1

MINISTRY OF MINERALS

GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AUTHORITY OF THE SUDAN

ED EL FURSAN BANDED IRON FORMATION (BIF), ITS

RELATION WITH KASS MASSIVE SULPHIDES, AND

THE REGIONAL HYDROTHERMAL BUDGET, SOUTH

DARFUR STATE, SUDAN.

BY:

NASRELDIN WADELNOUR

YOUSIF EL SAMMANI

ELSHEIKH ABDEL RAHMAN

MOHMED ABDEL BAGI

ELFADIL MOUSTAFA

AWAD MOHMED AHMED

Nov.2010

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ED EL FURSAN BANDED IRON FORMATION (BIF), ITS

RELATION WITH KASS MASSIVE SULPHIDES, AND

THE REGIONAL HYDROTHERMAL BUDGET, SOUTH

DARFUR STATE, SUDAN. Mohmed Ali, NW., El Sammani, Y., Abdel Rahman, EM., Abdel Bagi, M, El Faki,

EM. GRAS, P.O.BOX, 410 Khartoum, Sudan.

Abstract

The paper discusses an origin of a variety of Banded iron formation (BIF)

which mainly defined as Algoma and Lake Superior types. This one here

at Ed El Fursan, at south Darfur state differs from the above mentioned

categories in nature. This BIF is from geological and chemical stand

points is hydrothermal, and emplaced episodically in quartzites, the host

rocks. The area is generally characterized by high grade metamorphism

of probably Proterozoic age. The mineralization perhaps intruded during

green schist facies as favorable conditions and suffered amphibolite

degree of metamorphism with the rest of the succession. Other discussed

metallogeny is the Leona sulphides that are very rich in lead and

associated silver (90% Pb, 2500ppm Ag) which generally considered as

precious ore. The hydrothermal budget and comparison revealed that the

BIF and probably SEDEX massive sulphides are probably formed from

the same magma and its successive hydrothermal solutions in multiple

phases that characterize the metallogeny of the area along definite

structural lineaments. The comparison also between the sulphides of

south Darfur and those of north Kordofan refer to the same magma

chamber and its evolutionary hydrothermal phases which may hint to its

immense size and impact in the two large regions. The artisanal gold is

probably one of the mineral paragenesis of these processes. Finally, the

magma evolution state, despite the large time span between lower

Proterozoic (gneissic cratonic terrane, current study) and upper

Proterozoic (Pan African, some parts of Haya terrane), similarity is

preserved in mineralizations genetic model as a result of multiple phase

of hydrothermalism. The process is highly controlled by metamorphism,

deformation, initial conditions, and mechanism of repetition. The process

might started early since Archaean wherever encountered.

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1. INTRODUCTION

This report has been accomplished in the occasion of the visit of

south Darfur state and its capital Nyala city. It is an attempt to reopen

GRAS office for the increasing demand first to provide regional

governments with financial resources through fees of exploitation of

building material. Moreover to handle the augmenting role of the new

structure of GRAS as a ministry of minerals contribution in the general

economy of the state through the other minerals mining leases for the

immense mineral resources exists in the area.

During the mission there were discoveries in the process. First Ed

El Fursan Banded Iron Formation (BIF). The second is the Kass massive

sulphides at Leona village. The first has been compared with the other

BIF ore deposits regionally and internationally. It is found that its

characterized by very particular geological features beside its common

characteristics with the other BIF else where. It is characterized by

intrusive nature in a sedimentary host with multiphase emplacement

patterns. In this concern, the problem of the host rock is going to be

discussed. Massive sulphides were discovered at Um Leona village about

15 km from Kass city to the direction of Nyala city. The ore extend

discontinuously with the particularly significant properties for long

distance. The first is that the ore is very rich in Pb and in turn Ag as its

usually used to be hosted in galena. Similar to this ore is the one found at

Abu Zaema NW Sodari, north Kordofan province a comparison will

discussed based on chemical and geological grounds. This has both

economic and geological significances, as this ore contains the values of

precious metals mentioned above. The gold artisanal work is mainly

focused on these mineralizations paragenesis and their associated quartz

veins. The geological is that the ore paragenesis successfully revealed the

nature of metallogeny in the region (Mohmed Ali et al. 2010 a, B, and C)

