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Unit 4: Physics on the move
Section 1: Further mechanics checklist By the end of this section you should be able to:
RevisIon spread Checkpoints : Spec. point Revised ,
Momentum and • Use the expression p = Tn'V. 73 force
Relate net force tD rate of change of momentum 75 in situations where the masses of the objects
-. • do not change (this is Newton's second law Df
mDtionl.
Momentum and Apply the principle of conservation of linear 74 collisions momentum to problems involving objects moving
along a straight line. • Derive and use the expressiDn E, = 112m for the 76 kinetic energy of particles (for particles moving
much mDre slowly than the speed of light!.
Use dat{1 to calculate the momentum of particles. 77 .~ ..
Apply the principle of conservation of linear 77 momentum to problems in one and two dimensions (so you need to be able to resolve
forces and speeds, using trigonometry).
ExplaIn the principle of conservation of energy. 78
Use the principle of cons~ervation of energy 78 to determine ~hether a collision is elastic or inelastic.
Circular motion 1 Express angular displacement in radians and in 79 degrees, and convert between those units.
Explain the concept of angular velocity. 80
Use the relationships", = wrand T= 'hI/w. 80
Derive and use the expressions for centripetal 82 acceleration a:::: 'li/r and a = T(ll2 , -
Circular motion.2 Explain that a resultant force (centripetal force) is 81 required to produce and maintain circular motion,
Use the expression for centripeta l force F= tna 82 = mvz/r.
Section 2: Electric; and magnetic fielc;ls checklist By the end of this section you should be able to:
Revision I Checkpoints spread
Electrostatics Explain what is meant by an electric field. 84
Recognise and use the expression for electric field strength E = FI Q. 84
Draw and interpret diagrams using lines of force to describe radial electric fields 83 qualitatively,
Use the expression F = kQ, Q,Ir' , where k = 11m". 85
Derive and use the expression E = kQlr' for the electric field due to a point 85 charge.
Capacitors Recall that applying a potential difference to two parallel plates produces a 86 uniform electric field in the central region between them.
Draw and interpret diagrams using lines of force to describe uniform electric 83 fields qualitatively.
Recognise and use the expression E = VI d. 86
Use the expression C = QI V 87
Recognise and use the expression W = ~QVfor the energy stored by a 88 capacitor, and derive the expression from the area under a graph of potential
. . difference against charge stored.
Derive and use related expressions, for example, W = tCV2. 88
Exponential Recall that the growth and decay curves for resistor-tapacitor circuits are 89 changes exponential.
Know the significance of the time constant RC. 89
Use the expression Q'"' Qoe-tlRC, and derive and use related expressions for 90 exponential discharge in RC circuits, for example, I "" Ioe-rlRc .
Magnetic fields Use the terms magnetic flux density B, flux <P and flux linkage N <P. 91
Recognise and use the expression F = BIIsine. 92
Apply Fleming's left hand rule to currents. 92
Recognise and use the expression F = Bqvsine. 93
Apply Fleming's left hand rule to charges. 93
Generating Explain qualitatively the factors affecting the emf induced in a coil when there 94 electricity is relative motion between the coil and a permanent magnet, and when there is
a change of current in a primary coil linked with it. ~
Recognise and use the expression '£ = -<lIN q'l/d!. 95
Explain how '£ = -dIN<Pl/dt is a consequence of Faraday's and lenz's laws. 95
Revised Practice exam
questions
Unit 4: Physics on the move
Section 3: Particle physics' checklist By the end of this section you should be able to:
Revision spread
The nuclear atom
High-energy collisions
Particle accelerators
Particle theol'!
Checkpoints
Use the terms nucleon number (mass number) and proton number (atomic number).
96
Describe how large·angle alpha particle scattering gives evidence for a 97 nuclear atom.
Recall that electrons are released in the process of thermionic emission 98 and explain how they can be accelerated by electric and magnetic fields.
Expla in why high energies are required to break particles into their 102 constituents and to investigate fine structure.
Write and interpret equations using standard nuclear notation. 107
h 1~ Use de Broglie's wave equation J. = P.
Explain the role of electric fields in linear particle accelerators. 99
P 100 Recognise and use the expression r= BQ for a charged particle in a magnetic field.
Recog~ise and use the expres$ion ~ = ,z Am in situations involving the 103 creation and annihilation of matter and anti-matter particles.
Use the non·SI units MeV and GeV (energy) and MeVle' , GeVle' (mass) and 104 atomic mass unit u, and convert between these and SI units.
Explain the role of electric and magnetic fields in cyclotron particle accelerators.
99
Be aware of relativistic effects and that these need to be taken into 105 account at speeds near that of light (use of relativistic equati ons not required).
Explain the role of electric and magnetic fields in particle detectors. 99
Recall and use the fact that charge, energy and momentum are always 101 conserved in interactions between particles and hence interpret records of particle tracks.
