Edit Agencies by Country

8/6/2019 Edit Agencies by Country

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edit Agencies by country

[edit ] A

Afghanistan

y President's Office o National Director ate of Security( NDS)

Australia

Main article: List of Australian intelligence agencies

y A ustr alian Security Intelligence Organisation(A SIO)y A ustr alian Secret Intelligence Service(A SIS)

[edit ] B

Bangladesh

y Director ate Gener al of Forces Intelligence(DGFI)y National Security Intelligence( NSI)y Director ate of Military Intelligence(Dte. Mil. Int.)y Director ate of Naval Intelligence(D NI)y Office of A ir Intelligence y C riminal Investigation Department(C ID)y Special Br anch(SB)y R if les Security Unit(R SU)y R a pid A ction Battalion(RA B)

Brazil

y A gncia Br asileir a de Inteligncia (A BI N) (Br azilian IntelligenceA gency)

Brunei

y Internal Security Department(Domestic)y BruneiR esearch Department(International)

Burma

y Bureau Of Special Investigation(BSI)y Military Intelligence(MI)y Special Intelligence Department(Special Br anch)y C riminal Investigation Department(C ID)


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[edit ] C

Canada

y C anadian Security Intelligence Service(C SIS)y C ommunications Security EstablishmentC anada (C SEC )y C anadian Forces Intelligence Br anch(D ND)y C riminal Intelligence ServiceC anada (C ISC )

P eople's Republic of China

y Ministry of State Security(MSS)

[edit ] D-E

Denmark

y Politiets Efterretningstjeneste(PET) (Police Intelligence Service)y Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste(FE) (Danish Defence Intelligence Service)

Egypt

y A l-Mukhabar at al- 'A mmah (Gener al Director ate of State Security Service)y Idar at al-Mukhaba r at al-Ha r byya wa al-Istitla (Office of Military Intelligenceand

R econnaissance)y Gihaz Mabahith A mnal-Dawla (State Security Investigations Service)

F rance

Main article: List of intelligence agencies of France

y Ministry of Interior o C entr al Director ate of Interior Intelligence(DCR I) Direction Centrale du

Renseignement Intrieur y FrenchA rmed Forces

o Director ate of Military Intelligence(DR M) Direction du renseignement militaire

y Ministry of Defense o Director ate of Protectionand Defense Security(DPSD) Direction de la Protection et de la Scurit de la Dfense o Gener al Director ate for External Security(DGSE) Direction Gnrale de la

Scurit Extrieure


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G reece

y Ministry of C itizen Protection o National Intelligence Service(EYP)

y Hellenic National Defence Gener al Staff o A2

- Intelligence Br anch[edit ] H-I

India

Main article: List of Indian Intelligence agencies

y Internal Security o Intelligence Bureau o Joint IntelligenceC ommittee o C entr al Bureau of Investigation o C riminal Investigation Department o A ll India R adio Monitoring Service

y External Intelligence o R esearch and A nalysis Wing o A viationR esearch C entre o National Technical R esearch Organisation o R adio R esearch C enter o Electronicsand Technical Services

y Defence Intelligence o Director ate of Military Intelligence o

Defense IntelligenceA

gency o Director ate of Naval Intelligencey Economic Intelligence

o Director ate of R evenue Intelligence o Economic IntelligenceC ouncil

Iran

y Ministry Of Intelligenceand Security(MOIS)

Iraq

y Gener al Security Director ate (Ir aq) (GSD)y Ir aqi National Intelligence Service(I NIS)

Israel

Main article: Israeli Intelligence Community


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y Mossad (Foreign Intelligenceand Special Oper ations)y Shin Bet(Internal Security Service)y A man (Military Intelligence)

o IntelligenceC orps Unit 8200

Ha tzav Unit o Field IntelligenceC orps

o A ir Intelligence Director ate o Naval Intelligence Division

y Investigationsand Intelligence Department (Police Intelligence)

Italy

y A genzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna (A ISI): "A gency for Internal InformationandSecurity" (domestic intelligenceagency).

