Ecosystem and Ecosystem and Bio-diversityBio-diversity

WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEMS?WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEMS?

Where Things LiveWhere Things Live

Living things need a place to live and Living things need a place to live and grow.grow.

Fish live in water.Fish live in water.

Birds live in trees and fly Birds live in trees and fly through the through the air.air.

Plants grow where there is Plants grow where there is soil, water soil, water and sun.and sun.

Main Idea and DetailsMain Idea and Details

Living things need a place to live

and grow.

Fish live in water.Birds live in treesand fly in the air.

Plants grow where there is soil, water

and sun.

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT The living and The living and

nonliving things nonliving things that surround a that surround a living thing make living thing make up its up its environment.environment.

What do living things get from What do living things get from their environments?their environments?

Many living things share their Many living things share their environments and its resources.environments and its resources.

1.1. FoodFood

2.2. WaterWater

3.3. OxygenOxygen

4.4. SpaceSpace

ECOLOGYECOLOGY Ecology is a biological science that studies the Ecology is a biological science that studies the

relationships between living organisms and relationships between living organisms and their environment.their environment.

ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM Defined area in which a community lives Defined area in which a community lives with interaction taking place among the with interaction taking place among the organisms between the community and organisms between the community and its non-living physical environmentits non-living physical environment

StructureStructure:: Living (biotic)Living (biotic) Nonliving (abiotic)Nonliving (abiotic)

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Parts of an EcosystemParts of an Ecosystem

An An ecosystemecosystem is made up of all the is made up of all the living and nonliving things in an living and nonliving things in an environmentenvironment..

Different types of organisms Different types of organisms live in an live in an ecosystem.ecosystem.

A group of organisms of the same kind living in the same place is a population.

All the population that live in All the population that live in an ecosystem at the same an ecosystem at the same time form a time form a community.community.

All members of a All members of a community live in the same community live in the same ecosystem but they do not ecosystem but they do not all live in the same part of all live in the same part of

the ecosystem.the ecosystem.

Where Plants and Animals Where Plants and Animals LiveLive

HabitatHabitat is a place where is a place where plants and animals lives.plants and animals lives.

It is a place where they can It is a place where they can meet their needs.meet their needs.

Animals get Animals get foodfood,, water water, and , and sheltershelter from their habitat, from their habitat,

Organisms and their Organisms and their HabitatsHabitats

Some organisms can survive only in Some organisms can survive only in certain habitats.certain habitats.

For example, a polar could not find For example, a polar could not find the water it needs in a desert.the water it needs in a desert.

Classify Living and Nonliving Classify Living and Nonliving thingsthings

Living ThingsLiving Things Non Living ThingsNon Living Things

Air

Rocks

Cave

Soil

water

Fish

Water lily

Plants

Animals

People

Use the following tree map to Use the following tree map to write a lesson summary. write a lesson summary.

Parts of an

Ecosystem

Populations Communities Habitats

ABIOTIC ABIOTIC components:components: Solar energy Solar energy provides practically all the provides practically all the

energy for ecosystems.energy for ecosystems. Inorganic substancesInorganic substances, e.g., sulfur, boron , e.g., sulfur, boron

and carbon cycle through ecosystems.and carbon cycle through ecosystems. Organic compoundsOrganic compounds, such as proteins, , such as proteins,

carbohydrates, lipids, and other complex carbohydrates, lipids, and other complex molecules, form a link between biotic molecules, form a link between biotic and abiotic components of the system. and abiotic components of the system.

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BIOTICBIOTIC components: components: The biotic components of an The biotic components of an

ecosystem can be ecosystem can be classified according to classified according to their mode of energy their mode of energy acquisition.acquisition.

In this type of In this type of classification, there are:classification, there are:

AutotrophsAutotrophs Organisms that Organisms that produce produce

their own food their own food from an from an energy source, such as the energy source, such as the sun, and inorganic sun, and inorganic compounds.compounds.

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Organisms that Organisms that

consume other organisms consume other organisms as a food source.as a food source.

