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Establishing Emergency Department Pharmacy Services
and Pharmacist Impact
Glenn R. Oettinger, PharmD, BCPSand
Robert S. Pugliese, PharmD, BCPS
1
The Pennsylvania Society of Health System PharmacistsOctober 29th, 2015
2
Objectives
1)Explain justification for an Emergency Medicine Pharmacist (EMP)
2)Describe the core roles of the EMP3)Describe strategies for implementing an EMP
position4)Identify how to encourage growth in the
specialty of Emergency Medicine (EM) Pharmacy 5)Describe some ways in which EMPs can
systematically improve the care of patients in ED
6)Discuss other key administrative roles of EMPs
The Emergency Medicine PharmacistA Safety Measure for Hospitals
Glenn Oettinger, PharmD, [email protected]
@GlennOettinger3
Part 1
4
The Emergency Medicine Pharmacist: A Safety Measure for Hospitals1
• Justification• Role• Implementation
5
JUSTIFICATIONOvercoming skepticism
6
The Ideal ED
7
The Ideal ED
• No patient is overlooked• Adequate support for all clinical staff• Appropriate supervision of all residents
and students• All patients rest assured medications
ordered are reviewed by a pharmacist
8
Reality
9
Reality• ED is Vulnerable
• High volume and overcrowding• Wide spectrum of diseases• Frequent interruptions and distractions• Fast paced • Verbal orders
10
ED is Inherently a Patient Safety Risk2,3,4
• Established safety mechanisms missing from most EDs• Pharmacy review of medications• Pharmacy preparation of medications• Pharmacist involvement in clinical decision making
• Medication-related adverse events in the ED• 3.6% of ED patients receive inappropriate medication• 5.6% of ED patients receive inappropriate discharge Rx
Gaps in the Average ED Medication Use System5
11
Dispensing(pharmacist)
Data Entry and Screening
Preparing, mixing, compounding
Pharmacist double check
Dispensing to Unit
Transcribing(Pharmacist, nurse,
unit clerk)
Receive order or retrieve from MAR
Check if correct
Prescribing(physician, nurse
practitioner, pharmacist)
Clinical decision making
Drug Choice
Drug regimen determination
Medical Record Documentation
Order (written, verbal, electronic)
Monitoring(Nurse, physician,
pharmacist)
Assess for therapeutic effect and adverse affect
Review laboratory results if necessary
Treat adverse drug event if occurring
Medical record documentation
Administering (nurse)
Drug preparation for administering
Nurse verifies orders
Drug administered
Documentation in MAR
12
Most ED Medication Events are Preventable!• ED has highest rate of preventable
adverse events in the US6 • 110 million ED visits annually in US • 5% experience potential events = 550,000
potential events per year• 70% are PREVENTABLE = 38,500 preventable
events
13
ED Systems are Stretched7,8
ED overcrowding = Reduced capacity to deliver safe care• Over last decade
• ED visits 26%• 9% of EDs closing nationwide • 198,000 hospital beds closed
• Reduced capacity to deliver safe care• Boarding inpatients
• Contributes to overcrowding and elevated risk
14
Safety Benefits of an ED Pharmacist ProgramProviding an extra layer of protection
• Available for immediate high risk med review
• Respond to all traumas, resuscitations, and critical patients
• Pharmacotherapy consults with physicians for medication selection
• Staff education
15
Joint Commission Compliance9,10
ED Pharmacist improves JC compliance• Increased oversight of high yield medications• Increased monitoring of drug effect• Enhanced degree of communication with nurses
and physicians• Development of processes for managing high
risk medications (i.e. TPA, sepsis antibiotics, pediatric meds)
16
Adding Value
It has been shown that staff value the ED Pharmacist
• 26 item survey to random ED staff with 82% response11 • 99% felt ED pharmacist improves quality of care• 96% felt ED pharmacist was an integral part of ED
team• 95% indicated they had consulted with ED
pharmacist at least a few times during last 5 shifts
The ED Pharmacist – A Safety Measure in Emergency Medicine• ED pharmacist improves process measures such
as:• Time to cath lab, abx in pna, pain management,
etc12
• Adds critical layer of safety to vulnerable patients13
