Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ecosystem Service Perspectives
or… ANR role?
or…how can I make a buck?
Ecosystem Services Perspectives
• What are ES values used for?
• Examples of projects
• Building on the culture
ES are broadly defined as the
conditions and processes through
which ecosystems sustain and
enrich human life (Daily 1997); they are
ecological processes or functions
that have value for people.
Ecosystem services are about…
Decisions
How we use ecosystem services
values: Three examples
• Influencing landowner decisions and
choices
• Influencing policy choices
• Analytic tool
Influencing Landowner decisions
and choices
• Encourage more environmentally positive practices and outcomes
• PES: EQIP (74 m in 2011), tax breaks (CLCA 80m when fully funded)
• Markets for ES:
– Conservation easements
– Grass fed, environmentally friendly beef
– Certifications (FSC)
– Etc
Making policy decisions
• More environmentally positive actions
• Morgan’s example of the watershed in
New York State.
• Zoning to prevent habitat fragmentation
• Regulating pesticides to protect pollinators
– Native bees on rangelands, 2 + billion in
pollination services (Chaplin-Kramer et al.
2011)
7,000 per acre in US
Pollinating apples
in China 2011
Analytic Tool
• Why do ranchers do the things they do?
• 1972 Economic Research Service report:
ranchers, “when contrasted to more
progressive agriculturalists, seem to make
irrational economic decisions and continue
to employ economically unproductive
managerial strategies” (Schultz 1972).
Survey
Research
Ranchers have been
described as “lifestyle
consumers”; “not
economic men”; ranch
fundamentalism (Smith
and Martin 1972)
Reasons ranchers in California and Colorado studies gave for continuing to
ranch (Rowe et al. 2001a, Sulak and Huntsinger 2002).
I continue to ranch
because…California
n=37
Colorado
n=34-37
Enjoy animal husbandry 95% 97%
Way of life 95% 95%
Family 95% 87%
Tradition 95% 81%
Live near natural beauty 92% 87%
Work 89% 89%
It would be difficult to get a job
outside the ranch 14% 27%
It's a good way to make money 14% 19%
Percent landowners living in oak
woodlands because of family
business and natural beauty
Increase in planting of oaks; decrease in
cutting
“I keep the oaks because I want it to look like a ranch not a farm.”
(McClaran 1995; Standiford et al. 1996)
Rancher and Public-consumed
Ecosystem Services
Ranch land prices
• Reveals value above the production price
(Torell et al 2005)
• Can be used to put a value on owner-consumed ecosystem services
Contingent Valuation study of oak
woodland ranchers: valuing
“landowner consumed” ecosystem
services based on what owners
forgo to stay in ranching
Grazing income generally
increases linearly with property size
Grazing
income
Property size
Owner consumed ecosystem services as a
motive reach a saturation point: can be satisfied
with a property of a few hectares (Campos et al.
2009, Oviedo et al 2012).
Property size
Ecosystem
Services
Sheds light on:
• Why working landscapes, combining
market products with ecosystem service
consumption, is a good idea
• Popularity of ranchettes, trend of land
fragmentation
Long term outlook: Those interested
in easements more likely to invest in
maintaining trees
Studies in California, Colorado, Arizona & West Sulak &
Huntsinger
Liffmann
et al.
Huntsinger
et al.
Rowe
et al.
(a&b)
Smith &
Martin
Bartlett
et al.
Gentner
& Tanaka
Date 2002 2000 1997 2001 1972 1989 2002
State CA CA CA CO AZ CO Western
US
Sample Permittees
of 3
Forests,
similar
non
permittees
All
ranchers
in three
CA
counties
Oak
woodland
ranchers
statewide
Permittees
in CO two
counties
All AZ
ranch
owners
All CO
federal
permittees
All
permittees
of FS and
BLM
Off-ranch
income
43% not
dependent
on
ranching
44%
income is
off-ranch
85% have
off-ranch
income
78% have
other
source of
income
80% hold
off-ranch
jobs
62% hold
off-ranch
jobs
Survey
type
Interviews Mail Mail Interviews Interviews Mail Mail
Sample
size
Small
(n=37)
Large
(n=245)
Large
(n~200)
Small
(n=37)
Medium
(n=89)
Large
(n=313)
Very
large
(n~1070)
Oak Woodland Studies
Challenge
• Much focus on using ecosystem services valuation is to increase income streams. Converting intangibles to “products” as in “I want to manage for real things”; finding monetary values.
• Ranchers already manage for many ecosystem services for cultural reasons, stewardship ethic, lifestyle benefits, psychological reasons.
• What are the most powerful motivations? Does emphasizing one detract from the other? Snoo 2012: We should aim to place farmland biodiversity ‘in the hands and minds of farmers’.
Farmers involved in PES for
green practices programs in the
EU did not show increased
“environmental awareness”
Build on the existing culture
• Most want to be good stewards
• Want to enjoy their properties and work
• Enjoy relative autonomy, innovate
• Enjoy the environment
• Already pay for this
ANR Role?
• Long term outlook—multi-scaled approach
• Stewardship—appreciation for ES produced
• Protect ES people are getting out of their own
land
• Shared learning, human values, partnerships
• Prevent increased costs
• Things that increase costs to benefit society
should be paid for (Bromely, 2004)
Landscape
Ranch
Ecosystem services are provided at
multiple, interdependent scales….
Pasture