J apan

y C ab inet Secretariat o C ab inet Intelligenceand R esearch Office( Naik aku J ohoC hosasitu)

C ab inet Satellite IntelligenceC enter (C SIC E)y Ministry of Defense

o Bureau of Defense Policy Defense Intelligence Division (DID)

Lebanon

y L e banese Security Service

L ibya

y J amahiriya el-Mukhabar at

M alaysia

y Malaysian Special Br anch, a Special Br anch y

Pu blic Order & Security Division y C hief Government Security Office(C GSO)

y Gener al IntelligenceA gency of Mongolia (GIA )

[edit ] N

North Korea


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y State Security Department

P akistan

Main article: List of Pakistani Intelligence agencies

y Inter -Services Intelligence(ISI)y Intelligence Bureau (IB)y Military Intelligence(MI)y Naval Intelligence( NI)y A ir Intelligence(A I)y Feder al InvestigationA gency(FIA )y C entr al Intelligence/InvestigationA gency(C IA )y Special Br anch(SB)y Special Intelligence/Investigation Unit(SIU)

RussianF

ederation y Feder al Security Service(FSB)

o Feder al A gency of GovernmentC ommunicationsand Information(FA PSI)

y Feder al Protective Service(FSO)

[edit ] S

Saudi Arabia

y Gener al Intelligence Presidency(GIP) most ly external y Maba hith A r abic: most ly internal

o V ojnoo bave ta jna agencija (V OA ) Military intelligenceagency (Ministry of Defence)

o Upr ava za o bave ta jno izvidja ke poslove (J -2 ), Intelligenceand reconnaissancedepartment (Gener al-staff)

Singapore

y Internal Security Department(ISD)y Securityand Intelligence Division(SID)

South Africa

y National IntelligenceA gency( NIA )y SouthA frican Secret Service(SA SS)y SouthA frican National Defence Force Intelligence Division(SA NDF-ID)


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y C rime Intelligence Division, SouthA frican Police Service

Spain

y C entro Nacional de Inteligencia (C NI) ( National IntelligenceC entre)

Sri L anka

y Ministry of Defence o State Intelligence Service

y SriL ank a A rmed Forces o Director ate of Military Intelligence

y C entr al Bank of SriL ank a o Financial Intelligence Unit(SriL ank a)

[edit ] T

Republic of China (Taiwan)

y Gener al Str ategyo National Security Bureau, National SecurityC ouncil

y C ivil o Ministry of JusticeInvestigation Bureau (MJIB)o National Police A gency, Ministry of Interior

Turkey

y

Milli stih bar at Te kilat (M T)( National Intelligence Organization)[edit ] U

[ External secretagencies] (ESC )

United Kingdom

y Taskingand str ategic directiono Joint IntelligenceC ommittee(JIC )

y National A gencieso Secret Intelligence Service(SIS or colloquially MI6)o Security Service(colloquially MI5)o GovernmentC ommunicationsHeadquarters(GC HQ )o Special Br anch - Each police forcehas their own Special Br anch

y Military all sourceanalysisand directiono Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS)

J AR IC ( National Imagery ExploitationC entre) (former ly MI4) IntelligenceC orps


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United States

Main article: United States Intelligence Community

y Office of the Director of National Intelligence y

IndependentA

gencies o C entr al IntelligenceA gency (C IA )

y United States Department of Defense o A ir Force Intelligence, Surveillanceand R econnaissance A gency(A F ISR )o A ir Force Office of Special Investigations o A rmyC riminal InvestigationC ommand(A rmyC ID)o Defense IntelligenceA gency (DIA ) o MarineC orps IntelligenceA ctivity [3] o Military IntelligenceC orps (United States A rmy) [4] o National Geospatial-IntelligenceA gency ( NGA ) o

National R

econnaissance Office ( NR

O) o National SecurityA gency ( NSA ) o Naval C riminal Investigative Service( NC IS)o Office of Naval Intelligence (O NI)

y United States Department of State o Bureau of Intelligenceand R esearch (I NR )

y United States Department of the Treasury o

Office of Terrorismand Financial Intelligence [edit ] V-Z

Vatican

y Section for R elations with States

y

Vietnam

y T ng c c2 tnh bo qun i(TC2 ) (SecondC entr al C ommission of MilitaryIntelligence)

Zimbabwe

y C entr al Intelligence Organisation(C IO)


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A parliamentary system is a system of government in which theministersof theexecutive br anchget their democr atic legitimacy from thelegislature and are accountable to that body,such that the executiveand legislative br anches are intertwined.

