Madeline Angela Meyer, MSHA, MBA, CMPE, CCS-P, CPCStudent, Ph.D. Public Health, Specializing in Epidemiology

Walden UniversityPUBH-8165-3

Instructor: Dr. Jeff WuSummer term, 2009

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Agenda

Electronics; Changing the World Electronic Waste Stakeholders Legislative Solutions Public Stewardship More to be done

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Electronics; Changing the World According to the Consumer Electronics

Association (CEA), Americans own approximately 24 electronic products per household. (CEA 2008)

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Changing the World…continued

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Consumer Electronics Ownership & Utilization Characteristics, 1990 and 1997. Percent of households with:

Electronic Equipment 1990 2007

Television 96% 98%

Average number of sets per home 2.0 2.6

Share with Wired Cable Television 56% 62%

Share with Video Cassette Recorders 69% 90%

DVD Player — 82%

Computer 22% 74%

Internet Access at Home — 68%

Broadband — 51%

CEA/PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). Innovation: US economic contribution of consumer electronics; A study of direct, indirect, and induced effects on employment and business activity. April 2008. A report prepared for the Consumer Electronics Association. Retrieved July 15, 2009 from: http://www.ce.org/PDF/CEA_Final_Report_20080401_Lo-Res.pdf

PCs per capita in the U.S. topped 86% in 2008 and will reach 100% in 2013. (Computer Almanac 2009)

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Source CEA 2008: Chart in Millions

PCs in Use

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Top 15 Countries In PCs In-Use Year-end 2008 PCs In-Use

(#M)Share %

1. U.S. 264.1 22.192. China 98.67 8.293. Japan 86.22 7.244. Germany 61.96 5.215. UK 47.04 3.956. France 43.11 3.627. Russia 36.42 3.068. Italy 35.69 3.009. South Korea  34.87 2.9310. Brazil 33.30 2.8011. India  32.03 2.6912. Canada 27.63 2.3213. Mexico  19.13 1.6114. Australia 17.01 1.4315. Spain 16.71 1.40Top 15 Total 853.9 71.70Worldwide Total 1,190.1 100.0

Source: CEA 2009

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Electronic Waste: Where did computer waste go prior to eClycling?

7Source: MS SmartArt (Meyer 2009)

Electronic Waste: End-of-life (EOL) Management …not for landfill!

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Electronic Waste: Technology Turnover Rates1991 Study, Projecting 2005 Parameter Values

Lifetime of PC 5 years

% Obsolete Reused 10%

% Obsolete Recycled 1%

% Obsolete Stockpiled 80%

% Obsolete Landfilled 9%

Lifetime of Reused PC 3 years

% Reused Recycled NA

% Reused Stockpiled NA

% Reused Landfilled NA

Lifetime Stock 3 years

% Stored Recycled NA

% Stored Landfilled 100%

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1996 Study, Projecting 2005 Parameter Values

Lifetime of PC 5 years

% Obsolete Reused 45%

% Obsolete Recycled 5%

% Obsolete Stockpiled 45%

% Obsolete Landfilled 5%

Lifetime of Reused PC 3 years

% Reused Recycled 40%

% Reused Stockpiled 50%

% Reused Landfilled 10%

Lifetime Stock 3 years

% Stored Recycled 75%

% Stored Landfilled 25%

Actual: Technology Turnover Rates 2007

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2007 Parameter ValuesLifetime of Reused PC 3 years

% Reused Recycled 10%

% Reused Stockpiled 75%

% Reused Landfilled 15%

Lifetime Stock 3 years

% Stored Recycled 77%

% Stored Landfilled 23%

Source: EPA 2009

Electronic Waste: Sales, Recycling vs. Disposal

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2007 Recycling

vs. Disposal

Generated New **

Computers Sales

Generated *Computer products

Disposed Recycled Recycling Rate

(millions of units)

(million of units)

(million of units)

(million of units)

(by weight)

UNITS 69.9 205.5 157.3 48.2 18%*Computer products include CPUs, monitors, notebooks, keyboards, mice, and hard copy peripherals. (EPA 2009)**Generated New Computer Sales (Computer Industry Almanac 2009)

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Electronic Waste: After 2005

Electronic Waste: Effects of Recycling-Storage

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Estimated Number of Units in Storage as of 2007

Product Type Number (million units)

Desktop computer 65.7

Computer monitors 42.4

Portable computers (notebooks) 2.1

Televisions 99.1

Hard copy peripherals 25.2

Total 234.6

*EPA does not have information to estimate the number of cell phones currently in storage. (EPA 2007)

Who are the Stakeholders of eCycling?