• Adds cost-saving benefit to the ED14
17
Cost-savings in the Emergency Room: A Four Month Study of ED Pharmacist Interventions14
Type of Intervention
No.Interventions
Average CostAvoidance
perIntervention
($)
Cost Avoidance ($)
Drug-drug or drug
disease interactions
or drugincompatibilitie
sidentified
334 1,647 297,053
Therapeuticrecommendatio
n
523 1,188 273,383
Adverse drug event
prevented
48 1,098 23,190
Medication error
prevented
488 1,375 436,150
Total 1393 5,308 $1,029,776
18
Role of the ED Pharmacist
19
20
Role of the ED Pharmacist• Clinical Consultation Duties
• Responds to pharmacotherapy consultations• Provides drug selection and dose
recommendations• Therapeutic substitutions• Recognizes disease state specific
pharmacotherapy• Implements patient-specific pharmacokinetics
21
Other Clinical Duties• Order screening
• Focus on allergies, drug interactions, and appropriate dosing
• Selection and preparation of medications• High Risk Medications, RSI, codes
• Resuscitations and trauma response• ED pharmacist at bedside actively overseeing
medication use process
22
Pediatric ADE’s in the ED15
• For every 1000 pediatric patients • 100 prescribing errors• 39 administration errors
• 22% of acetaminophen doses incorrect
23
Pediatric patients at risk
• Most ED’s generally not well-prepared to manage pediatrics16
• 6% “well” prepared nationwide• Pediatrics account for 27% of ED visits• All children need weight-based dosing,
increasing the likelihood for errors
24
ED Pharmacist – An Educator
• New medications• Drug warnings• Drug-drug interactions• Provides current, evidenced-based information
on pharmacological therapy• Simulation exercises• Becomes an established authority through
education
25
Benefits of Having an ED Pharmacist17,18,19
• Research and educational advancements
• Vulnerable populations • i.e. Severe sepsis, severe trauma,
patients requiring sedation, pediatrics• Patient safety
• Reduced rate of adverse events• Medication selection, order screening,
stat bedside preparation
26
IMPLEMENTATION
27
National Implementation20
• 3-5% of EDs in U.S. have a dedicated clinical pharmacist
• 18.3% have attempted to gain funding for a pharmacist position • Primarily through pharmacy budget
• 30.1% plan to request funding• demand
28
Bottom Line
• ED’s across America are in need of dedicated pharmacy specialists
• Arrive with a plan and they will embrace you
29
Step I: Assess Individual ED Environment
• Size of hospital• Academic center vs. non-academic• Urban vs. rural• Patient demographics• Annual patient volume• Trauma centerHave potential ED pharmacist candidate shadow medical staff • Determine needs
30
Step 2: Recruitment
Finding a full time dedicated ED Pharmacist• Education
• PharmD• Residency – PGY1 preferred• PGY2 accredited emergency pharmacist
programs emerging• ACLS, PALS certification
31
Step 2: Recruitment
Experience• Critical/acute Care • Emergency Medicine • Pediatrics
32
What to Look for
Characteristics• Proactive – continually offers assistance• Build relationships with all medical staff• Actively seeks out patients that can benefit
from ED pharmacist intervention• Ability to appear helpful and not
confrontational• Ability to work well under pressure and time
constraints
33
Step 3: Overcoming Challenges
Funding• Grants• EM department co-funding• Couple implementation with a residency project
Staff Resistance• Temporary response to change
34
Financial ChallengesImportant to demonstrate return on investment
• ED pharmacist save money• Recommend lower cost meds with equal or
better efficacy• Reduce adverse drug events• Waste reduction
35
ROI
4 month study – 2150 interventions21
• 1393 directly related to ADE’s• Cost avoidance of estimated $1,029,776
36
Availability, Accessibility, and Visibility
• Dedicated to the ED• Physically located in ED (not isolated to a
satellite)• Easily accessible and visible to all staff with
frequent “walk-through”
37
ResourcesProvide ED Pharmacist with necessary equipment (laptop, cell phone, pager, computer space centrally located in ED)
38
Go Team ED!
39
References – Part One1. Emergency Pharmacist Research Team, University of Rochester Department of Emergency Medicine. Rollin J.