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ProducersProducers are able are able to capture the sun's to capture the sun's energy through energy through photosynthesis and absorb photosynthesis and absorb nutrients from the soil, nutrients from the soil, storing them for future use storing them for future use by themselves and by by themselves and by other organisms. other organisms.

Grasses, shrubs, trees, Grasses, shrubs, trees, mosses, lichens, and mosses, lichens, and cyanobacteria. cyanobacteria.

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ConsumersConsumers are organisms that do are organisms that do not have the ability to capture the not have the ability to capture the energy produced by the sun, energy produced by the sun, but but consume plant and/or animal consume plant and/or animal materialmaterial to gain their energy for to gain their energy for growth and activity. growth and activity.

CONSUMERSCONSUMERS

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ConsumersConsumers are further divided into are further divided into three types based on their ability to three types based on their ability to digest plant and animal materialdigest plant and animal material

Herbivores Herbivores eat only plants eat only plants Deer, Elephant and GoatDeer, Elephant and Goat

CarnivoresCarnivores eat only animalseat only animals snake, lion, tiger snake, lion, tiger OmnivoresOmnivores eat both plants and eat both plants and

animalsanimals black bear, mice, rat, humanblack bear, mice, rat, human

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Decomposers Decomposers they feed on dead they feed on dead organic matterorganic matter

insects, fungi, algae and bacteriainsects, fungi, algae and bacteria Both on the Both on the ground ground and in the and in the soilsoil

that help to that help to break down the organic break down the organic layer layer to provide nutrients for growing to provide nutrients for growing plants. plants.

There are many millions of these There are many millions of these organisms in each square metre of organisms in each square metre of grassland.grassland.

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Tropic LevelsTropic Levels A tropic level is A tropic level is the position occupied by the position occupied by

an organism in a food chainan organism in a food chain..

Tropic levels can be analyzed on an Tropic levels can be analyzed on an energy pyramid.energy pyramid.

ProducersProducers are found at the base of are found at the base of the pyramid and compromise the the pyramid and compromise the first first tropic level. tropic level.

Primary consumersPrimary consumers make up the make up the second tropic level.second tropic level.

Secondary consumers Secondary consumers make up the make up the third tropic levelthird tropic level..

Finally Finally tertiary consumerstertiary consumers make up make up the the top tropic leveltop tropic level..

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Food chainFood chain The sequence of eating and being The sequence of eating and being

eaten in an ecosystem is known as eaten in an ecosystem is known as food chainfood chain. .

It determines how energy and It determines how energy and nutrient move from one organism to nutrient move from one organism to another through an ecosystem.another through an ecosystem.

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Food webFood web In nature simple food chains occur rarely .In nature simple food chains occur rarely . The same organism may operate in the The same organism may operate in the

ecosystem at more than one tropic level i.e. it ecosystem at more than one tropic level i.e. it may may derive its food from more than one sourcederive its food from more than one source. .

Even the same organism may be eaten by Even the same organism may be eaten by several organisms of a higher tropic level or an several organisms of a higher tropic level or an organism may feed upon several different organism may feed upon several different organisms of a lower tropic level. organisms of a lower tropic level.

usually the kind of food changes with the age of usually the kind of food changes with the age of the organism and the food availability. the organism and the food availability.

Thus in a given ecosystem Thus in a given ecosystem various food chains various food chains are linked together and interested each other to are linked together and interested each other to form a complex network called form a complex network called food Webfood Web..

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ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSIONECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION In a particular area, one In a particular area, one

community of species may be replaced community of species may be replaced by another community; by another community; The progressive The progressive replacement of one community by replacement of one community by another till the development of stable another till the development of stable community community in a particular area is called in a particular area is called as ecological succession.as ecological succession.

TYPES OF SUCCESSIONTYPES OF SUCCESSIONPrimary successionPrimary succession.. If an area in any of If an area in any of the basic the basic

environments (such as terrestrial, environments (such as terrestrial, fresh-water or marine) is established by fresh-water or marine) is established by organisms for the first timeorganisms for the first time, the , the succession is called primary succession is called primary succession.succession.