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Stakeholders: Corporate Watchdogs

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GrassRoots Recycling Network, http://www.grrn.org/ Basel Action Network, http://www.ban.org/ Clean Computer Campaign,SVTC, http://www.svtc.org Greenpeace, http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/ SACOM, http://sacom.hk/ SOMO; http://www.grn.com/trade/aa786262.html As You Sow, http://www.asyousow.org/ ICCR, http://www.iccr.org/ National Coalition for Recycling, http://www.nrc-recycle.org/ Competitive Enterprise Institute, http://cei.org/

Stakeholders: EPA & Gov’t

Environmental Protection Agency, eCycling: http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/materials/ecycling/index.htm○ DOE & EPA, Federal/State/local

government, private entities: http://www.energystar.gov/

US Gov’t Agencies○ Military facilities, www.drms.com○ Federal Agencies, State/Local

Governments, Not-for Profit Agencies, Private Sector and Private Consumers, http://www.unicor.gov/recybusgrp/recyelec.htm

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Stakeholders: Computer Industry

Dell Computers. Recycling: http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell-recycling.aspx

Hewlett Packard: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/environment/recycling/product-recycling.html

and others

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Stakeholders: Recycling Vendors

Business Recycling Vendors: Sunking Electronics, NY-Based firm: http://esunnking.com/

A-Z Recycling, a National company:

http://www.spintradeexchange.com/computer-recycle.htm

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Stakeholders: Educational Institutions & Partnerships

Federal Agencies, local schools partnering in “Computers for Learning” program: http://computers.fed.gov/public/home.asp

Corinthian Colleges, Inc.; Largest Post-

Secondary education organization in the country with over 130 schools: http://www.cci.edu/

Online Educators: Peers at Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, FL, DeVry University, Chicago, IL where I teach.

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Legislative Solutions

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Legislative Solutions: Federal Laws At present, there is no Federal mandate

to recycle electronic waste, it is left up to the States. However, there is a federal law for recycling cathode ray tubes (CRTs). According to the EPA, many attempts to develop a Federal law initiated, but to date, no consensus on a Federal approach has been accomplished. (EPA 2009)

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Legislative Solutions: Federal Laws Export Requirements for Cathode Ray Tubes A cathode ray tube (CRT) is the glass video display component of an electronic device (usually a television or computer monitor). On

July 28, 2006 EPA finalized the rule streamlining the management requirements for the recycling of used CRTs and glass removed from CRTs under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

Export Requirements in the CRT Final Rule Used CRTs (Broken and Intact) Exported for Recycling Used CRTs exported for recycling must comply with requirements that are specified in detail in 40 CFR 261.39(a)(5). Below is a summary of

these requirements. They are: Notify EPA's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assistance (OECA) of an intended shipment 60 days before the shipment. Notification may

cover exports extending over a 12-month or shorter period. Notification must include contact information about the exporter and recycler, and an alternate recycler. It must also include a description of the

recycling, frequency and rate of export, means of transport, total quantity of CRTs, and information about transit countries. OECA will notify the receiving country and transit countries. When the receiving country consents in writing to the receipt of the CRTs, OECA

will forward the consent to the exporter. The exporter may not ship the CRTs until he receives the consent. If the receiving country does not consent or withdraws a prior consent, EPA will notify the exporter in writing. Exporters must keep copies of

notifications and consents for three years following receipt of the consent. Consent is not required from transit countries, but EPA will notify the exporter of any responses from these countries. Companies approved to export CRTs for recycling CRT Glass Exported for Recycling Processed glass (i.e., CRT glass that has been sorted) is not subject to export requirements. Unsorted glass would be considered a “broken

CRT” and would be subject to export requirements. Used Intact CRTs Exported for Reuse Persons who export used, intact CRTs for reuse must submit a one-time notification to the appropriate

EPA Regional Import-Export Coordinator with contact information and a statement that they are exporting the CRTs for reuse (see 40 CFR 261.41). They must keep copies of normal business records demonstrating that each shipment will be reused. Records must be retained for three years.

Companies exporting used intact CRTs for reuse Unused Intact CRTs Exported for Reuse or Recycling No regulatory requirements - these are considered commercial products or commercial chemical products being reclaimed. Top of Page

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Legislative Solutions: EPA Standards EPA encourages reuse and recycling of

used electronics, including those that test “hazardous.” , example CRTs. To facilitate more reuse and recycling of these products, EPA has less stringent management requirements for products bound for reuse and recycling.

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Legislative Solutions

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Recycling Stewardship (Incentives) Businesses and Full-Circle

eCyclingPay-As-You-Throw (PAYT)Incentive and Award SystemsTipping Fee SurchargesModel ProgramsAdvertising and MarketingFunding Systems

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Good Personal Stewardship When purchasing a new computer, donate the old one (but

make sure it is fully functional). Remove any personal information, confidential, or

proprietary data and programs from the computer before eCycling it.