after through correlations. The same thing could be mentioned about the

nature of metallogeny in South Darfur Province. The mineralizations

relations of Hofrat En Nahas, Mazroub has been discussed before (Abdel

Rahman et al. 2006, Mohmed Ali et al 2010) in tectonic and chemical

properties respectively. The final result is that the metallogeny question

would be answered in the area of north Kordofan and south Darfur or the

two regions in general. Besides, these mineralizations are very rich in

base and precious metals that would efficiently contribute to the

economies of these areas. The problem of BIF could be discussed in the

framework of hydrothermal activities cast both regions as the geological

evaluation so far succeeded to do so. That by it self could be considered

as a case study contribution in the dissection of the enigmatic and wider

dispute about BIF genesis and characteristics. Other problem is that the

quartzite and the associated remobilisate quartz veins that are suspected

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to be auriferous are crushed and used as a construction material aggregate

by construction companies for a decade, the thing that can bear

irreversible damage for these nonrenewable resources. Such a problem

has been discussed with other ore bodies in other locations. It is high time

to issue a hazard about this problem, especially with the new current

ministry structure.

1.1. LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The bodies in question, the Ed El Fursan, other used names, Ed El Kheil

and Ed El Haraz, precisely located at coordinates N 11º 47' 09"- E 24º

26' 27", 59km southwest Nyala (Table 1. Fig.A). Accessibility from

Khartoum is little difficult with mission convoy vehicles, as the area is

very far and remote. Nowadays, GRAS reopened office in Nyala so as to

coordinate as much as possible with the local government to cover most

of the geological activities including mining. It is most practical to

prepare for field mission from the terminal office at Nyala. Other wise

Railway line is active to Khartoum and this also considered as an option

whenever there is insistence to use available resources. Airway aviation

services are also available in regular basis.

1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

There are many studies carried out in the area and the neighbouring

(North Kordofan Province), this study aimed to correlate geological,

structural, metallogeny, and feasibility aspects of the area (south Darfur

state) in order to properly evaluate the economic potentiality of the area.

Recently, the area witnessed many activities (North Kordofan Province)

of most importance is the artisanal mining as the recently established

Ministry of Minerals planned to coup with the great explosion of artisanal

mining that exposed over a sudden at all the regions of the country. The

ministry every day has to encounter developments and repercussions of

the processes either in a positive or negative impact. The areas under

evaluation in adjacent north Kordofan province include the Mazroub,

Tinna quartz veins, comparison between Tinna (quartz veins) and

Mazroub (sulphides) mineralizations similarities. Another study includes

quartz veins discovered more to the west around Sodari (Al Firga), others

are samples collected from Abu Zaema massive sulphides.

The purpose of this report is to continue this trend of studies more

to the west to the neighbouring south Darfur province. The research

prospect precisely includes sulphides that are discovered at Leona village

and extend for long distance as a belt. From geological point of view

these sulphides are similar to those discovered at Abu Zaema. Similarities

imply general petrology, metamorphism and chemical affinities as its

going to be discussed. The dominance of galena as the main mineral ore

90% concentration, this huge Pb concentration contains around 4000ppm

Ag. This by itself is a fortune and mineral wealth that deserve proper

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evaluation. Another discovered commodity is the Banded Iron Formation

(BIF). It was found 60km southwest to Nyala city. This kind of iron

contains magnetite which is a very important industrial mineral. This iron

is probably of hydrothermal origin as its going to be discussed in

controversy with the generally known BIF. Other main similar

mineralizations in the area are Kutum lead zinc at the north and Hofrat En

Nehas few hundreds of Kilometers form Ed El Fursan area where the BIF

iron was discovered. The correlation of hydrothermal budget between the

two regions might lead to strong similarities. Based on that the

metallogeny of north Kordofan and at least north and south Darfur states

should be treated as extensions or one geological unit or Metallogenic

Province.

