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Ecosystems andSustainable

Development VIII

EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONECOSYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND

LOCAL COMMITTEE

Organised byUniversity of Alicante, Spain

Wessex Institute of Technology, UKUniversity of Siena, Italy

Sponsored byInternational Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CTM2010-10878-E)Caja Mediterranea

ECOSUD VIII

CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN

Y. VillacampaUniversity of Alicante, Spain

C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology, UK

P. AmruschR. Aps

S. BastianoniS. Conway

M. Cortes-MolinaM. Cunha

F. Garcia-AlonsoR. Lilieholm

L.V. Lopez-Llorca

I. Malkina-PykhF. Navarro

I. NavisR.M. Pulselli

J.A. Reyes PeralesW. TimmermansF. Verdu-MonllorA. Viguri Perea

WIT Transactions

Editorial Board

Transactions Editor

Carlos BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology

Ashurst Lodge, AshurstSouthampton SO40 7AA, UKEmail: carlos@wessex.ac.uk

B Abersek University of Maribor, SloveniaY N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma,

USAP L Aguilar University of Extremadura, SpainK S Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University, OmanE Alarcon Universidad Politecnica de Madrid,

SpainA Aldama IMTA, MexicoC Alessandri Universita di Ferrara, ItalyD Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz,

SpainB Alzahabi Kettering University, USAJ A C Ambrosio IDMEC, PortugalA M Amer Cairo University, EgyptS A Anagnostopoulos University of Patras,

GreeceM Andretta Montecatini, ItalyE Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, ItalyH Antes Technische Universitat Braunschweig,

GermanyM A Atherton South Bank University, UKA G Atkins University of Reading, UKD Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, FranceH Azegami Toyohashi University of

Technology, JapanA F M Azevedo University of Porto, PortugalJ Baish Bucknell University, USAJ M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de

Catalunya, SpainJ G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear Technology,

GreeceA Bejan Duke University, USAM P Bekakos Democritus University of

Thrace, Greece

G Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, ItalyR Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumC D Bertram The University of New South

Wales, AustraliaD E Beskos University of Patras, GreeceS K Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of

Technology, IndiaE Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences, LatviaJ Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems, UKB Bobee Institut National de la Recherche

Scientifique, CanadaH Boileau ESIGEC, FranceJ J Bommer Imperial College London, UKM Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, FranceC A Borrego University of Aveiro, PortugalA R Bretones University of Granada, SpainJ A Bryant University of Exeter, UKF-G Buchholz Universitat Gesanthochschule

Paderborn, GermanyM B Bush The University of Western

Australia, AustraliaF Butera Politecnico di Milano, ItalyJ Byrne University of Portsmouth, UKW Cantwell Liverpool University, UKD J Cartwright Bucknell University, USAP G Carydis National Technical University of

Athens, GreeceJ J Casares Long Universidad de Santiago de

Compostela, SpainM A Celia Princeton University, USAA Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science,

IndiaA H-D Cheng University of Mississippi, USA

J Chilton University of Lincoln, UKC-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USAH Choi Kangnung National University, KoreaA Cieslak Technical University of Lodz,

PolandS Clement Transport System Centre, AustraliaM W Collins Brunel University, UKJ J Connor Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, USAM C Constantinou State University of New

York at Buffalo, USAD E Cormack University of Toronto, CanadaM Costantino Royal Bank of Scotland, UKD F Cutler Royal Botanic Gardens, UKW Czyczula Krakow University of

Technology, PolandM da Conceicao Cunha University of

Coimbra, PortugalL Dávid Károly Róbert College, HungaryA Davies University of Hertfordshire, UKM Davis Temple University, USAA B de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico,

PortugalE R de Arantes e Oliveira Instituto Superior

Tecnico, PortugalL De Biase University of Milan, ItalyR de Borst Delft University of Technology,

NetherlandsG De Mey University of Ghent, BelgiumA De Montis Universita di Cagliari, ItalyA De Naeyer Universiteit Ghent, BelgiumW P De Wilde Vrije Universiteit Brussel,

BelgiumL Debnath University of Texas-Pan American,

USAN J Dedios Mimbela Universidad de

Cordoba, SpainG Degrande Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumS del Giudice University of Udine, ItalyG Deplano Universita di Cagliari, ItalyI Doltsinis University of Stuttgart, GermanyM Domaszewski Universite de Technologie

de Belfort-Montbeliard, FranceJ Dominguez University of Seville, SpainK Dorow Pacific Northwest National

