underlyingthese beneficial effects remain unclear. In the article entitled“Aerobic Training Associated to Arginine SupplementationReduces Platelet Hyperaggregability Collagen-Induced inRats under High Risk to Develop Metabolic Syndrome,”Motta et al. examined the impact of aerobic trainingand/or arginine supplementation on platelet hyperaggreg-ability, inflammatory mediators (i.e., IL-6 and IL-8), serumlipid profile, and serum lipid peroxidation in fructose-administered rats. The authors demonstrate that thecombination of aerobic training and arginine supplemen-tation provides benefit by prevention of collagen-inducedplatelet hyperaggregability and reduction of inflammatorymarkers that are not observed animal groups receivingeither only aerobic training or only arginine supplementa-tion. These findings suggest that the combination of cur-rently available therapeutic options has greater benefit thanmonotherapy to delay the onset of cardiovascular diseasesin patients with metabolic syndrome.
Vanadium derivatives have hypoglycemic effects in ani-mal models and humans. Due to their role on insulin signal-ing and enzymatic processes regulation, these compoundsare clinically used to patients with poorly controlled type 2diabetes. “Vanadyl Sulfate Effects on Systemic Profiles ofMetabolic Syndrome in Old Rats with Fructose-InducedObesity” written by Ortega-Pacheco et al. describes the anti-obese, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects of vanadylsulfate on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in aged rats.In addition to an antiobesity effect in aged obese rats, vanadylsulfate improved insulin sensitivity and oral glucose toler-ance tests in rats with fructose-induced chronic obesity.Vanadyl sulfate may be a valuable therapeutic agent in pre-venting insulin resistance, the development and progressionof obesity, and metabolic syndrome complications in agedpatients with obesity or type 2 diabetes.
N. Babaya et al. demonstrate that NSY-Chr14 is a strep-tozotocin- (STZ-) susceptible chromosome and that theSTZ-susceptible region is located in the distal segment ofNSY-Chr14 in their paper “Verification That Mouse Chro-mosome 14 Is Responsible for Susceptibility to Streptozoto-cin in NSY Mice.” Construction of new congenic strainswill lead to fine mapping and identification of causalvariants of the genes responsible for STZ susceptibilityin the NSY mouse.
We hope these articles bring further light in the researchfield of diabetes and related metabolic diseases and contrib-ute to the development of new therapeutic strategies anddrugs in the future.
Conflicts of Interest
Tomohiko Sasase is an employee of Japan Tobacco Inc.Fatchiyah Fatchiyah has no potential COI to disclose. Katsu-hiro Miyajima has no potential COI to disclose. MasayoKoide has no potential COI to disclose.
Tomohiko SasaseFatchiyah FatchiyahKatsuhiro Miyajima
Masayo Koide
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