Recall that in the standard quark-lepton model each particle has a 106 corresponding anti-particle, that baryons (e.g. neutrons and protons) are made from three quar.ks, and mesons (e.g. pions) from a Quark and an anti-quark. and that lhe symmetl'! of the model predicted the top and bottom Quark.
Write and interpret equations using standard symbols (e.g. ,,', .-). _107
Practice exam questions
Unit 5: Physics from creation to collapse
Section 4: Thermal energy checklist By the end of th is section you should be able to:
Revision spread Checkpoints Practice exam questions
Internal energy Explain the concept of internal energy as the random distribution of potential and kinetic energy among molecules.
110
Explain the concept of absolute ,era and how the average kinetic energy of 111
Gas laws and kinetic theory
molecules is related to the absolute temperature.
Recognise and use the expression !J.E ;:;; me tJ.8.
Recognise and use the expression 1 3 ,m(,') = ,kT
109
112
Use the expression pV = NkTas the equation of state for an ideal gas. 113
In July 2003 there was an attempt to fly a manned. spherical balloon to a height of about 40 ki lometres. At this height the atmospheric pressure is on ly one thousandth of its va lue at sea level and the ba lloon would have expanded to a diameter of 210m. The temperature at this height is -60 °C The attempt failed because the thin skin of the balloon split while it was being filled with hel ium at sea level. , Make an estimate of the temperature at sea level. and hence obtain the volume of helium the balloon would have contained at sea level if it had been filled successfully. [6J
EdexcelJune 2007 Unit PM5
~ Examiner tip
A question like this has a lot of steps. There will be 1 mark or mOfe for each step, so even if you can't immediately see where it's going, you need to start by writing something down - in this case using the hint and the data they've given you, That gives you a better chance of spotting which equation you need to solve it.
Student answer
p,v, = P, V, so V =p, V,T, T, T, I T,p,
Student answer
Pressure is P, at sea level. and P, = 0.001 X P, ~ is a sphere 210m in diameter; so V; = ~.nrJ = ~.7t x (2~O r = 4.8 x 106 m3
Estimate sea level temperature as 20 °C. so T, = 120 + 273) K = 293 K
T, = 1- 60 +273)K = 213K
~ Examiner tip
Examiner comments
This is the right way 10 start. Show each step in your thinking and calculating. Even jf your final answer is a long way off, the marker can see your steps, and give you some marks for sensible ones.
Examiner comments
This is good. Several of the quantities in the equation are quite complex, so it's a good idea to write each of them out separately before substituting them into the equation.
This question contains two common pitfalls: remembering Celsius to kelvin; and spotting diameter not radiu s. Be on your guard for both of these'
Student answer Examiner comments
V. p,V,T, 0.001xp,x4.8xlO"m3x293K 33
,=---= =6.6x10 m T,p, 213Kxp,
This answer would get full marks.
-- --- --- --- - ~--
Unit 5: Physics from creation to collapse
Section 5: Nuclear decay checklist By the end of this section you should be able to:
Checkpoints Practice exam questions
Nuclear Show an awareness of the existence and origin of background radiation, 114 radiation past and present.
Investigate and recognise nuclear radiations (alpha. beta and gamma) 115 from their penetrating power and ion'ising ability.
Describe the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay. 116
Determine the half-l ives of radioactive isotopes graphically. 117
Recognise and use the expressions for radioactive decay: 117 .. • dN -"-AN dt
A " In 2It," N=Noe--A.t
Discuss the applications of radioactive materials, including ethical and 118 environmental issues.
Binding Explain the concept of nuclear binding energy. 136 energy,
Recognise and use the expression 136 fission and fusion t:..E '" c2 /J.m
Use the non-SI atomic mass unit (u) in calculations of nuclear mass 136 (including mass deficitl and energy.
Describe the processes of nuclear fusion and fission. 137
Explain the mechanism of nuclear fusion and the need for high densities 138 of matter and high temperatures to bring it about and maintain it.
Radioactivity involves the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable nuclei. Explain the meaning of the words in italics as they apply to the process of radioactivity. [3]
Edexcel June 2007 Unit Test 7
.,./ Examiner tip
It's really important to use precise words in answers to these sorts of questions. The marker will be looking for speCific words for awarding a mark. Write more rather than less - that way you are more likely to include words on the examiner's key words list.
Student answer Examiner comments
spontaneous: Unaffected by external circumstances such as temperature. radiation: Alpha, beta, gamma. unstable: The nucleus is likely to disintegrate.
This is correct. Be careful- spontaneous does not mean the same as random or unpredictable.
The mark would be given for naming anyone of these types of radiation, or beta+, beta-, or positron. This will get the mark. It is important to refer to the nucleus, not to the atom. It is not correct just to say it has .'high energy', nor 'too many particles'.
Unit 5: Physics from creation to collapse
Section 6: Oscillations checklist By the end of this section you should be able to:
Revision spread
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
Energy and damping in SHM
Forced oscillations
and resonance
Checkpoints
Recall that the condition for simple harmonic motion is F = -kx. Identify situations in which simple harmonic motion will occur.