(Terry) Fairbanks, Principal Investigator; Karen E. Kolstee, Project Coordinator; Daniel P. Hays, Lead Pharmacist. www.EmergencyPharmacist.org Supported by The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Partnerships in Patient Safety, Grant no. 1 U18 HS015818
2. Hafner JW, et al. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2002; 39(3).3. Leape LL, et al. JAMA, 1995; 27(1).4. Sanders MS, et al. Human Factors Engineering and Design. 7 th ed. McGraw Hill, Inc.,1993.5. Aspden P et al, Preventing Medication errors: Quality Chasm Series. Nat’l Academy Press: 1 st ed, 20076. USP Patient Safety CAPS7. Institute of Medicine, The Future of Emergency Care. Nat’l Academies Press; 20078. Derlet RW. Overcrowding in emergency departments: increased demand and decreased capacity. Ann Emerg
Med. 2002;39(4):430-2.9. Fairbanks, Patel, and Shannon. EPh Time-Motion Study (2007). Results presented at AHSP Mid-Year Clinical
Meeting, December 5, 2007. (available at www.emergencypharmacist.org/toolkit.html) 10. Conners GP, Hays D. Emergency Department Drug Orders: Does Drug Storage Location Make a Difference?
Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007;50:414-41811. Fairbanks RJ, Hildebrand JM, Kolstee KE, Schneider SM, Shah MN. Medical and nursing staff value and utilize
clinical pharmacists in the Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Journal Oct 2007; 24:716-719.12. Fairbanks RJ, Results of the AHRQ Emergency Pharmacist Outcomes Study. American Society of Health-System
Pharmacists 42nd Mid-Year Clinical Meeting, Las Vegas: 12/5/07. (available at www.EmergencyPharmacist.org).13. Fairbanks RJ et al, The Optimized Emergency Pharmacist Role, Presented at AHRQ Patient Safety & Health IT
Conference, June 2006 (available at www.EmergencyPharmacist.org).14. Lada P, Delgardo G. Documentation of Pharmacists' Interventions in an Emergency Department and Associated
Cost Avoidance. Am J Health-Syst Pharm-Vol 64 Jan 1, 200715. Aspden P et al, Preventing Medication errors: Quality Chasm Series. Nat’l Academy Press: 1st ed, 200716. Institute of Medicine, The Future of Emergency Care. Nat’l Academies Press; 200717. Bond CA, et al, Pharmacotherapy, 1999; 19(6). 18. Leape LL, et al JAMA, Mar 2000; 283(10).19. Gattis WH, et al, Arch Internal Med, 1999; 159(16).20. Thomasset and Faris, Am J Health-Syst Pharm, Aug 2003; 6021. Lada, P. et al, Am J Health-Syst Pharm, Jan 2007; 61(4)
40
The Emergency Medicine PharmacistSystematically improving patient care hospital wide
Robert S. Pugliese, PharmD, [email protected]
@theEDpharmacist
Part 2
41
Emergency Medicine Pharmacists recognized by American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP)
“RESOLVED, That ACEP create a policy statement that supports clinical pharmacy services in emergency departments and collaboration among emergency medicine providers to promote safe, effective, and evidence-based medication practices, to conduct emergency-medicine-related clinical research, and to foster an environment supporting pharmacy residency training in emergency medicine”2
Resolution 44
42
Emergency Medicine Pharmacists recognized by American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP)
“Any of us who’s ever had access to clinical pharmacy services in the [emergency room] know it’s really important”–Louise A Prince, President, ACEP New York1
43
Surprise!?• Many Emergency Departments:
• Overcrowded (primary care)• Understaffed (5-to-1 nursing ratio!)• Provide ICU level care (and fix tummy aches)• Mixed population (inpatient/outpatient)• Lack common medication safety protections
• Prospective medication order review not mandated by Joint Commission
= HIGH RISK
44
Do you ED Pharmacist?
45
First mention of EM Pharmacy service was in 1977 published in American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy3
Yes14%No
86%
ER Pharmacist Survey 2000 (n=119)4
Yes30%No
70%
ER Pharmacist Survey 2007 (n=99)5
Pharmacy residency programs surveyed
Emergency Medicine residency programs
surveyedYes62%
No38%
?