2. GEOLOGY

2. 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY

In the literature there are two types of BIF ore deposits: 1. Algoma type

BIF, which is composed of finely layered intercalation of silica and iron,

generally hematite and/or magnetite bearing but the individual layers lack

continuity. 2. Lake Superior type BIF usually deposited in shallow

waters, continental shelves or ancient sedimentary basins. Algoma type is

of a much wider time span.

BIF is generally defined as a chemical precipitate of sedimentary

rocks, or have more than 15% sedimentary iron. Some of them are

arguably belong to Archaean supracrustal rocks, generally range about

1.1-2.3 Ga. Klein (2005) made a comparative study in their types all

around the world, including their age, geological setting, mineralogy,

metamorphism, geochemistry, and origins. Their host rocks are of various

types; shales, cherts, and quartzites. Some bands are iron rich whereas

others are poor, some are 600-800 m.a. old, actually in a long time span

during the Precambrian. In some of their characteristics they are similar

to the oolitic iron as the cyanobacteria played a major in their

precipitation. Oxygen was released by cyanobacteria and combined with

the dissolved iron to form insoluble iron oxides that precipitated directly.

Composition generally ranges between 20-40% (Britton, 2007). Recent

world wide recognition for their long debated origins settled on

composition that formed of magnetite and/or hematite-carbonate and talc

rich mineralization (Dalestra et al. 2004). An example of Archaean green

stone belt is given (Angerer et al. 2010), that composed mainly of

hematite and goethite and linked its emplacement with deformational

phases. A BIF hosted high scale iron deposit in the Archaean of

Koolyanobbing green stone belt (western Australia) that is synergetic and

structurally controlled and with weathering related magnetite, hematite

and goethite rich iron ore.

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2.2.GEOLOGY OF MINERALIZATION

2.2.1. THE BANDED IRON FORMATION (BIF)

The geology of the area is very rich with mineral resources, in the

area there are many obstacles that inhibit the proper usage of mineral

resources among these problems, the usage of quartz veins associated

with quartzites as crushing aggregate for road construction for a long

period of time. These quartz veins and quartzite aggregate might contain

gold in commercial amounts. Marbles are burned and used as polishing

lime in a primitive usage and that might have been continued for decades.

It is also used to protect the ground and sides of roads which are newly

constructed, sometimes it was drifted by rain water. It is generally known

that these resources are nonrenewable and careful use is indispensable to

protect this treasure. In our view, all these misuses are happened as a

result of ignoring the geologist role as the proper guardian of this mineral

wealth. So before using all rock types specially in commercial amounts in

various purposes, a geologist have to be consulted as a must. A decree

issued by the authorities in this concern is imperative (Plate 2 and 3).

Alternatives of quartz veins aggregates is the other rocks of the basement

that exist in huge amounts like, ortho and paragneisses, and amphibolites.

Post tectonic granites are also wide spread in the area. There was a

thinking that it might be used for cutting ornament material and

decoration stone instead of been used as also aggregate. All these projects

are proposed for the local governments for the perfect utilization of these

resources. Local governments are in vital need of finance for their own

operations aside from central government budget.

The geology in the area is characterized dominantly by low relief

outcrops and subdued terranes that mainly represent a rock assemblage of

the amphibolite facies degree of metamorphism. The rocks are mainly

ortho and paragneisses, quartzite that is wide spread in the area. Marble is

also found and used as quarries by the locals by burning and selling in the

market (Plate. 3). An advanced thinking is to construct cement

manufactories to contribute in the development of the area. As the

geology in the three Darfur states is almost similar, its quite expected to

encounter enough marble quantities that can satisfy the local needs.

Cement prices in these areas is very expensive that would impede local

development.

Quartzites, the main theme of the study as a host rock for BIF is

having many geological characteristics that are observed on most of the

visited quartzites. An example taken by the author, the quartzites of Abu

Tulu, they have been sampled and analyzed. Unfortunately, they were not

mineralized by gold but that does not mean that all of them are barren.

Second and third generations of silica remobilisate are intersecting these

quartzites as a result of deformation and metamorphism (Plate 4).