119
Recognise and use the expressions a '" --vix, a'" -Aw2 cos wt, v =: -Am sin OJ!, 120 1 2"
x =A cos wt. and T= -=- as applied to a simple harmonic oscillator. f w
Obtain a displacement-time graph for an oscillating object and recognise that 121 the gradient at a point gives the velocity at that point
Recall that the total energy of an undamped simple harmonic system remains constant and recognise and use expressions for the total energy of an oscillator.
Distinguish between free and damped oscillations.
Distinguish between free, damped and forced oscillations.
Investigate and recall how the amplitude of a forced oscillation changes at and around the natural frequency of a system. Describe qualitatively how damping affects resonance.
122
123
123
124
Explain how damping and the plastic deformation of ductile materials reduce the 125 amplitude of oscillation.
Practice exam questions
A spring of negligible mass and spring constant k has a load of mass m suspended from it. A student displaces the mass and releases it so that it oscillates vertically.
The student investigates the variation of the time period of the vertical oscillations Twith m. Describe how he could verify experimentally that T oc {';. Include any precautions the student should take to make his measurements as accurate as possible. You may be awarded a mark for the clarity of y.Dur answer. [5]
Edexce! June 2006 Unit Test 4
V Examiner tIP
Any question where you have to describe an experiment requires three key elements in its answer: 1 What (additional) apparatus will you use' 2 What will you measure? 3 What will you do with the results? There will also be other details to include which are specific to the problem set.
Student answer
• Time Twith a stopwatch. • Start and stop the watch as m
passes a reference mark in the middle.
• Repeat the timing several times and take an average.
• Use several different values of mass.
• Use a computer program to show required result.
Examiner comments
This answer starts well. but lacks detail in its later stages
.lJA basic answer would be as given here. and would gain 2 markS
.~An excellent answer would include the following points:
• That for accurate results you will time at least ten oscillations in one go, rather.than repeatedly
timing jus·t one oscillation. • The number of different values of mass you will use - five is usually the minimum needed.
• The range of masses. for example 100 g, 200 g. 300 g. 400 g. 500 g. • An explanation of what the computer would be used for. • . That you will plot a graph of Tagainst -r;;;. and that this should be straight and through the
origin to verify -r: oc {;.
Unit 5: Physics from creation to collapse
Section 7: Astrophysics and cosmology checklist By the end of this section you should be able to :
Gravity and orbits
Stars
Checkpoints
Gm"" Use the expression F = --'-. r'
Derive and use the expression 'g ~ - Gm for the gravitational field due to a pOint mass. r'
Aecall similarities and differences between electric and gravitational fields.
Recognise and use the expression relating flux, luminosity and distance, F = ~ and understand its application to standard candles. 4nd
2
126
127
128
129
Explain how distances can be determined using trigonometric parallax. 130
Explain how distances can be determined by measurements on radiation flux received from 130 objects of known luminosity Istandard candles).
Recognise and use a simple Hertzsprung~Russeli diagram to relate luminosity and temperature, 131 and to explain the life cycle of stars,
Recognise and use the expression L ~ aT' x surface area, Ifor a sphere L ~ 4"r'aT'IIStefan- 132 Boltzmann law) for black body radiators.
Recognise and use the expression l._T ~ 2.898 x 1Q-3m K (Wi en's law) for black body radiators. 133 ~ ~
The universe Recognise and use the expressiohs z::: 6A :=:::::: for a source of electromagnetic radiation moving
relative to an observer. Ii c
134
Recognise and use the expression v ~ H,dfor objects at cosmological distances. 134
Be aware of the controversy over the age and ultimate fate of the universe associated with the 135 value of the Hubble constant and the possible existence of dark matter.
Discuss the ultimate fate of the universe. Your answer should include reference to dark matter and reasons why the fate of the universe is uncertain. [61 Edexcel June 2001 Unit Test 4
V Examiner tip
• For this sort of open-ended question, pause and plan your answer before you start writing. • Look at me number of marks. Here there are 6 marks available, so you should aim to make at least six points that are relevant and good physics. • Your answer can be quite short and still gain full marks. A long rambl[ng answer will not necessarily score liigh marks. A good answer should be
able to fit comfortably into the space provided on the exam paper. • The examiners' mark scheme will contain more points than the marks available, so there are many different answers that can gain full marks. • The points listed below are those that the examiners might expect to see. Other correct relevant points would also gain mark,s.
I Student answer
Possible student answers • The universe may continue to expand .. • ... or may collapse back on itself • The future depends on the amount of matter in the universe .. • ... because mass leads to gravitational forces/deceleration of galaxies • So far, not enough ordinary matter has been identified to halt the
expansion ..
• there is also dark matter in the universe .. • ... e.g. WIMPs, black holes, neutrinos, .. • ... which cannot be detected by obs8IVations of radiation .. • ... but it exerts gravitational force • Recent evidence suggests that the expansion is actually accelerating .. • ... driven by . dark energy' ... • ... which is not understood.