46
Yes14%No
86%
ER Pharmacist Survey 2000 (n=119) 4
Yes30%No
70%
ER Pharmacist Survey 2007 (n=99) 5
Yes62%
No38%
Critical Care Pharmacist Survey 2006 (n=382) 6
Hospitals with ICUs surveyed
47
We need more Emergency Medicine Pharmacists
Critical Care Emergency Medicine0
20406080
100120140
116
27
ASHP Accredited PGY2 Residency Programs*
*Source: ASHP Online Residency Directory. Available at: http://accred.ashp.org/aps/pages/directory/residencyProgramSearch.aspx. Accessed 1-8-2015
48
Emergency Medicine Pharmacy
A long road ahead
49
Emergency Medicine Pharmacistsare Great Collaborators!• ED pharmacists find themselves at the crossroads of the
hospital• ED pharmacists often must act as intermediaries and
facilitators in interdepartmental collaborations• ED pharmacists are a trusted team member and are
looked to when problems arise • ED Pharmacists in unique position to identify systematic
problems and develop solutions• Many initiatives begin in the ED and we are there at the
ground floor
50
Shouldn’t we go help
them?
Nah, it’s the ER. We don’t go there
51
ASHP Guidelines on Emergency Medicine Pharmacist ServicesEssential/Desirable Administrative Roles of EM Pharmacists7
1. Medication and Patient Safety2. Quality Improvement Initiatives3. Leadership and Professional Service 4. Emergency Preparedness5. Education6. Research and Scholarly Activity
52
1. Medication and Patient Safety• Intervention documentation• ADE/ADR Reporting• ED Performance Improvement (PI)
Leadership
53
54
55
56
Emergency Medicine Pharmacist ImpactConclusions• A majority of interventions occurred through prospective
consults where EMPs assisted in determining patient treatment.
• An average of 16 interventions occurred each day, roughly equating to one intervention per hour between 0800 and 2330.
• All EMP interventions were accepted except for 1 of 478 (0.002%)
• Due to the fast paced nature of the ED, almost 100% documentation capture was only possible with the support of students documenting all EMP interventions
57
2. Quality Improvement Initiatives• Jeff FAST Program – Facilitating Anticoagulation for
Safer Transitions• Pediatric ED Workgroup – Develops and promotes
evidence based protocols for pediatric ED population• Sepsis Initiative – ED Pilot now house wide evidence
based care bundle leading to mortality benefits• Sickle Cell Workgroup – collaboration between
outpatient Sickle Cell Center and ED • Stroke Committee – decreased time-to-TPA to <60
min; TPA made centrally (not at the bedside) with average 11 min turnaround
58
Quality Improvement Initiatives
59
Quality Improvement Initiatives
60
Quality Improvement Initiatives
61
62
Quality Improvement Initiatives
63
Quality Improvement Initiatives
Antibiotic Compatibilities in Sepsis Treatment
Amik Anid Azith Aztre Cefe Ceft Ceftri Dopa Epi Line Mero Met Mica Moxi Norepi P/T Tig Tobra Vanco
Amikacin (Amik) - C - C C C - C
C
C - C - - - C C - C
Anidulafungin (Anid) C - - - C C C C C C C C - - C C - C CAzithromycin (Azith) - - - - C - - - - - - - - - - - C - -Aztreonam (Aztre) C C - - C C C C C C - - - - - C C C CCefepime (Cefe) C C C C - - - C - C - C - - - - C C CCeftazidime (Ceft) C C - C - - - C C C - C - - C - C C -Ceftriaxone (Ceftri) - C - C - - - - - C - - - - - - C - CDopamine (Dopa) - C - C C C - - C C - C C - C C C - CEpinephrine (Epi) - C - C - C - C - - - - - - C - C - C
Linezolid (Line) C C - C C C C C - - C C - - - C C C C
Meropenem (Mero) - C - - - - - - - C - - - - C - - - C
Metronidazole (Met) C C - - C C - C - C - - - - - C - - -
Micafungin (Mica) - - - - - - - C - - - - - - C - - - -
Moxifloxacin (Moxi) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Norepinephrine (Norepi) - C - - - C - C C - C - C - - - C - -Piperacillin/Tazobactam (P/T) C C - C - - - C - C - C - - - - C - C Tigecycline (Tig) C - C C C C C C C C - - - - C C - C C
Tobramycin (Tobra) - C - C C C - - - C - - - - - - C - CVancomycin (Vanco) C C - C C - C C C C C - - - - C C C -
65
Quality Improvement InitiativesSevere Sepsis Initiative