Contents

[hide]

y 1 Background y 2 Criticisms of parliamentarianism y 3 Countries with a parliamentary system of government

o 3.1 Unicameral system o 3.2 Bicameral system

y 4 See also y 5 References

[edit ] Background

Par liamentarianism may also be for governance inlocal governments. A n example is the city of Oslo, which has an executive council (Byrd)as a part of the par liamentary system..

Students of democr acy suchas A rendL ijphart divide par liamentary democr acies into twodifferent systems, the Westminster and C onsensus systems (SeeL ijphart 1999 for thissection).[citation needed ]

The Palace of Westminster in London, United Kingdom.The Westminster system originates from theBritish Houses of Parliament.

y The Westminster system is usually found inCommonwealth of Nations countries, although it isnot universal within nor exclusive to Commonwealth countries . These parliaments tend to havea more adversarial style of debate and the plenary session of parliament is more important thancommittees . Some parliaments in this model are elected using a plurality voting system (firstpast the post), such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and India, while others use proportional


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representation , such as Ireland and New Zealand. The Australian House of Representatives iselected using instant-runoff voting while the Senate is elected using proportional representationthrough single transferable vote . Regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend toallow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a closed list.

y Western European parliamentary model (e.g. , Spain, Germany) tend to have a more consensualdebating system, and usually have semi-cyclical debating chambers . Consensus systems havemore of a tendency to use proportional representation with open party lists than theWestminster Model legislatures . The committees of these Parliaments tend to be moreimportant than the plenary chamber . A specific example is sometimes called the West German Model since its earliest exemplar in its final form was in the Bundestag of West Germany (whichbecame the Bundestag of Germany upon the absorption of the GDR by the FRG). Unlike inGermany however, some West European countries' parliaments (e .g. , the Netherlands , Sweden,Switzerland) implement the principle of dualism as a form of separation of powers . In countriesusing this system, Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon beingappointed (or elected) minister . However, ministers in those countries usually activelyparticipate in parliamentary debates - the main difference being their inability to vote . Switzerland is considered one the purest examples of a consensus system . [citation needed ]

Therealso existsa Hy brid Model, thesemi- presidential system, dr awing on both presidential systemsand par liamentary systems, for example theFrench FifthR epu blic.

Implementations of the par liamentary system can also differ on whether the government needsthe explicit a pproval of the par liament to form, r ather than just theabsence of its disa pproval,and under what conditions (if any) the government has the right to dissolve the par liament,likeJ amaica and many others.[citation needed ]

A Par liamentary system may consist of two styles of C ham bers of Par liamentone with twocham bers (or houses):an electedlower house,andan upper house or Senate which may bea ppointed or elected by a different mechanism from thelower house. This style of two houses iscalled bicamer al system. L egislatures with only one houseare knownas unicamer al system.[citation needed ]

One of the commonly attri butedadvantages to par liamentary systems is that it's f aster and easier to pass legislation.[1] This is because the executive br anch is dependent upon the direct or indirectsupport of thelegislative br anchand often includes mem bers of thelegislature. Thus, this wouldamount to the executive (as the ma jority party or coalition of parties in thelegislature) possessing more votes in order to pass legislation. Ina presidential system, the executive is oftenchosen independently from thelegislature. If the executiveand legislature in sucha systeminclude mem bers entirely or predominantly from different political parties, then stalemate canoccur. Former US President Bill C lintonoften f aced pro blems in this regard, since theR epu blicanscontrolled C ongressfor much of his tenure.A ccordingly, the executive withina presidential system might not be able to proper ly implement his or her platform/manifesto.Evidently, an executive inany system ( be it par liamentary, presidential or semi- presidential) ischief ly voted into office on the basis of his or her party's platform/manifesto. It could be saidthen that the will of the people is more easily instituted withina par liamentary system.[citationneeded ]


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In addition toquicker legislativeaction, Par liamentarianism has attr active features for nationsthat are ethnically, r acially, or ideologically divided. Ina unipersonal presidential system,all executive power is concentr ated in the president. Ina par liamentary system, witha collegial executive, power is more divided. In the 1989L e banese Taif A greement, in order to giveMuslimsgreater political power,L e banonmoved froma semi- presidential systemwitha strong

president toa system more structur ally similar to classical par liamentarianism.Ir aq similar lydisdaineda presidential system out of fears that sucha system would be tantamount toShiite domination;A fghanistan's minorities refused to goalong witha presidencyas strongas thePashtunsdesired.[citation needed ]