Laboratory, USAW Dover University College London, UKC Dowlen South Bank University, UK

J P du Plessis University of Stellenbosch,South Africa

R Duffell University of Hertfordshire, UKA Ebel University of Cologne, GermanyE E Edoutos Democritus University of

Thrace, GreeceG K Egan Monash University, AustraliaK M Elawadly Alexandria University, EgyptK-H Elmer Universitat Hannover, GermanyD Elms University of Canterbury, New ZealandM E M El-Sayed Kettering University, USAD M Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UKF Erdogan Lehigh University, USAF P Escrig University of Seville, SpainD J Evans Nottingham Trent University, UKJ W Everett Rowan University, USAM Faghri University of Rhode Island, USAR A Falconer Cardiff University, UKM N Fardis University of Patras, GreeceP Fedelinski Silesian Technical University,

PolandH J S Fernando Arizona State University,

USAS Finger Carnegie Mellon University, USAJ I Frankel University of Tennessee, USAD M Fraser University of Cape Town, South

AfricaM J Fritzler University of Calgary, CanadaU Gabbert Otto-von-Guericke Universitat

Magdeburg, GermanyG Gambolati Universita di Padova, ItalyC J Gantes National Technical University of

Athens, GreeceL Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, GermanyA Genco University of Palermo, ItalyN Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, SpainP Giudici Universita di Pavia, ItalyF Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia,

SpainR Gomez Martin University of Granada,

SpainD Goulias University of Maryland, USAK G Goulias Pennsylvania State University,

USAF Grandori Politecnico di Milano, ItalyW E Grant Texas A & M University,

USAS Grilli University of Rhode Island, USA

R H J Grimshaw Loughborough University,UK

D Gross Technische Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany

R Grundmann Technische UniversitatDresden, Germany

A Gualtierotti IDHEAP, SwitzerlandR C Gupta National University of Singapore,

SingaporeJ M Hale University of Newcastle, UKK Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumC Hanke Danish Technical University,

DenmarkK Hayami University of Toyko, JapanY Hayashi Nagoya University, JapanL Haydock Newage International Limited, UKA H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels,

BelgiumC Herman John Hopkins University, USAS Heslop University of Bristol, UKI Hideaki Nagoya University, JapanD A Hills University of Oxford, UKW F Huebner Southwest Research Institute,

USAJ A C Humphrey Bucknell University, USAM Y Hussaini Florida State University, USAW Hutchinson Edith Cowan University,

AustraliaT H Hyde University of Nottingham, UKM Iguchi Science University of Tokyo, JapanD B Ingham University of Leeds, UKL Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS,

BelgiumN Ishikawa National Defence Academy, JapanJ Jaafar UiTm, MalaysiaW Jager Technical University of Dresden,

GermanyY Jaluria Rutgers University, USAC M Jefferson University of the West of

England, UKP R Johnston Griffith University, AustraliaD R H Jones University of Cambridge, UKN Jones University of Liverpool, UKD Kaliampakos National Technical

University of Athens, GreeceN Kamiya Nagoya University, JapanD L Karabalis University of Patras, Greece

M Karlsson Linkoping University, SwedenT Katayama Doshisha University, JapanK L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceJ T Katsikadelis National Technical

University of Athens, GreeceE Kausel Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, USAH Kawashima The University of Tokyo,

JapanB A Kazimee Washington State University,

USAS Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison, USAD Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners

Ltd, UKE Kita Nagoya University, JapanA S Kobayashi University of Washington,

USAT Kobayashi University of Tokyo, JapanD Koga Saga University, JapanS Kotake University of Tokyo, JapanA N Kounadis National Technical University

of Athens, GreeceW B Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum,

GermanyT Krauthammer Penn State University, USAC-H Lai University of Greenwich, UKM Langseth Norwegian University of Science

and Technology, NorwayB S Larsen Technical University of Denmark,

DenmarkF Lattarulo Politecnico di Bari, ItalyA Lebedev Moscow State University, RussiaL J Leon University of Montreal, CanadaD Lewis Mississippi State University, USAS lghobashi University of California Irvine,