66
Quality Improvement Initiatives –
Pediatric/ED Workgroup
Triage• Vital Signs• Peak Flow• Pulse Ox
Physician Order SetPediatric Asthma• First series Bronchodilators (if not previously
ordered):• Albuterol q 20 min x3 +Ipratropium x 2
with 2nd and 3rd nebs• CXR if:
• Fever (Temp ≥ 100.4• Foreign Born• First-time Wheeze• Focal Lung Findings
• Assess Severity
Treatment• Oral
Steroids
Nursing ED FLOPediatric Wheezing• Peak Flow pre-Rx• First series Bronchodilators:
• Albuterol q 20 min x3• +Ipratropium x2 with 2nd and 3rd nebs
• Peak Flow post-Rx• O2 NC if < 93%
Mild• O2 Sat > 93%• RR WNL for age• If > 7 yrs PF >
70%
Meets ALL Discharge Criteria?• O2 Sat > 93%• RR WNL for age
Treatment• Oral Steroids• Second series bronchodilators:
• High dose albuterol q2h• Ipratropium q4h
• Peds consult 877-656-5559• Peds RT consult pager 2141• Admit
Moderate• O2 Sat > 93%• RR elevated for age• If > 7 yrs PF 40-70%
Home• Asthma action plan (can consult peds RT
to assist with plan and/or teaching)• F/U PMD within 1 week• Equipment at home (Spacer/nebulizer)• Prescriptions for Albuterol +/- ICS
Treatment• Steroids• Continuous albuterol• Magnesium• Peds consult• Peds RT consult• Admit
Severe• O2 Sat ≤ 93%• If > 7 yrs PF <
40%
YesNo
Dangerous Pediatric Respiratory rates
0-60 days over 60 60 days- 1year over 401-5 years over 305-18 years over 20
Expected 70% 40%Height (cm) Peak Flow Expected Expected
43 (108) 147 103 5944 (112) 160 112 6445 (114) 173 121 6946 (117) 187 131 7547 (119) 200 140 8048 (122) 214 150 8649 (124) 227 159 9150 (127) 240 168 9651 (130) 254 178 10252 (132) 267 187 10753 (135) 280 196 11254 (137) 293 205 11755 (140) 307 215 12356 (142) 320 224 12857 (145) 334 234 13458 (147) 347 243 13959 (150) 360 252 14460 (152) 373 261 14961 (155) 387 271 15562 (157) 400 280 16063 (160) 413 289 16564 (163) 427 299 17165 (165) 440 308 17666 (168) 454 318 18267 (170) 487 341 195
Pediatric Wheezing/Asthma ED Pathway
Pts <20kg Albuterol 2.5mg q20min x3 +Ipratropium 0.5mg q20min x2
Pts >20kg Albuterol 5mg q20min x3 +Ipratropium 0.5mg q20min x2
Pts <20kg Albuterol 5mg q2hPts >20kg Albuterol 10mg q2h
Pts <20kg 5mg/hrPts >20kg 10mg/hr
Prednisone 2mg/kg MAX 60mg POPrednisolone Sol 2mg/kg MAX 60mg POMethylprednisolone 2mg/kg MAX 60mg IV
Magnesium Sulfate 50mg/kg MAX 2gm IVadminister over 20 minutes
First Series Bronchodilators
Second Series Bronchodilators
First Dose Steroids
Adjunct Medication
High Dose Albuterol
Continuous Albuterol
Issue Date January 2013
67
Quality Improvement Initiatives –
Pediatric/ED Workgroup
Pathway – Neonate/Infant 0-90d Fever ED Management Algorithm Definitions
o Neonate: 0 – 28 days of life o Infant: 29 – 90 days of life o Fever: Rectal temperature ≥ 38ºC (100.4 ºF)
Obtain IV access Initiate Medications (C) Admit to pediatrics
Rectal temperature ≥ 38ºC (100.4 ºF)
Neonates 0 – 28 days old
Initiate Neonate/Infant Fever Pathway (Assure FLO orders are placed if not done) Call pediatric consult (CC) Obtain IV access Initiate Medications (B) UA and urine culture (use Cath Kit) Blood culture x1 LP with HSV PCR Stool culture if diarrhea CXR, Flu antigen, RSV PCR if respiratory symptoms Admission to pediatrics
ESI 2 Notify Physician FLO/Nurse initiated orders -Heelstick for CBC + diff -Accucheck for glucose -Lido 4% cream x1 prn IV place (A) -Sucrose Sol oral (Sweet-Ease) prn for painful procedures
Infants 29 – 60 days old
Initiate Neonate/Infant Fever Pathway (Assure FLO orders are place if not done) Call pediatric consult (CC) UA and urine culture (use Cath Kit) Blood culture x1 LP with Enterovirus PCR Stool culture if diarrhea CXR, Flu antigen, RSV PCR if respiratory symptoms
Infants 61 – 90 days old
Initiate Neonate/Infant Fever Pathway (Assure FLO orders are place if not done) Call pediatric consult (CC) UA and urine culture (use Cath Kit) Blood culture x1 LP (if NOT Low Risk) with Enterovirus PCR Stool culture if diarrhea CXR, Flu antigen, RSV PCR if respiratory symptoms
Is the patient LOW risk?
