Edexcel IGCSE History P1 Sample Questions

Preparation for IGCSE History Paper 1 Themes: 1) Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 18811914 2) A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962 Students name: __________________________________________

IGCSE History Paper 1 mark scheme

(a) Recall of knowledge (AO1) (3) 2 in correct sequence: 1 mark 3 in correct sequence: 2 marks 4/5 in correct sequence: 3 marks Maximum 3 marks

(b) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:2), explanation of consequence (AO2:2) (4)

Level DescriptorMark

0 No rewardable material 0

Level 1 Simple explanation of consequenceThe candidate gives an explanation which lacks any supporting contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations.

(12)

Level 2Explanation of consequenceThe candidate gives an explanation supported by relevant contextual knowledge.

(34)

(c) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:4), explanation and analysis of causation (AO2:4) (8)



Level 1 Simple explanation of causationThe candidate gives an explanation which lacks supporting contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations.1 mark for one simple explanation.2 marks for two or more.

(1-2)

Level 2Supported explanation of causationThe candidate supports the explanation, selecting relevant contextual knowledge.34 marks for explanation of one cause.45 marks for explanation of two or more causes.Award marks according to the quality of the explanation.

(35)

Level 3Developed explanation and analysis of causationAn explanation of factor(s) supported by precisely selectedknowledge. At this level the explanation should show how the cause(s) led to the outcome.6 marks for one explained factor which shows how the cause led to the outcome.7 marks for two or more explained factors which show how the cause led to the outcome.8 marks for answers which show how causes combined to produce an outcome.

(68)

Tutor advice: 3-4 factors should be explored. Make sure you show how these are linked/connected

(d) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:3), explanation and analysis of causation (AO2:4), comprehension of source (AO3:3) (10)



Level 1 Simple explanation of causation using the source or own knowledgeThe candidate gives an explanation which lacks supporting contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations, or selects from the source without elaboration.1 mark for one simple explanation.2 marks for two or more.(12)

Level 2Level 2 Supported explanation of causationThe candidate supports the explanation selecting relevant information.34 marks for a supported explanation using the source or own knowledge.45 marks for a supported explanation using the source and own knowledge. Award marks according to the quality of the explanation.(35)

Level 3Developed explanation of one factor supported byprecisely-selected knowledgeAt this level the explanation should show how the cause led to the outcome.6 marks for one explained factor using own knowledge only.7 marks for one explained factor using the source and own knowledge.(67)

Level 4Developed explanation and analysis of more than onefactor using the source and own knowledgeAt this level the explanation should show how the causes led to the outcome.8 marks for explanation of two causes linked to the stated outcome.910 marks for answers which show how the causes combined to produce the outcome.

(810)

Total for Question = 25 marks

Tutor advice: 2-3 reasons should be identified from source and explained. Another 1-2 factors from your own knowledge (not from the source) should be introduced. Make sure you show how these are linked/connected

Sample Question 1-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 18811914

(a) Study these events which occurred in the years 190312.

The LenaGoldfield Strike

The split in theSocial DemocratPartyThe setting up ofthe Social Revolutionary PartyTheassassination ofStolypinThe first duma

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)The first DumaThe Lena Goldfield Strike

(b) Choose either or

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why did Alexander III carry out a policy of repression in the years 188194? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.Source: From a modern textbookAround 80 per cent of Russias population were peasants, most of whom lived in very poor conditions. Some peasants left the land to work in cities such as St Petersburg, where their conditions hardly improved. The Tsars empire included many different nationalities who resented attempts at Russification.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was discontent in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. (10) (Total for Question = 25 marks)



The Fundamental LawsBloody SundayThe Manifesto of Unshakable AutocracyThe accession of Nicholas II to the throneThe start of the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

The Fundamental LawsThe start of the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway



(c) Why did opposition to Nicholas II grow in the years 190614? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

Source: From a modern textbookThe army remained loyal to the Tsar throughout the events of 1905. Also Nicholas II accepted advice and introduced the October Manifesto which offered the people a duma. The middle-class liberals were delighted.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II was able to survive the revolution of 1905. (10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)


(a) Study these events which occurred in Russia in the years 18811905.