USAK-C Lin University of New Brunswick,

CanadaA A Liolios Democritus University of Thrace,

GreeceS Lomov Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

BelgiumJ W S Longhurst University of the West of

England, UKG Loo The University of Auckland, New

ZealandJ Lourenco Universidade do Minho, PortugalJ E Luco University of California at San

Diego, USA

H Lui State Seismological Bureau Harbin,China

C J Lumsden University of Toronto, CanadaL Lundqvist Division of Transport and

Location Analysis, SwedenT Lyons Murdoch University, AustraliaY-W Mai University of Sydney, AustraliaM Majowiecki University of Bologna, ItalyD Malerba Università degli Studi di Bari, ItalyG Manara University of Pisa, ItalyB N Mandal Indian Statistical Institute, IndiaÜ Mander University of Tartu, EstoniaH A Mang Technische Universitat Wien,

AustriaG D Manolis Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceW J Mansur COPPE/UFRJ, BrazilN Marchettini University of Siena, ItalyJ D M Marsh Griffith University, AustraliaJ F Martin-Duque Universidad Complutense,

SpainT Matsui Nagoya University, JapanG Mattrisch DaimlerChrysler AG, GermanyF M Mazzolani University of Naples

“Federico II”, ItalyK McManis University of New Orleans, USAA C Mendes Universidade de Beira Interior,

PortugalR A Meric Research Institute for Basic

Sciences, TurkeyJ Mikielewicz Polish Academy of Sciences,

PolandN Milic-Frayling Microsoft Research Ltd,

UKR A W Mines University of Liverpool, UKC A Mitchell University of Sydney, AustraliaK Miura Kajima Corporation, JapanA Miyamoto Yamaguchi University, JapanT Miyoshi Kobe University, JapanG Molinari University of Genoa, ItalyT B Moodie University of Alberta, CanadaD B Murray Trinity College Dublin, IrelandG Nakhaeizadeh DaimlerChrysler AG,

GermanyM B Neace Mercer University, USAD Necsulescu University of Ottawa, CanadaF Neumann University of Vienna, AustriaS-I Nishida Saga University, Japan

H Nisitani Kyushu Sangyo University, JapanB Notaros University of Massachusetts, USAP O’Donoghue University College Dublin,

IrelandR O O’Neill Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

USAM Ohkusu Kyushu University, JapanG Oliveto Universitá di Catania, ItalyR Olsen Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., USAE Oñate Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya,

SpainK Onishi Ibaraki University, JapanP H Oosthuizen Queens University, CanadaE L Ortiz Imperial College London, UKE Outa Waseda University, JapanA S Papageorgiou Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute, USAJ Park Seoul National University, KoreaG Passerini Universita delle Marche, ItalyB C Patten University of Georgia, USAG Pelosi University of Florence, ItalyG G Penelis Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, GreeceW Perrie Bedford Institute of Oceanography,

CanadaR Pietrabissa Politecnico di Milano, ItalyH Pina Instituto Superior Tecnico, PortugalM F Platzer Naval Postgraduate School, USAD Poljak University of Split, CroatiaV Popov Wessex Institute of Technology, UKH Power University of Nottingham, UKD Prandle Proudman Oceanographic

Laboratory, UKM Predeleanu University Paris VI, FranceM R I Purvis University of Portsmouth, UKI S Putra Institute of Technology Bandung,

IndonesiaY A Pykh Russian Academy of Sciences,

RussiaF Rachidi EMC Group, SwitzerlandM Rahman Dalhousie University, CanadaK R Rajagopal Texas A & M University, USAT Rang Tallinn Technical University, EstoniaJ Rao Case Western Reserve University, USAA M Reinhorn State University of New York

at Buffalo, USAA D Rey McGill University, Canada

D N Riahi University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

B Ribas Spanish National Centre forEnvironmental Health, Spain

K Richter Graz University of Technology,Austria

S Rinaldi Politecnico di Milano, ItalyF Robuste Universitat Politecnica de

Catalunya, SpainJ Roddick Flinders University, AustraliaA C Rodrigues Universidade Nova de Lisboa,

PortugalF Rodrigues Poly Institute of Porto, PortugalC W Roeder University of Washington, USAJ M Roesset Texas A & M University, USAW Roetzel Universitaet der Bundeswehr

Hamburg, GermanyV Roje University of Split, CroatiaR Rosset Laboratoire d’Aerologie, FranceJ L Rubio Centro de Investigaciones sobre