Seek out organizations who use computers to learn from, or to train others, such as schools or the handicap.

Make sure the equipment is reusable and it meets the standards and requirements of the donation organization, in other words, don’t use the donation organization as your landfill.

If the equipment is broke, and it is not cost effective to fix it for reuse, then properly eCycle it, i.e., dispose of it for parts, or dispose of it properly according to your state laws, or EPA standards, whichever are stricter.

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More to be done

Biodegradable ComputersWe now have biodegradable computers,

i.e., the iameco. They are made with biodegradable wood panels drawn from waste products in the lumber and pulp industry. They are also energy efficient, using one third less energy than conventional computers. (iameco 2009)

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Conclusions Electronic utilization grew at a much faster rate than

anticipated in earlier studies between 1990-2009. The EPA does not have mandated laws on

eCycling to date because they have not been able to come to a consensus.

As of 2009, 19 individual states have eCycling laws. For now, we all need to be good stewards and lead

by example with the standards that are available. New, safer technologies are now available, such as

the “iameco” biodegradable computer.

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eCycle SourcesEPA, “Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for

2006.” United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste (5306P) EPA‐530‐F‐07‐030, November 2007. Report: http://epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw06.pdf, and http://epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/06data.pdf

Lorenz M. Hilty, (2005). Electronic waste—an emerging risk? Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Volume 25, Issue 5, July 2005, Pages 431-435 doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.002   

Kang, Hai-Yong and Schoenung, Julie M. (2005) Electronic waste recycling: A review of U.S. infrastructure and technology options. Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 3118 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Volume 45, Issue 4, December 2005, Pages 368-400. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.06.001

Nagurney, Anna and Toyasaki, Fuminori (2003) Reverse supply chain management and electronic waste recycling: a multitiered network equilibrium framework for e-cycling. Department of Finance and Operations Management, Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-4930    doi:10.1016/j.tre.2003.12.001   

Widmera, Rolf, Oswald-Krapfa, Heidi, Sinha-Khetriwalb, Deepali, Schnellmannc, Max and Bönia, Heinz (2005) Global perspectives on e-waste. aTechnology and Society Lab, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Lerchenfeldstr. 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland, bA-502, Millennium Park, Akruti Niharika, N. S. Phadke Marg, Andheri, Mumbai-400069, India, cState Secretariat for Economic Affairs (seco), Economic Development Cooperation, Effingerstrasse 31, CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland.

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ReferencesCEA/PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). Innovation: US economic contribution of consumer electronics; A study of direct, indirect, and induced

effects on employment and business activity. April 2008. A report prepared for the Consumer Electronics Association. Retrieved July 15, 2009 from: http://www.ce.org/PDF/CEA_Final_Report_20080401_Lo-Res.pdf

CEA (2009) Digital America 2005 Contents. Retrieved July 15, 2009 from: http://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/837.asp

CMU (1991) Design Issues in Waste Avoidance, Carnegie Mellon University Department of Engineering and Public Policy, 1991.

CMU, (1996) Disposition and End-of-Life Options for Personal Computers. Green Design Initiative Technical Report #97-10, Carnegie Mellon University July 7, 1997. Retrieved July 16, 2009 from: http://aix.meng.auth.gr/helcare/Papers/PCs-end%20of%20Life-NEWREPORT.PDF

Computer Industry Almanac (2009) . PC in Use. Retrieved July 17, 2009 from: http://www.c-i-a.com/pr0109.htm

CSRwire (2006) Computer Giant Dell Inc. Approved as a Ceres Company . Retrieved July 17, 2009 from: http://www.csrwire.com/press/press_release/23424-Computer-Giant-Dell-Inc-Approved-as-a-Ceres-Company

Hewlett Pakard (2009) Stakeholder Advisory Council. HP Global Citizenship Report . Retrieved July 17, 2009 from: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/gcreport/globalcitizen/stakeholder/advisory.html

National Recycling Infrastructure Clearinghouse. (NRIC) (2009) Current Electronics Recycling Laws in Effect. Retrieved July 17, 2009 from: http://www.ecyclingresource.org/ContentPage.aspx?Pageid=28&ParentID=0

EPA, Hazardous Waste Management System; Modification of the Hazardous Waste Program; Cathode Ray Tubes: [Federal Register: July 28, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 145)] Retrieved on July 17, 2009 from: http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WASTE/2006/July/Day-28/f6490.htm

Breslin, Vincent T. (1993) Degradation of starch-plastic composites in a municipal solid waste landfill . Journal of Polymers and the Environment . Issue Volume 1, Number 2 / April, 1993 . Pages 127-141. DOI 10.1007/BF01418206

Iameco. (2009) Biodegradable Computers. Retrieved July 17, 2009, from: http://www.iameco.com/index.cgi?D=48&C=0&P=0

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