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Definitely they imprint all deformational and metamorphic phases in the

area (Plate 4). The same could be mentioned for the quartzites of Ed El

Fursan, as they are fractured according to the metamorphic and

deformational phases (Plates 4, 5, and 6). The Banded Iron Formation

(BIF) is emplaced along synkenamatic fractures. They are tectonically

controlled along, first the primary sedimentary structures as zones of

weaknesses, second vie hydraulic fractures. Most probably they were not

emplaced in the cratonized phase as its quite possible they were intruded

in the most dynamic and favorable green schist facies (Mohmed Ali et

2010 A and B). Their mechanism of formation is as follows; first

hydraulic fracturing and then hydrothermal solutions are emplaced as

fractures filling at the green schist facies and conditions, making use of

hydraulic fracturing. Quartz veins that are found intersecting quartzites

follow the same mechanism (Plates 5, 6, and 7). Sometimes, they were

very concentrated and all of the levels along the strike are mineralized.

The deformation has very strong impact on these rocks. It is known that

silica is among the most mobile minerals at low pressure and temperature.

It is used to be dissolved under these conditions with the implication of

metamorphic water and intrude their host in number of phases

corresponds to the number of metamorphic and deformational phases.

The most favorable axis is along the strike, parallel to lineations and

tectonically enhanced silica emplacement and the most disturbing for

mineralization. The much the quartz veins intrusion, the low is the ore

concentration. So deformation and quartz veining have negative impact

on ore concentration and vice versa (Plate 7and 8). The quartz veins

could increase gradually at the expense of the ore until it form a network

or boxwork that might suite gold rather than iron mineralization. The

final picture is a domination of quartz vein and gradual vanishing of the

ore until the ore is disseminated in island-like manner in a sea of silica or

restite wholly formed silica. Also the final shape is formed of iron

enclosed as xenoliths in quartz matrix or ground mass (Plates 9, 10, 11,

12, and 13 in the report).

The multiple emplacement of iron rich solutions is also could be

observed in the field where quartz veins, veinlets and congregates could

be found as xenoliths in iron ground mass. Veinlets and veins are found

with discontinuities that indicate that they were attacked by hydrothermal

iron rich solutions (Plates 14 and 15 in the report). The iron rich

hydrothermal solutions for instances are associated with brecciation and

disturb the whole succession (Plate 16 in the report).

The general structure of the quartzite host is that it is extending for

along one kilometer, often broken and in mostly disturbed by quartz veins

that came later and emplaced mostly along lineations parallel to the

general strike of the rocks (Plates 17 and 18 in the report) and for many

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instances all around the succession indiscriminately in a boxwork. The

thickness, sometimes reach 3 meters (Plate 19 in the report). Few views

illustrate that the BIF is mainly a fracture filling rather than of a

sedimentary derivation (Plate 20 in the report) due to the examples

mentioned above. The same sense could be observed in several other

locations, the boundary between the ferruginous and siliceous layers is

distinctly abrupt (plate 21, 22 in the report). Based on all these field and

geological evidences, beside chemical evidences (will be discussed later)

might contribute immensely to the assumption that at least partially

among many other origins, a hydrothermal derivation for the BIF should

be highly considered or put into effect.

2.2.2. UM LOANA MASSIVE SULPHIDES

The samples of Umm Leona massive sulphides (Plates 13, 14)

were brought from a village (Um Leona), located 14km east of Kass city.

The sample is similar to that sulphides brought from Abu Zaema around

Sodari. The similarities appear in mineral paragenesis, common host

rock, degree of metamorphism, and chemical composition. That might

implicate them in similar genetic model. Such an approach has a very

great implication on the geology of the region to render it similar to south

Kordofan region in many aspects. A comparison based on chemical

grounds will be discussed later as similar geology was referred to. The

host rock in the two ores is basement gneisses in the amphibolite degree

of metamorphism in the cratonized phase. Most probably they are both

SEDEX or VMS as the protolith could be of volcaniclastic derivation or

paragneisses of the pelitic material. The Um Leona massive sulphides

that are highly enriched in galena and associated silver should be tracked

and evaluated for proper prospecting and exploitation.