Clinical criteria: Previously healthy Term infant with uncomplicated nursery stay Nontoxic clinical appearance No focal bacterial infection on examination (EXCEPT otitis
media)
Laboratory criteria: WBC count 5 – 15,000/mm3 Bands <20% Negative gram stain of unspun urine (preferred) OR
negative leukocyte esterase and nitrite, OR <5 WBCs/hpf in stool (if diarrhea)
If LP done o CSF <8 WBCs/mm3 AND negative gram stain o Corrected: <1 WBC/500 RBC
Social criteria: Reliable care taker Assured follow up within 24 hours
A) Lidocaine 4% Cream (Anecream/LMX-4) Dosing: 1 gram = 5 cm ribbon = 40 mg lidocaine
Wt(kg) Recommended Dose (Amount of Cream Applied) Per Site
Max Dose (Amount of Cream Per Application)
TOTAL AMT USED ON ALL SITES*
Max Application Time (hr)
< 5 0.5 g (2.5 cm) 1 g (5 cm) 1
5-10 0.5-1 g (2.5-5 cm) 2 g (10 cm) 2
11-20 1-2 g (5-10 cm) 10 g (50 cm) 2
> 20 1-2 g (5-10 cm) 20 g (100 cm) 2
*Maximum amount of cream per application may be repeated in 2 hours; not to be applied more than 3 times in a 24 hour period / NO MORE THAN 2 SITE APPLICATIONS B) Medications 0 – 28 days old (x1 doses only in ED)
-Ampicillin 0-7 days: 100 mg/kg/dose IV q8h (max: 2 grams/dose) 8-28 days: 75 mg/kg/dose IV q6h (max: 2 grams/dose)
-Cefotaxime 0-7 days: 50 mg/kg/dose IV q12h (max: 2 grams/dose) 8-28 days: 50 mg/kg/dose IV q8h (max: 2 grams/dose)
-Acyclovir 20 mg/kg/dose IV q8h
-Sodium Chloride 0.9% Bolus (20 ml/kg) prn dehydration -Acetaminophen 15mg/kg/dose PO or PR q6h prn fever ≥100.4°F
C) Medications 29 – 90 days old (x1 dose in ED) -Vancomycin 15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h (max: 500 mg/dose) -Cefotaxime 75 mg/kg/dose IV q6h (max: 2 grams/dose)
-Sodium Chloride 0.9% Bolus (20 ml/kg) prn dehydration -Acetaminophen 15mg/kg/dose PO or PR q6h prn fever ≥100.4°F
D) Medication for Low Risk patients (post-LP)
-Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/dose IM once (max: 1000 mg/dose)
Was LP done?
NO YES
Medication (D) Discharge Reevaluation in 24 hours Reevaluation in 24 hours
HIGH RISK
LOW RISK
No Medication
Discharge Reevaluation in 24 hours Reevaluation in 24 hours
68
WINNER!