It can also be argued that power is more evenly spread out in the power structure of par liamentarianism. The prime minister seldom tends to have as high importanceas a ruling president,and there tends to be a higher focus on voting for a partyand its political ideas thanvoting for an actual person.[citation needed ]

In The English Constitution , Walter Bagehotpr aised par liamentarianism for producing serious

de bates, for allowing the change in power withoutan election,and for allowing electionsat anytime. Bagehot considered the four -year election rule of the United States to be unnatur al.[citationneeded ]

There isalso a body of scholarship,associated withJ uan L inz, FredR iggs, BruceA ckerman, andR o bert Dahl that claims that par liamentarianism isless prone toauthoritarian colla pse. Thesescholars point out that sinceWor ld War II, two-thirds of Third Wor ld countries establ ishing par liamentary governments successfully made the tr ansition to democr acy. By contr ast, no ThirdWor ld presidential system successfully made the tr ansition to democr acy without experiencingcoups and other constitutional breakdowns.[citation needed ]

A

recentWor ld Bank study found that par liamentary systemsare associated withlower corruption.[2 ]

[edit ] Criticisms of parliamentarianism

King Charles I of Englandopposed parliamentarism for interfering with the divine right of kings. He wasbeheaded following the English Civil Warbetween Parliamentarians and Royalists.


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Weimar Germany's parliament was set ablaze in 1933 to the advantage of the Nazileader Adolf Hitler, afervent critic of parliamentarianism .

One of the main criticisms of many par liamentary systems is that the head of government is inalmostall cases not directly elected. Ina presidential system, the president is usually chosendirectly by the elector ate, or by a set of electors directly chosen by the people, separ ate from thelegislature (seeElector al college). However, ina par liamentary system the prime minister iselected by thelegislature, often under the strong inf luence of the party leadership. Thus,a party'scandidate for the head of government is usually known before the election, possi bly making theelectionas muchabout the personas the party behind him or her.[citation needed ]

Some constituencies may have a popular local candidate under an unpopular leader (or thereverse), forcinga difficult choice on the elector ate. Mixed mem ber proportional representation (where voters cast two ballots) can make this choice easier by allowing voters to cast one votefor thelocal candidate but also cast a second vote for another party.

A lthoughWalter Bagehotpr aised par liamentarianism for allowingan election to take place atany time, thelack of a definite election calendar can be abused. In some systems, suchas theBritish,a ruling party can schedule elections when it feels that it islikely to do well, and soavoidelectionsat times of unpopularity. Thus, by wise timing of elections, ina par liamentary systema party can extend its rule for longer than is feasi ble ina functioning presidential system. This pro blem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for par liamentary elections,as is thecase in sever al of A ustr alia's state par liaments. In other systems, suchas the Dutchand theBelgian, the ruling party or coalition has some f lexi bility in determining the election date.C onversely, f lexi bility in the timing of par liamentary electionsavoids having periods of legislative gridlock that can occur ina fixed period presidential system.[citation needed ]

C ritics of the Westminster par liamentary system point out that people with significant popular support in the communityare prevented from becoming prime minister if they cannot get electedto par liament since there is no option to "run for prime minister"like one can run for presidentunder a presidential system.A dditionally, prime ministers may lose their positions solely because theylose their seats in par liament, even though they may still be popular nationally.


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Supporters of par liamentarianism can respond by saying that as mem bers of par liament, primeministersare elected firstly to represent their elector al constituentsand if theylose their supportthen consequently theyare nolonger entitled to be prime minister.[citation needed ]

In history,KingC har les I of England f amously rejected par liamentarianism during the 17th

century, because he saw itas interfering with the "DivineR

ight of Kingsto rule.[3]

He was triedand beheaded for treason by supporters of the par liamentarian Oliver C romwell in 1649.C romwell in turn becamea dictator and the par liamentrestored constitutional monarchyin the1660 s. The Naz i dictator A dolf Hitler included sever al critiques of par liamentarianism in his book Mein K ampf , writing that the Naz i movement was "anti- par liamentarian" because it rejects"a principle of ma jority rule in which theleader is degr aded to thelevel of mere executant of other people's wills and opinion"and further that "By rejecting theauthority of the individual and replacing it by the num bers of some momentary mo b, the par liamentary principle of ma jorityrule sinsagainst the basic aristocr atic principle of Nature" The war time British par liamentarianWinstonC hurchill on the other hand offered his system this mock criticism: "democr acy is theworst system of government except for thealternatives".[4]

[edit ] Countries with a parliamentary system of government

The New South Wales Parliament is Australia's oldest parliament . First elections were held in 18 4 3.