3. MINERALIZATION

3.1. GEOCHEMISTRY OF MINERALIZATION

3.1.1. BIF GEOCHEMISTRY AND STATISTICAL DATA It appears that Edel El Fursan BIF contains gold, two samples out

of twelve, show gold 0.02 and 0.01 g/t Au, with average value of 0.0025

g/t. Ag is also promising, with average grade 5.8 g/t , min. value 1.3, and

max. value 27.3 g/t Ag. These precious elements should be targeted by

detailed exploration. The ore also show minor amounts of Mn, Zn, Cu,

and Co, although potential. Fe is the important component with average

grade of 12%, min. value of 5.85% and max. value of 22.04%. The above

mentioned Au, Ag, and Fe should be followed by detailed exploration

program.

3.1.2. LEONA MASSIVE SULPHIDES GEOCHEMITRY AND

STATISTICS

These sulphides appear similar to those of Abu Zaema around

Sodari in many aspects. First, the host rock as gneisses, and as they are

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both coarse grained for they sustained high degree of metamorphism as

recrystallization, sample appearance, the very high concentration of Pb,

Ag, and Cu. The two provinces are located to each other and perhaps with

the same geology. It contains 93% Pb average grade, 86.4 min. value, and

98.7% max. value. These values are among the highest in the world.

Usually, high Pb is associated with high Ag, 1981 g/t average grade, 1496

min value, 2750 max. value. Also these values are considered very high,

and such an ore is very close to exploitation for the chemical nature is

very feasible at utmost poor conditions of feasibility aspects, although, it

was discussed and proved positive. Based on that the ore is considered as

Bonanza type precious metals. Moreover, as gold is not currently

recorded at these samples, however, its highly potential as its found in

similar compositions. In general the region is most potential for Au, Ag,

Pb, and Cu, whereas other basemetals are highly expected as they are

usual mineral paragenesis with the above mentioned mineral categories.

Of less importance in this ore is Cu as 261 ppm average grade, 210 ppm

min. value, and 327 ppm max. value. The difference between the

sulphides of Leona (southwest Darfur) and those of Abu Zaema (north

Kordofan) is that in Abu Zaema is richer in Au, Ag, and Cu, whereas Pb

in Leona sulphides is very rich (98.7%). The mineral paragenesis in

general is the same in both facies.

3.2.THE EXPLANATION OF HIGH GRADE LEAD (Pb)

Replacement metasomatism is the main reaction type that controls

the evolution of both host rocks and mineral groups. Pb in general is an

indicator of the advanced stage of magma evolution in acidic composition

that dominated by ortho and paragneisses. The same could be mentioned

for massive sulphides. In northern Darfur, there is Kutum Pb-Zn sulphide

mineralization associated with evoluted granitic magma, so granitic

hydrothermal source contribution is not fully excluded in the genetic

model of the VMS origin proposed. The 98.7% Pb is rationalized via the

mechanism of the very advanced stage of Pb replacement of the other

trace elements until finally replaced the sulphur of the galena mineral.

The result is the psuedomorphic texture of the galena that is very highly

replaced by free Pb. The factor multiplied to the free Pb far exceeded the

typical 100% value of the ideal mineral galena, so it could only be

explained by the above mentioned phenomena.

3.4. THE CONCEPT OF METALLOGENIC PROVINCE The concept of metallogenic province is applicable to the area of

north Kordofan and most of Darfur region for the following reasons:

Mineral occurrences are Mazroub gossans, the artisanal quartz veins that

are found in Tinna north of Mazroub in the east, to Sodari and Um Badir

quartz veins in the west. The VMS various types; Mazroub gossans, Abu

Zaema sulphides, all at north Kordofan state. At Darfur, there is Hofrat

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En Nahas (south west Darfur), Leona massive sulphides (east Nyala),

Kutum sulphides (east Darfur), BIF of igneous origin (southwest Nyala).