The formationof the SocialDemocraticPartyTheassassination ofAlexander II

The resignationof Witte

Alexander III becomes TsarThe outbreakof the Russo-Japanese War


The formation of the Social Democratic PartyThe assassination of Alexander II



(c) Why was there a revolution in Russia in 1905? Explain your answer. (8)


Source: from a school history textbook, published in 2001.There was much opposition to the Tsar from peasants, town workers and different ethnic groups in the years before the outbreak of the First World War. This was partly due to the policies of Stolypin, who ruthlessly put down all opposition, and Nicholas II's refusal to give any real power to the dumas

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II became more unpopular in the years 1906-1914. (10)



(a) Study these events which occurred in Russia in the years 18811905.

The OctoberManifesto

Nicholas IIbecomes Tsar

Bloody SundayFormation ofthe SocialistRevolutionaryParty

End of the Russo-Japanese War


End of the Russo-Japanese War

Nicholas II becomes Tsar



(c) Why did opposition to Nicholas II grow in the years 190614? Explain your answer. (8)


Source: From a modern textbookThe army remained loyal to the Tsar throughout the events of 1905. Also Nicholas II accepted advice and introduced the October Manifesto which offered the people a duma. The middle-class liberals were delighted.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II was able to survive the revolution of 1905. (10)




The secondduma

The LenaGoldfield strike

Theassassination ofStolypin

The formationof the SocialistRevolutionaryParty

Alexander IIIbecomes Tsar


The Lena Goldfield strikeAlexander III becomes Tsar



(c) Why was there growing opposition to Tsar Nicholas II in the years 18941905? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.Source: From a modern textbookThe 1905 Revolution was followed by a mixture of reform and repression. After the election of the first duma, Stolypin carried out land reform to win over the peasants. At the same time, Stolypin introduced strict repressive measures including the execution of 4000 people.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the effects of the 1905 Revolution. (10)

(Total for Question A= 25 marks)



End of the Russo Japanese WarFailed attempt to assassinate Alexander IIIFamine under Nicholas IIStart of Sergei Wittes Great Spurt of industrializationStolypin appointed Prime Minister


Start of Sergei Wittes Great Spurt of industrializationFailed attempt to assassinate Alexander III



(c) Why was there a revolution in 1905? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a modern textbookIn 1894, Alexander III died suddenly and was replaced by his son, Nicholas II. The new Tsar was easily influenced. Nicholas lived in a close circle of courtiers at St Petersburg and had almost no contact with the ordinary people of Russia. In 1896, 1,300 people were killed in a stampede during the celebration of his coronation. Nicholas seems to have been completely unconcerned about this.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the difficulties that Tsar Nicholas II faced at the beginning of his reign. (10)

Sample parts (b) (c) and (d) of questions on Russia 1881-1914Creation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party had on RussiaEnd of Russo-Japanese war


Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)Russification under Alexander IIIStolypins appointment as Prime Minister



(c) Why was Konstantin Pobedonostsev influential during the reign of Alexander III? Explain your answer. (8)

(c) Why was Russia able to industrialize rapidly between 1892 and 1903? Explain your answer. (8)

(c) Why did Russia suffer defeat during the Russo-Japanese war? Explain your answer. (8)


Source: from a modern textbookAfter 1905 Nicholas II was forced to make changes to the way that Russia was governed. But it soon became clear that he was not committed to reform. By 1912 Nicholas was becoming increasingly unpopular and there was unrest in many parts of Russia.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how Nicholas IIs attempts at reform failed. (10)


Source: from a modern textbookThe 1905 revolution was a protest against the Tsars autocratic government. People wanted to play a greater part in the way Russia was governed. In October 1905, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to announce the October Manifesto. In it, he promised to set up a constitution and create a parliament (duma).