Sansad Bhavan, parliament building of India.


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Parliament of New Zealand.

National Parliament of Papua New Guinea.

Statue of President Nelson Mandela of South Africain Parliament Square , London.


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National Parliament of East Timor.

Council of Representatives of Iraq.

[edit ] Unicameral system

This table shows countries with par liament consisting of a single house.

Country Parliament

Albania Kuvendi

Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangshad

Bulgaria National Assembly

Botswana Parliament

Burkina Faso National Assembly

Croatia Sabor

Denmark Folketing

Dominica House of Assembly

Estonia Riigikogu


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Finland Eduskunta/Riksdag

Greece Hellenic Parliament

Hungary National Assembly

Iceland Althing

Israel Knesset

Kosovo Kuvendi

Kuwait National Assembly of Kuwait

Latvia Saeima

Lebanon Assembly of Deputies

Lithuania Seimas

Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies

Macedonia Sobranie

Malta House of Representatives

Mauritius National Assembly

Moldova Parliament

Mongolia State Great Khural

Montenegro Parliament

Nepal Nepalese Constituent Assembly

New Zealand Parliament

Norway Stortinget

Palestinian Authority Parliament

Papua New Guinea National Parliament


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Portugal Assembly of the Republic

Saint Kitts and Nevis National Assembly

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines House of Assembly

Samoa Fono

Serbia National Assembly

Singapore Parliament

Slovakia National Council

Sri Lanka Parliament

Sweden Riksdag

Turkey Grand National Assembly

Ukraine Verkhovna Rada

Vanuatu Parliament

Kyrgyzstan Jogorku Kenesh

[edit ] Bicameral system

This table shows organisationsand countries with par liament consisting of two houses.

O rganisation or

Country Parliament Upper chamber Lower chamber

Australia Parliament Senate House of Representatives

Austria Parliament Federal Council National Council

Antigua andBarbuda

Parliament Senate House of Representatives

The Bahamas Parliament Senate House of Assembly

Barbados House of Assembly Senate House of Assembly


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Belarus National Assembly Council of the Republic House of Representatives

Belize National Assembly Senate House of Representatives

Belgium Federal Parliament Senate Chamber of Representatives

Bhutan Parliament National Council National Assembly

Cambodia Parliament Senate National Assembly

Canada Parliament Senate House of Commons

Czech Republic Parliament Senate Chamber of Deputies

Ethiopia Federal ParliamentaryAssembly

House of FederationHouse of People'sRepresentatives

European Union

Council of theEuropean Union

European Parliament

Germany Federal LegislatureBundesrat (FederalCouncil)

Bundestag (Federal Diet)

Grenada Parliament Senate House of Representatives

India Parliament (S ansad )Rajya Sabha(Council of

States) Lok Sabha(House of People)

Ireland Oireachtas Seanad ireann Dil ireann

Iraq National Assembly Council of Union[5 ] Council of Representatives

Italy Parliament Senate of the Republic Chamber of Deputies

Jamaica Parliament Senate House of Representatives

Japan Diet House of Councillors House of Representatives

Malaysia Parliament Dewan Negara (Senate) Dewan Rakyat(House of Representatives)

NetherlandsStaten-Generaal (States-General)

Eerste Kamer (Senate)Tweede Kamer (House of Representatives)


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PakistanParliament/Majlis eShoora

Senate National Assembly

Poland Parliament Senate Sejm

Romania Parliament Senate Chamber of Deputies

Saint Lucia Parliament Senate House of Assembly

Slovenia ParliamentNational Council(onlypartially)[6] National Assembly

South Africa ParliamentNational Council of Provinces

National Assembly

Spain Cortes Generales Senate Congress of Deputies

Switzerland Federal Assembly Council of States National Council

Thailand National Assembly Senate House of Representatives

Trinidad andTobago

Parliament Senate House of Representatives

United Kingdom Parliament House of Lords House of Commons

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