Pediatric/ED Workgroup
69
3. Leadership and Professional Service
• ED Medication Reconciliation Project (Coming Soon!) • Goal is to establish a model
for technician/intern based medication reconciliation for 100% of patients coming through the ED
• LEAN Leaders – Interdepartmental LEAN ED Medication Distribution Project• Pharmacy Techs are content experts
Med Rec
70
Interprofessional Med Rec Design Project
Leadership and Professional Service
71
Patient's Pharmacy (and cross street):___________________________
Please write down the medications you take. If you do not remember your medication names, you can call your pharmacy, ask a caregiver/family member, or ask a staff member for help.
Medication History
Drug and Food allergies (describe what happens when you have a reaction):
Pharmacy Phone Number:________________________
Patient Name:________________________________ Date of Birth: ___/___/_____ Recently hospitalized at Jefferson? ○ Yes ○ No Do you see a physician at Jefferson? ○ Yes ○ No
ED Staff Only: Med Rec Start Time and Date: Med Rec Completion Time: Notes:
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
List any Over the Counter (OTC) medications you take and when you last took them (for example: Aspirin or Benadryl):
Prescription Medication Name and Dose
List any herbal supplements or vitamins you take and when you last took them (for example: St. Johns Wort or Fish Oil products):
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
Last dose?
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
How do you take the medication? How Often?○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ By mouth○ Other: ________________
○ Once daily ○ Twice daily○ Other ________________
72
4. Emergency Preparedness
• Disaster Management Workgroup – ED Pharmacists act as department liaisons for disaster management support
• Antidote Inventory Management – Developed formulary antidote database to identify critical antidotes, identify storage locations, set supply par levels, and monitor stock
73
5. Education• Pharmacy Resident Rotation
• ED rotation provides unique environment for resident to work on a wide range of skills
• Always opportunities for research in the ED• Many residency grads are finding opportunities as
ED pharmacists• Pharmacy Student Rotations (IPPE/APPE)• #1 most requested rotation site at TJU• Students get the opportunity to apply concepts in
a wide range of disease states• Formal Lectures
74
6. Research and Scholarly Activity• Nitrous oxide toxicity case report – AJHP8 • The Jeff FAST Program – Presentation to National
Anticoagulation Forum• The Jeff FAST Program – Journal of Hospital Practice9
• ED Interventions Student Poster - ASHP Midyear• The Sepsis Initiative – Critical Care Medicine (Abstract)• The Sepsis Initiative - Presentation to University Health
System Consortium and IHI National Meetings • The Sepsis Initiative - ASHP Foundation for Medication
Use Excellence Finalist
75
6. Research and Scholarly ActivityPharmacy Resident Research Manuscripts
• Post Intubation Sedation ED Protocol• Establishing the Jeff FAST Program• ED Pharmacist Effect on Sepsis Protocol
Adherence• Pharmacy Led Med Rec in ED • Improving the Pharmacologic
Management of Severe Sepsis
76
6. Research and Scholarly Activity
77
6. Research and Scholarly Activity• Social Media and FOAMed? Free Open Access Meducation• Blogs/Podcasts – ALiEM, EMPharmD, LITFL• Twitter - @PharmERToxGuy, @ASHP_EMPharm,
@theEDpharmacist• Instagram• YouTube• Facebook• WikiEM
78
ASHP Emergency Care Section Advisory Group
79
Questions?
80
References – Part Deux1. American College of Emergency Physicians. 2014 Council Resolutions, Chicago.
Resolution 44: Support for Clinical Pharmacists as Part of the Emergency Medicine Team. Available at: https://www.acep.org/uploadedFiles/ACEP/About_Us/Leadership/Council/2014%20Resolutions%20Compendium.pdf. Accessed January 8, 2015.
2. Cheryl A. Thompson. Pharmacy News: Emergency Physicians Group Supports ED Clinical Pharmacy Services. AJHP News. December 15, 2014. Available at: http://www.ashp.org/menu/News/PharmacyNews/NewsArticle.aspx?id=4140. Accessed January 8, 2015.
3. Elenbaas RM, Waeckerle JF, Mcnabney WK. The clinical pharmacist in emergency medicine. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977;34(8):843-6.
4. Thomasset KB, Faris R. Survey of pharmacy services provision in the emergency department. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003;60(15):1561-4.
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