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Secondary successionSecondary succession.. If If the area under established has the area under established has

been cleared by whatsoever agency been cleared by whatsoever agency (such as burning, grazing, clearing, (such as burning, grazing, clearing, felling of trees, sudden change in felling of trees, sudden change in climatic factors, etc.) of the previous climatic factors, etc.) of the previous plantsplants, it is called secondary , it is called secondary succession.succession.

Autogenic successionAutogenic succession.. After the succession has begun, in After the succession has begun, in

most of the cases, it is the community most of the cases, it is the community itself (as a result of its reactions with itself (as a result of its reactions with the environment)the environment) modifies its own modifies its own environment and, thus, causing its own environment and, thus, causing its own replacement by new communitiesreplacement by new communities. This . This course of succession is known as course of succession is known as autogenic succession.autogenic succession. 3333

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ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM Energy is defined as the capacity to do Energy is defined as the capacity to do

work.work. For living organisms, it is the basic For living organisms, it is the basic force responsible for running all the force responsible for running all the metabolic activities. metabolic activities.

The flow of energy from producer level to The flow of energy from producer level to top consumer level is called energy flowtop consumer level is called energy flow..

The flow of energy in an ecosystem is The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. It flows from producer level unidirectional. It flows from producer level to consumer levelto consumer level..

The process of energy flow involves The process of energy flow involves transfer of energy from autotrophs to transfer of energy from autotrophs to various components of heterotrophs and various components of heterotrophs and help in maintaining bio diversity. help in maintaining bio diversity.

The main source of energy in the The main source of energy in the ecosystem is sunlight. ecosystem is sunlight.

About 80% of energy is lost during flow of About 80% of energy is lost during flow of energy from one tropic level to the next energy from one tropic level to the next one.one. 3535

Food Chain in EcosystemFood Chain in Ecosystem In an ecosystem one can observe the In an ecosystem one can observe the

transfer or flow of energy from one tropic level to transfer or flow of energy from one tropic level to other in succession.other in succession.

A tropic level A tropic level can be defined as the can be defined as the number of links by which it is separated from the number of links by which it is separated from the producer, or as the which position of the producer, or as the which position of the organism in the food chain.organism in the food chain.

Thus, primary producers trap radiant Thus, primary producers trap radiant energy of sun and transfer that to chemical or energy of sun and transfer that to chemical or potential energy of organic compounds such as potential energy of organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats.carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

When a herbivore animal eats a plant (or When a herbivore animal eats a plant (or when bacteria decompose it) and these organic when bacteria decompose it) and these organic compounds are oxidized, the energy liberated is compounds are oxidized, the energy liberated is just equal to the amount of energy used in just equal to the amount of energy used in synthesizing the substances (first law of synthesizing the substances (first law of thermodynamics), but some of the energy is heat thermodynamics), but some of the energy is heat and not useful energy (second law of and not useful energy (second law of thermodynamics).thermodynamics). 3636

If this animal is eaten by another one, If this animal is eaten by another one, along with transfer of energy from a along with transfer of energy from a herbivore to carnivoreherbivore to carnivore a further decrease a further decrease in useful energy occurs as the second in useful energy occurs as the second animal (carnivore) oxidizes the organic animal (carnivore) oxidizes the organic substances of the first (herbivore or substances of the first (herbivore or omnivore) to liberate energy to omnivore) to liberate energy to synthesize its own cellular constituents.synthesize its own cellular constituents.

Such transfer of energy from organism Such transfer of energy from organism to organism sustains the ecosystem and to organism sustains the ecosystem and when energy is transferred from when energy is transferred from individual to individual in a particular individual to individual in a particular community, as in a pond or a lake or a community, as in a pond or a lake or a river, we come across the food chains.river, we come across the food chains.

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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids In the successive steps of grazing food In the successive steps of grazing food

chain producers, herbivorous, chain producers, herbivorous, carnivores and decay bacteria-the carnivores and decay bacteria-the number and mass of the organisms in number and mass of the organisms in each step is limited by the amount of each step is limited by the amount of energy availableenergy available. .

Since some energy is lost as heat, in Since some energy is lost as heat, in each transformation the steps become each transformation the steps become progressively smaller near the top. This progressively smaller near the top. This relationship is sometimes called relationship is sometimes called "ecological pyramid". "ecological pyramid".