So far, the studies confirmed that the magmatic budget as source is firstly

is very huge one and the cause of mineral deposit evolution for ore bodies

of both regions. It is quite expected, beside the current artisanal mining,

the area would soon witness extensive exploration and prospection works.

3.5. CHEMICAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANCE

The correlation basis is summarized on the few steps. First to

choose a pair of elements and to draw XY correlation Path. Elements that

appear with extremely positive correlations represent the same close

mineral paragenesis in the ore. Minerals with extreme negative signals or

negatively correlated represent replacement reactions and indicate that

one mineral grew at the expense of the other. That would also refer to that

they are not of the same mineral paragenesis. Probably succeeding pulse

of hydrothermal enrichment or other phase of ore accumulation. That

would also support multiple phase hydrothermal enrichment notions as a

genetic model for the mineralization in question close with other

supporting evidences. The similarities of general diagrams of correlation

might refer to the mechanism of many operating and controlling factors.

In detail, those which indicate chemical equilibrium and reaction

conditions, controlling condition like PTX, and growing path beside the

above mentioned characteristics. Very detailed discussion on these

correlations might give a full or partial idea about the real mineral

paragenesis of the ore emplacement in multiple emplacement pulses or

phases. All these signals similarities for the rest of elements diagrams for

the same ore deposit or in comparison with other suspected

mineralizations might indicate the same source and the slight variation

indicate particular differences of mostly in time and space. The most

important of all is that these diagrams similarities might indicate same

genetic models and definitely would solve the problems of

mineralizations geological settings if properly interpreted.

3.6. GEOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF BOTH ORE BODIES

It was assumed that the genetic model of both mineralization, BIF

and Leona sulphides are formed from the same magma or succeeding

multiple hydrothermal phases while same chemical signals are observed.

Based on the above mentioned technique that can reveal chemical aspects

of both processes the following could be observed:

Ag/Mn in BIF is negatively correlated and the same thing could be

mentioned at Leona sulphides (Fig. 1, 2). Ag/Fe of BIF is also negatively

correlated and the same could be mentioned about Leona sulphides (Fig.

3 and 4). The elements regrouping as observed could indicate double

reaction impetus or multiple phase injection that usually characterize

massive sulphides emplacement. Negative correlation as mentioned

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before refer to different mineral phases and one mineral grew at expense

of the other; Ag grew at expense of Fe and Mn which could represent

primary phase, and came later in the chronology of hydrothermal events.

Zn/Ag is slightly positively correlated in BIF and Leona sulphides and

accordingly that might refer to that they represent the same mineral phase

(Fig. 5 and 6) as they coexist in gently positive slope. Fe/Zn is negatively

correlated as different phases in both BIF and Leona sulphides as

obviously they replace each other (Fig. 7 and 8). It is quite possible that

Mn and Fe are the primary phases and in later phases they were replaced

by basemetals. Cu/Fe also is negatively correlated and also Cu replaced

Fe in Both BIF and Leona sulphides as mentioned before (Fig. 9 and 10).

Fe and Mn are positively correlated and probably they represent the

primary phase or hydrothermal pulse that emplaced the BIF. (Fig. 11 and

12 in the report). Cu/Mn are also negatively correlated and the same role

is applied that Cu was the later phase that grew at the expense of Mn and

Fe (Fig. 13 and 14 in the report).

Comparison between sulphides is much easier as they form similar

evolutionary path and entity from thermodynamic point of view. They

could have been formed synchronously or multiply injected for they bear

similar aspects and imprints.

Cu/Pb in Leona sulphides and Sodari sulphides are slightly positively

correlated and probably represent the same mineral phase (Fig. 15 and 16

in the report). Cu/Zn is also positively correlated at both Leona and

Sodari sulphides and they are of the same generation (Fig. 12 and 13). It

is very important to notice replacement reactions are expressed in textures

in terms of minerals like pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. To

conclude, it appears that the massive sulphides were probably formed and

evoluted from the same magma chamber or the driven associated

hydrothermal solutions and as these ore bodies are large distance apart,

which would refer to that the source magma or hydrothermal pool is huge

enough to form such an ore. Their chemistry is similar, their evolution

path, and mineral paragenesis are also similar.