Desertificacion, SpainT J Rudolphi Iowa State University, USAS Russenchuck Magnet Group, SwitzerlandH Ryssel Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte

Schaltungen, GermanyS G Saad American University in Cairo, EgyptM Saiidi University of Nevada-Reno, USAR San Jose Technical University of Madrid,

SpainF J Sanchez-Sesma Instituto Mexicano del

Petroleo, MexicoB Sarler Nova Gorica Polytechnic, SloveniaS A Savidis Technische Universitat Berlin,

GermanyA Savini Universita de Pavia, ItalyG Schmid Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, GermanyR Schmidt RWTH Aachen, GermanyB Scholtes Universitaet of Kassel, GermanyW Schreiber University of Alabama, USAA P S Selvadurai McGill University, CanadaJ J Sendra University of Seville, SpainJ J Sharp Memorial University of

Newfoundland, CanadaQ Shen Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

USAX Shixiong Fudan University, ChinaG C Sih Lehigh University, USAL C Simoes University of Coimbra, Portugal

A C Singhal Arizona State University, USAP Skerget University of Maribor, SloveniaJ Sladek Slovak Academy of Sciences,

SlovakiaV Sladek Slovak Academy of Sciences,

SlovakiaA C M Sousa University of New Brunswick,

CanadaH Sozer Illinois Institute of Technology, USAD B Spalding CHAM, UKP D Spanos Rice University, USAT Speck Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg,

GermanyC C Spyrakos National Technical University

of Athens, GreeceI V Stangeeva St Petersburg University,

RussiaJ Stasiek Technical University of Gdansk,

PolandG E Swaters University of Alberta, CanadaS Syngellakis University of Southampton, UKJ Szmyd University of Mining and Metallurgy,

PolandS T Tadano Hokkaido University, JapanH Takemiya Okayama University, JapanI Takewaki Kyoto University, JapanC-L Tan Carleton University, CanadaE Taniguchi Kyoto University, JapanS Tanimura Aichi University of Technology,

JapanJ L Tassoulas University of Texas at Austin,

USAM A P Taylor University of South Australia,

AustraliaA Terranova Politecnico di Milano, ItalyA G Tijhuis Technische Universiteit

Eindhoven, NetherlandsT Tirabassi Institute FISBAT-CNR, ItalyS Tkachenko Otto-von-Guericke-University,

GermanyN Tosaka Nihon University, JapanT Tran-Cong University of Southern

Queensland, AustraliaR Tremblay Ecole Polytechnique, CanadaI Tsukrov University of New Hampshire, USAR Turra CINECA Interuniversity Computing

Centre, ItalyS G Tushinski Moscow State University,

Russia

J-L Uso Universitat Jaume I, SpainE Van den Bulck Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, BelgiumD Van den Poel Ghent University, BelgiumR van der Heijden Radboud University,

NetherlandsR van Duin Delft University of Technology,

NetherlandsP Vas University of Aberdeen, UKR Verhoeven Ghent University, BelgiumA Viguri Universitat Jaume I, SpainY Villacampa Esteve Universidad de

Alicante, SpainF F V Vincent University of Bath, UKS Walker Imperial College, UKG Walters University of Exeter, UKB Weiss University of Vienna, AustriaH Westphal University of Magdeburg,

GermanyJ R Whiteman Brunel University, UK

Z-Y Yan Peking University, ChinaS Yanniotis Agricultural University of Athens,

GreeceA Yeh University of Hong Kong, ChinaJ Yoon Old Dominion University, USAK Yoshizato Hiroshima University, JapanT X Yu Hong Kong University of Science &

Technology, Hong KongM Zador Technical University of Budapest,

HungaryK Zakrzewski Politechnika Lodzka, PolandM Zamir University of Western Ontario,

CanadaR Zarnic University of Ljubljana, SloveniaG Zharkova Institute of Theoretical and

Applied Mechanics, RussiaN Zhong Maebashi Institute of Technology,

JapanH G Zimmermann Siemens AG, Germany

Ecosystems andSustainable

Development VIII

Editors:

Y. VillacampaUniversidad de Alicante, Spain

C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology, UK

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CTM2010-10878-E)

Published byWIT PressAshurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UKTel: 44 (0) 238 029 3223; Fax: 44 (0) 238 029 2853E-Mail: witpress@witpress.comhttp://www.witpress.com

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Computational Mechanics Inc25 Bridge Street, Billerica, MA 01821, USATel: 978 667 5841; Fax: 978 667 7582E-Mail: infousa@witpress.comhttp://www.witpress.com

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A Catalogue record for this book is availablefrom the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-84564-510-6ISSN: 1746-448X (print)ISSN: 1743-3541 (on-line)

The texts of the papers in this volume were set individually by the authors or under their supervision. Only minor corrections to the text may have been carried out by the publisher.