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the reforms announced by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905. (10)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.Source: from a modern textbookThe first duma met in 1906. Tsar Nicholas IIs chief adviser, Stolypin, began to make agricultural reforms and it was hoped that he could modernise Russia. He also tried to boost Russias industries. Other reforms were made including changes in education

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the changes that were introduced in Russia in the years 190614. (10)(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.Source: from a modern textbookPobedonostsev's reputation in Russian history rests largely upon his accomplishments as director general of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. For 25 years his influence on the religious and political life of Russia was enormous as a result of his official positions and his relations with the Tsars, their wives, the imperial family, and the court. He had a hand in the pogroms against Jews and in many other policies adopted by Tsar Alexander III and Nicholas II

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev in Russia between 1875 and 1900. (10)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.Source: from a modern textbookSergei Witte oversaw Russia's transition economy. As finance minister, he hoped to modernize Russia and make it competitive with other great powers. By financing industrialization and securing foreign capital, Witte played a major role in facilitating Russia's development. During this time, there was a healthy pace of industrialization, and other aspects of modernization.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the role of Sergei Witte in Russias government between 1892 and 1906. (10)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.Source: 'The Life of the Cotton Workers'. From the biography of Father Gapon, the priest who led a Workers demonstration in St Petersburg in 1905"The normal working day is eleven and a half hours of work . . . But . . . manufacturers [the factory owners] have received [government] permission to allow overtime so that the average day is fourteen or fifteen hours. I have often watched the crowds of poorly clad and emaciated [very thin] figures of men and girls returning from the mills . . . Their grey faces seem dead.. . . Badly clad dressed] and underfed, waiting in the terrible frosty mornings of the St Petersburg winter, they present a sight that makes one shudder".

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the role of the plight of ordinary workers in the 1905 Russian revolution. (10)

COLD WAR

Sample Question 7: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

(a) Study the following events which happened in the years 1946-1955Creation of the Warsaw PactStart of the Korean WarDivision of GermanyBay of Pigs invasionKennans Long Telegram

Write these events in the correct chronological order (3) Bay of Pigs invasion Creation of the Warsaw Pact

(b) Choose either the OR Explain the effect the event had on relations between the USA and USSR. (4)

(c) Why did the USSR invade Hungary in 1956? Explain your answer (8) (d) Study the source and answer the question that followsThe number of people leaving East Berlin and moving to West Berlin began to increase in the late 1950s. Eventually, some restrictions were placed on travel between the two parts of the city. The Western part of Berlin was prosperous and had recovered from the war.Khrushchev was sure he could force the Allies out of West Berlin.Source: from a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how a crisis developed over Berlin in the years 195861. (10)



(a) Study these events which occurred between 1945 and 1949.

Introduction of the Truman DoctrineEnd of the Berlin blockade The bombing of Hiroshima and NagasakiThe Novikov Telegram Signing of the United Nations Charter


The introduction of the Truman DoctrineThe bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki


Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the USSR of the event you have chosen (4)

(c) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and USSR broken down by the end of 1946? Explain your answer. (8)


Americas first response to the invasion of South Korea was to rush military supplies to South Korea. Then on 27th June the United States proposed a resolution in the United Nations calling for military action against North Korea. The resolution was passed and three days later American troops entered KoreaSource: From a modern History textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge to explain why there was a war in Korea from 1950-1953. (10)



(a) Study these events which occurred between 1945 and 1961.