BIF was known to be of chemical sediments derivation due to its

host quartzite origin, however, its quite possible it has encountered a

hydrothermal intrusion that dominated the area. From chemical and

geological point of view, the associated BIF is of hydrothermal origin and

formed by the same magma and hydrothermal system dominated the area

and formed the various types of sulphides.

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. After thorough investigation that include various geological aspects

and geochemistry, BIF and Leona sulphides are formed by the

same magma and hydrothermal system that dominated the area

from Sodari (Abu Zaema) massive sulphides.

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2. These areas that covered important parts of Kordofan and Darfur

Provinces, shows similar mineralization Metallogenic Province,

that include quartz veins (intensive silicification) and sulphides.

3. The area encountered new source of BIF that formed via

hyrothermalism that covered the huge area of Darfur and Kordofan

provinces.

4. Other studies like textures, isotopic age, fluid inclusions,

geochronology, might reveal kinetics of the different ores.

5. From economic point of view and the various economic feasibility

aspects, these ores are very a very profitable operation important

and profitably amenable to mining.

6. The high values of Au, Pb, Ag, and Cu make it a very profitable

mining operation after thorough mineral exploration and

prospecting are conducted.

7. These mineralizations are variably affected by cratonization

processes as they were mostly emplaced in the green schist facies

conditions, and that include textures after recrystallization for they

become coarse grained, and mineral paragenesis of the associated

minerals and host rocks after deformation and metamorphism.

8. It is imperative to issue a hazard towards unorganized usage of

mineral resources as aggregates that might destroy such a non

renewable resources.

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. Mining Economics Conference, Cairo, Egypt

Mohmed Ali, N.W. (2006) The geology and mineralization of the Abu

Tulu iron ore deposit. The 9th. Arab conference for mineral resources.

Jeddah. Saudi Arabia.

Mohmed Ali, NW., El Nitiefa, MA., Moustafa, E., Bannaga, MA.,

(2010) Metallogeny of the cratonized terrane adjacent to green stone

belts, examples; Alaikalib, Mazroub, Sodari and Um Badir. GRAS

unpubl.Report.

Mohmed Ali, El Sammani, y., Abdel Rahman, EM., Ibrahim, A.,

Sulieman, M. (2010) Plate tectonics and metallogenesis: examples, Abu

Tulu, Mazroub, NE-Nuba Mountains-J. Moya. 3rd

. Cairo mining

conference, Egypt.

Harnmeijer, J. (2003) Banded Iron formation: A continuing enigma.

University of Washington.

14

Plate 1.

Plate 2.

15

Plate 3.

Plate 4.

16

Plate 5.

Plate 6.

17

Plate 7.

Plate 8.

18

Plate 9.

Plate 10.

19

Plate 11.

Plate 12.

21

Plate 13.

Plate 14.

21

Fig.1. Ag vs Mn (BIF)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Ag ppm

Mn

pp

m

Fig.2. Ag s Mn (Leona sulphide)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Ag ppm

Mn

pp

m

22

Fig.3. Ag vs Fe (BIF)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Ag ppm

Fe

%

Fig.4. Ag vs Fe (Leona sulphide)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Ag ppm

Fe

%

23

Fig.5. Zn vs Ag (BIF)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25

Zn ppm

Ag

pp

m

Fig.6. Zn vs Ag (Leona sulphide)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Zn ppm

Ag

pp

m

24

Fig.7. Fe vs Zn (BIF)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20 25

Fe %

Zn

pp

m

Fig.8. Fe vs Zn Leona sulphide)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Fe ppm

Zn

pp

m

25

Fig.9. Pb vs Cu (Leona sulphide)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100

Pb %

Cu

pp

m

Fig.10. Cu vs. Pb (Sodari sulphides).

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Cu ppm

Pb %

26

Fig.12. Cu vs Zn (Leona sulphides)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Cu ppm

Zn

pp

m

Fig.11.Cu vs. Zn (Sodari sulphides)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Cu ppm

Zn ppm