No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher, the Editors and Authors for any injury and/ordamage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, orfrom any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in thematerial herein. The Publisher does not necessarily endorse the ideas held, or views expressedby the Editors or Authors of the material contained in its publications.

© WIT Press 2011

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher.

Editors:

Y. VillacampaUniversidad de Alicante, Spain

C.A. BrebbiaWessex Institute of Technology, UK

This book is dedicated to honour the memory of ourcolleague and friend, Professor Enzo Tiezzi

Preface

This book is dedicated to honour the memory of our colleague and friend, ProfessorEnzo Tiezzi, who died on 25th June 2010, still at the peak of his career. The Volumecontains most of the papers presented at the 8th International Conference onEcosystems and Sustainable Development (ECOSUD), of which Enzo was to beCo-Chairman.

The ECOSUD Meeting has been held in many different locations around the worldwith the active participation of Enzo, who was a major personality in the ecologicalsystems field, and recognised as one of Prigogine’s disciples.

Enzo was Professor of Chemistry at the University of Siena but his interests werewide ranging, from poetry to chemistry, bringing new ideas and deeper insight toall fields of knowledge. His main scientific contributions were in the topics ofevolutionary processes and ecosystems.

Enzo was closely associated to the Wessex Institute of Technology and its publishingarm, WIT Press, which has been fortunate to have published several scientific booksauthored by Enzo as well as one of his novels, which gives an idea of the breadth ofhis interests. He was co-editor of many WIT Press books and a main Editor of theInternational Journal of Design and Nature, also closely associated to the ECOSUDConference.

The Prigogine Gold Medal Award, instituted by the University of Siena and theWessex Institute of Technology, following the death of Professor Ilya Prigogine in2003, has been given every year to the best researcher working in the field ofecosystems modeling. Enzo received the award in 2005 at the Aula Magna of theUniversity of Cadiz. His life continues in the work of the many researchers he hasguided over his long and prolific career, some of them authors of papers containedin this book.

The Prigogine Medal 2011 was awarded to Professor Larissa Brizhik from theBogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics in the Ukraine where she is Head ofthe Department of Nonlinear Condensed Materials Physics. The full text of her

special lecture “On the role and impact of electromagnetic files in ecosystems” canbe seen in the Volume 6, No 3 of the International Journal of Design & Nature andEcodynamics, 2011.

The ECOSUD Conference was organised by the University of Alicante, the WessexInstitute of Technology and the University of Siena with the support of the Ministeriode Ciencia e Innovacion in Spain (CTM 2010-10878-E) and the Caja delMediterraneo of Alicante.

The Editors are grateful to all participants for their support and in particular to theauthors who have contributed to the present book. They are also indebted to themembers of the International Scientific Advisory Committee and other colleagueswho helped to select the papers.

Yolanda VillacampaCarlos A. Brebbia

Alicante, 2011

Obituary

The Wessex Institute of Technology regretshaving to announce that our friend andcolleague Professor Enzo Tiezzi had just died.He was a towering personality in the ecologicalsystems field and through his pioneering workfollowing Prigogine’s ideas. Enzo’s officialtitle was Professor of Chemistry at theUniversity of Siena, but his interests werewider, ranging from poetry to chemistry. Hewas a true Renaissance man, bringing newideas and deeper insight to all fields ofknowledge. He was able to discover theessence of different phenomena. Hiscontributions to evolutionary processes andecosystems in particular have been enormous.

WIT will sorely miss him because of hisinvolvement in many of the Institute’sactivities. WIT Press is proud of having published scientific books co-authored byEnzo and his researchers as well as a novel. He was Co-Editor of many WIT Pressbooks and a main Editor of the International Journal of Design & Nature andEcodynamics, which has recently put together an outstanding issue on the Natureof Water, which Enzo expressed a special wish to see before his departure.