Building of the Berlin WallHungarian UprisingThe U2 crisisEnd of the Korean WarEnd of the Berlin blockade


The Hungarian UprisingThe U2 Crisis


Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the USSR of the event you have chosen (4)

(c) Why did Stalin launch Comecon in 1949? Explain your answer. (8)


Neither side gained anything. The USSR had not gained control of Berlin. The West had no guarantees that land communications would not be cut again. Above all confrontation made both sides even more stubborn.Source: by Historian Jack Watson writing in 1984.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the effects of the Berlin blockade on relations between the USA and USSR. (10)




The HungarianUprising

The building ofthe Berlin Wall

The setting-up ofthe Warsaw Pact

The MarshallPlan

The setting-upof NATO


The setting-up of NATOThe building of the Berlin Wall


Explain one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why had the USA and the Soviet Union become rivals by 1947? Explain your answer. (8)


On 14 October 1962 a US spy plane took photographs which showed Soviet missile bases being built in Cuba. This meant that all US missile defence systems were now useless. From 16 October Kennedy spent one week asking his defence chiefs for possible reactions and considering alternatives.Source: from a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962. (10)




The beginning ofthe Korean War

The PotsdamConference

The setting up ofthe Warsaw Pact

Introduction of the TrumanDoctrine

The BerlinBlockade


The Berlin BlockadeThe Truman Doctrine


Explain one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why was there an arms race between the USA and USSR between 1945 and 1961? Explain your answer. (8)


In June 1956, a group within the Hungarian Communist Party opposed Rakosi. The Soviet Union allowed a new government to be formed under Imre Nagy. Nagy introduced a series of reforms including free elections and private ownership of farmland.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956. (10)



(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 194662.

The MarshallPlan

The CubanMissiles Crisis

The beginningof peacefulco-existence

The setting upof the FederalRepublic ofGermany

The Iron Curtainspeech

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)The Marshall PlanThe Cuban Missiles Crisis


Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the years 194849? Explain your answer. (8)


In 1955, the Soviet Union set up the Warsaw Pact to strengthen its control of Eastern Europe. In the following year, Soviet forces crushed the Hungarian Uprising. The U2 Crisis and the construction of the Berlin Wall worsened relations between the USA and the Soviet Union.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why relations between theUSA and the Soviet Union changed in the years 195561. (10)




Formation of BizoniaThe armistice to end the Korean WarThe Yalta ConferenceJoseph Stalins deathFormation of COMECON


The armistice to end the Korean WarFormation of Bizonia



(c) Why did the USSR seek to extend its influence over Eastern Europe between 1945 and 1949? Explain your answer. (8)


After the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy worked with Khrushchev to set up a hotline. This would allow the Kremlin and the White House to be in direct contact. The aim of the hotline was to ensure that the two leaders could discuss their differences and therefore avoid war.

Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 (10)




The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe setting up of the Warsaw PactThe Berlin BlockadeThe Yalta ConferenceThe beginning of Peaceful Co-Existence


The setting up of the Warsaw PactThe beginning of Peaceful Co-Existence



(c) Why did Soviet troops invade Hungary in November 1956? Explain your answer. (8)


Tension between the West and the Soviet Union continued to increase throughout the Berlin Airlift. The hopes that Germany would be re-united began to disappear and in 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany was created from the British, French and US zones. Later that year, the Soviet Union created the German Democratic Republic from its zone.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cold War developed in the years 1949-1953. (10)




The Hungarian CrisisThe building of the Berlin WallChurchills Iron Curtain SpeechThe Cuban Missile CrisisCreation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR)


Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR)Churchills Iron Curtain Speech



(c) Why was the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947? Explain your answer. (8)


At first in the Cuban Missile Crisis neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev would back down. Kennedy set up the naval blockade and Khrushchev ordered Soviet ships to continue supplying Cuba. On 24th October, some Soviet ships turned away from Cuba and some slowed down. The two leaders exchanged letters and Kennedy agreed to Khrushchevs suggestions.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cuban Missile Crisis was ended peacefully. (10)




The building of the Berlin Wall The start of the Korean WarU2 IncidentThe creation of COMECONThe Potsdam Conference


The U2 incidentKorean War



(c) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and the Soviet Union broken down by the end of 1946? Explain your answer. (8)