It will take too long to describe the major works of Enzo and his collaborationwith WIT. It is important however to point out that he was the prime motivatorbehind the establishment of the Prigogine Gold Medal Award, instituted by theUniversity of Siena and the Wessex Institute of Technology, following the death ofProfessor Ilya Prigogine in 2003. This important award has been given every yearsince 2004 to the best researcher working in the field of ecosystems modelling,particularly those following the work of Prigogine. Enzo received the award in2005 at the Aula Magna of the University of Cadiz. He was also a Director and

Fellow of the Wessex Institute, who awarded him the Eminent Scientist medal in2003. Enzo received many other awards and recognitions throughout his career.

Enzo was a man of integrity and died in accordance with his principle. He hadwhat Spanish speakers call a ‘good death’ (una Buena Muerte) which is an ideathat conveys not death itself but a sense of closure. He was aware of the terminalnature of his disease but with tremendous courage, decided not to try to prolong itas usual by treatment or surgery. He waited patiently to the end surrounded by aloving family and community.

His life continues in the work of the many researchers that he has guided over hislong and prolific career. It also perdures in his books, papers, poems and otherworks; a legacy that will live for ever after his departure.

Finally, and equally important, he was for all the members of our community agood friend in which you could always rely in times of need.

Carlos A. Brebbia

Contents

Section 1: Ecosystems modelling On the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic fields on charge transport processes in ecosystems L. Brizhik ............................................................................................................. 3 The effect of human disturbance on site habitat diversity and avifauna community composition in suburban conservation areas P. F. Mooney ..................................................................................................... 13 Modelling the value of wetlands in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania, using community preferences F. Mombo, S. Speelman, D. Phillip & G. van Huylenbroeck............................. 27 Section 2: Natural resources management A participatory approach for modeling alternative future land use scenarios around Nairobi National Park using Bayesian Belief Networks J. T. McCloskey, R. J. Lilieholm, R. Boone, R. Reid, S. Sader, D. Nkedianye, M. Said & J. Worden.................................................................. 43 Characterisation of the spatial variability of waterlogging in the Blue River Basin (Argentina) Y. Villacampa, P. Sastre, M. Gandini, A. Cañibano & M. Cortés ..................... 59 Central Baltic Sea herring: effect of environmental trends and fishery management R. Aps, M. Fetissov, N. Holmgren, N. Norrström & S. Kuikka.......................... 69 Unsustainable use of groundwater resources in agricultural and urban areas: a persistent scatterer study of land subsidence at the basin scale G. Righini, F. Raspini, S. Moretti & F. Cigna................................................... 81

Assessment of water resource consumption in building construction in India S. Bardhan ......................................................................................................... 93 The deterioration of basin and sediment overlapping in the infrastructure of the irrigation districts in Mexico R. Lomeli & N. Alvarez.................................................................................... 103 Top-bioclimate conditions associated with the natural occurrence of two Amazonian tree species for sustainable reforestation in the State of Para, Brazil L. G. Martorano, D. C. A. Monteiro, S. Brienza Jr, L. S. Lisboa, J. M. do Espírito Santo & R. F. Almeida ......................................................... 111 Section 3: Environmental indicators Biomes, ecosystem services and emergy: is there a relationship? L. Coscieme, N. Marchettini, S. Bastianoni & F. M. Pulselli .......................... 125 Spatial and temporal trends of heavy metal accumulation in mosses in Estonia H. Kösta & S. Liiv............................................................................................ 133 Sculpture to measure particulate air pollution R. G. Wakeland................................................................................................ 145 Section 4: Sustainable development studies Monitoring urban dynamics: the case of the Metropolitan area of Central Tuscany R. M. Pulselli, P. Romano, V. Niccolucci & N. Marchettini............................ 157 Process sustainability prediction: a computer aided design tool for sustainable industrial development M. Fermeglia, L. Toma & G. Longo................................................................ 165 Tourism carrying capacity assessment and environment: the case of Crete B. S. Tselentis, D. G. Prokopiou, Em. Gyalirakis & D. Bouga....................... 177 An alternative tourism model for sustainable development in Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico O. Arizpe & A. Gámez ..................................................................................... 191

The importance of urban sustainable development in a flood threatened area: the case of the northern coast of El Campello (Spain) J. Valdés-Abellán, A. J. Tenza-Abril, J. M. Ortega & E. Sánchez-Camacho ................................................................................... 199 Sustainable and unsustainable agriculture in Ghana and Nigeria: 1960–2009 S. Onyeiwu, E. Pallant & M. Hanlon............................................................... 211 Biometric analysis of eucalyptus forests in the five initial years of development A. L. T. Fernandes, T. de M. Florêncio & M. F. de Faria............................... 223 Negotiations over mineral extraction titles, with bilateral asymmetric information: case of developing countries R. D. Mounanga Mabiala & C. Yang .............................................................. 231 Climate change in the Pacific: Tuvalu case-study I. M. Madaleno ................................................................................................ 243 Certifications in construction: a case study comparing LEED and HQE E. Vazquez, M. Miguez, L. Alves, J. Valente & G. Rossi ................................. 253 Sustainability in civil construction applied in the construction site phase E. Vazquez, S. Rola, D. Martins, M. Freitas & L. Pinguelli Rosa ................... 265 Sustainable carbon neutral building design: new simulation tools for teaching green buildings S. Vassigh ........................................................................................................ 277 Financial sustainability of the waste treatment projects that follow PPP contracts in Greece: a formula for the calculation of the profit rate A. Sotirchos, A. C. Karmperis, K. Aravossis & I. Tatsiopoulos....................... 285 Sustainable development indicators for integrated coastal management: definition area and spatial properties J. Kaulins, R. Ernsteins & I. Kudreņickis ........................................................ 299 Sustainable economy of the ecological footprint: economic analysis and impacts S. H. Shakir Hanna & I. W. Osborne-Lee........................................................ 313

Determination of the amount of carbon stored in a disturbed mangrove forest in Campeche, Mexico R. M. Cerón, J. G. Cerón, J. J. Guerra, J. C. Zavala, L. E. Amador, E. Endañu & G. Moreno.................................................................................. 327 Historical contamination and brownfield management: what does economic theory say about it? S. Čiháková Aguilar, M. Černíková & M. Dubová .......................................... 339 Section 5: Data Mining applications (Special session by A. Rabasa) Identifying the most relevant issues to minimize automated irrigation water supply in vineyards using Data Mining A. Rabasa Dolado, J. M. Molina Martínez, H. Puerto Molina, J. J. Rodríguez-Sala, L. Santamaría Arana & A. Ruiz Canales....................... 353 A study of drivers for agricultural land abandonment using GIS and Data Mining techniques B. M. Zaragozí, J. T. Navarro, A. Ramón & J. J. Rodríguez-Sala................... 363 Section 6: Energy and the environment Analysis of the determining parameters of energy efficiency on residential buildings in the Mediterranean climate A. Pastor, F. García-Alonso, J. A. Reyes & Y. Villacampa ............................. 377 Energy efficiency in South Africa: policy perspectives and the path to low carbon growth G. Nhamo & A. Bimha..................................................................................... 389 Influence of the methods of estimation of the wind velocity distribution parameters on the accuracy of wind energy calculations T. Niedoba & B. Soliński ................................................................................. 403 Cultural evolution, energy use and human development C. Viniegra ...................................................................................................... 415 Section 7: Soil contamination Remediation of arsenic contaminated soil using soil washing with an acidic and reducing solution J. G. Kim, J. H. Lee, Y. C. Cho & S. H. Park .................................................. 431

Measurement of concentrations of the natural radio-activities and Cs-137 in soil samples in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia A. A. Al-Zahrany & K. S. Al-Mogabes............................................................. 435 Section 8: Waste management Carbon dioxide balance and cost analysis for different scenarios of solid waste management D. Panepinto & G. Genon ............................................................................... 445 Reducing municipal waste through promoting integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) practices in Surabaya city, Indonesia D. G. J. Premakumara, M. Abe & T. Maeda ................................................... 457 Section 9: Ecotoxicity Community patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates in streams in relation to temperature variation using the Self-Organizing Map S.-H. Park, D.-H. Kim, W.-S. Cho, M. Bae, Y.-S. Park, Y.-E. Na & T.-S. Chon ..................................................................................... 471 Engineered ecosystem development for Agro-Process Intensification G. Akay & S. Fleming ...................................................................................... 485 Ecotoxicity of anionic surfactants AKYPO® E. Jurado, M. Fernández-Serrano, J. Núñez-Olea, M. Lechuga & F. Ríos...................................................................................... 497 Author Index .................................................................................................. 507