Khrushchev thought he would be able to force the Allies out of West Berlin. He knew the limits to which President Eisenhower would go. Khrushchev knew that he had to stop the flow of refugees. West Berlin remained a loophole in the Iron Curtain. The 1948 crisis had made it clear that the Western powers were not going to leave West Berlin of their own free will.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. (10)




The Hungarian UprisingThe Truman DoctrineThe Yalta ConferenceThe Berlin BlockadeThe Potsdam Conference


Potsdam ConferenceYalta Conference



(c) Why was the Marshall Plan created in June 1947? Explain your answer. (8)


The Berlin Blockade had serious consequences for international relations. The West decided that Stalin was not going to co-operate and so Truman took the decision that the USA would have to keep forces in Europe on a permanent basis. In 1949, NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) was set up. It was a sign that relations between the Superpowers were now so bad that some form of military alliance was necessary. Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the creation of NATO changed relations between East and West. (10)




Hungarian CrisisNovikovs TelegramBay of Pigs Invasion

The Marshall Plan The Death of Stalin


Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion.

Hungarian crisis



(c) Why was there a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962? Explain your answer. (8)


Stalin had wanted to deal with West Berlin for some time. He did not like the fact that it gave the West access to Europe beyond the Iron Curtain. It also gave the people of the East an idea of what life was like in the West. As Marshall Aid began to reach Europe, life in the West seemed more and more attractive. Stalin decided to try to force the Western Allies out.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how Stalin tried to force the Allies out of West Berlin in the years 1948-1949. (10)




Paris Summit ConferenceCreation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR)Creation of COMINFORMThe Setting up of the Warsaw PactKennans Long Telegram


Creation of COMINFORMKennans Long Telegram



(c) Why was there a war over Korea in the years 1950-1953? Explain your answer. (8)


In June 1948, the western allies decided that they had to respond to Stalins actions. They agreed that West Berlin had to be saved at all costs. So began the Berlin Airlift, which lasted more than fourteen months, until September 1949, four months after the blockade ended. Everything that the people of West Berlin needed had to be brought in by plane.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Stalin was forced to end the blockade of West Berlin in May 1949. (10)




Death of Stalin

Kennans Long TelegramFederal Republic of Germany (FDR) joining NATOMarshall PlanBuilding of Berlin Wall


Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) joining NATO.Death of Stalin



(c) Why was the NATO alliance created in April 1949? Explain your answer. (8)


The Berlin Blockade was a propaganda success for the Americans and a failure for the Soviet Union. In May 1949, Stalin called off the blockade. In September 1949, West Germany was officially created as an independent state, followed one month later by East Germany. In addition, the USA set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the changes to relations between the USA and the Soviet Union brought about by the Berlin Blockade of 1948-49? (10)


Additional Sample parts (c) of questions on A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962-8 marks each

1. Why did the USSR establish COMINFORM in September 1947? Explain your answer.

2. Why did Stalin launch COMECON in 1949? Explain your answer.

3. Why had Germany become divided by 1949? Explain your answer.

4. Why did the USA and USSR disagree at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your answer.

5. Why did the Wartime Allies decide to meet at Yalta in February 1945? Explain your answer.

6. Why did the USA decide to launch the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961? Explain your answer.

7. Why did Churchill give his Iron Curtain speech in March 1946? Explain your answer.

8. Why had Khrushchevs Policy of Peaceful Co-Existence ended by 1961? Explain your answer.

9. Why did Khrushchev walk out of the Paris Summit in May 1960? Explain your answer.

10. Why did Truman take a much tougher line with Stalin at Potsdam than Roosevelt had at Yalta? Explain your answer.

11. Why did Khrushchev adopt the policy of peaceful co-existence? Explain your answer.

12. Why had differences between the Allies appeared by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your answer.

13. Why did relations between the USA and the USSR change in the period between the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences? Explain your answer.

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Edexcel IGCSE History P1 Sample Questions