The ecological pyramids represent the The ecological pyramids represent the tropic structure and also tropic function tropic structure and also tropic function of the ecosystem.of the ecosystem.

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Definition:Definition:Graphical representation of Graphical representation of

structure and function of tropic structure and function of tropic levels of an ecosystem.levels of an ecosystem.

Types of Ecological PyramidsTypes of Ecological Pyramids The ecological pyramids The ecological pyramids

may be of following three kindsmay be of following three kinds Pyramid of numberPyramid of number Pyramid of biomassPyramid of biomass Pyramid of energyPyramid of energy

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Pyramid of numberPyramid of number It depicts It depicts the number of the number of

individual organisms at different tropic individual organisms at different tropic levels of food chainlevels of food chain. . The animals at the The animals at the lower end (base of pyramid) of the chain lower end (base of pyramid) of the chain are the most abundantare the most abundant. Successive . Successive links of carnivores decrease rapidly in links of carnivores decrease rapidly in number until there are very few number until there are very few carnivores at the top. The pyramid of carnivores at the top. The pyramid of number ignores the biomass of number ignores the biomass of organisms and it also does not indicate organisms and it also does not indicate the energy transferred or the use of the energy transferred or the use of energy by the groups involved. energy by the groups involved. The The grassland ecosystem provides a typical grassland ecosystem provides a typical example for pyramid of number.example for pyramid of number.

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Pyramid of biomassPyramid of biomass The biomass of the The biomass of the

members of the food chain present at members of the food chain present at any one time forms the pyramid of the any one time forms the pyramid of the biomass. biomass. Pyramid of biomass indicates Pyramid of biomass indicates decrease of biomass in each tropical decrease of biomass in each tropical level from base to apex.level from base to apex. For example, For example, the total biomass of the producers the total biomass of the producers ingested by herbivores is more than ingested by herbivores is more than the total biomass of the herbivores in the total biomass of the herbivores in an ecosystem. Likewise, the total an ecosystem. Likewise, the total biomass of the primary carnivores (or biomass of the primary carnivores (or secondary consumer) will be less than secondary consumer) will be less than the herbivores and so on.the herbivores and so on.

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Pyramid of energyPyramid of energy

When production is When production is considered in terms of energy, the considered in terms of energy, the pyramid indicates not only pyramid indicates not only the the amount of energy flowamount of energy flow at each level at each level the actual role the various organisms the actual role the various organisms play in the transfer of energy. play in the transfer of energy. the the pyramid of energy is constructed is pyramid of energy is constructed is the quantity of organisms produced the quantity of organisms produced per unit time.per unit time.

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What are some types of What are some types of ecosystems?ecosystems?

Classification of Ecosystems / EcologyClassification of Ecosystems / Ecology Terrestrial EcosystemsTerrestrial Ecosystems -which -which

encompass the activities that take encompass the activities that take place on land.place on land.

Aquatic ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems - the system - the system that exists in water bodies.that exists in water bodies.

Terrestrial ecosystemTerrestrial ecosystem Forest ecosystemForest ecosystem Desert ecosystemDesert ecosystem Grassland ecosystemGrassland ecosystem Aquatic ecosystem Aquatic ecosystem Pond ecosystemPond ecosystem River or stream ecosystemRiver or stream ecosystem Marine ecosystemMarine ecosystem Estuarine ecosystemEstuarine ecosystem

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Forest EcosystemsForest Ecosystems

Forest are ecosystems in which many trees grow.

STRUCTURE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMSTRUCTURE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:Climate factors(Temp,light,rainfall)Climate factors(Temp,light,rainfall)

BIOTIC COMPONENTS:BIOTIC COMPONENTS:1.Producers: Trees,shrubs etc.,1.Producers: Trees,shrubs etc.,

2.Consumers:2.Consumers: Primary consumers : ants,flies & insectsPrimary consumers : ants,flies & insects Secondary consumers : snakes,birds.Secondary consumers : snakes,birds. Tertiary consumers : tiger,lion.Tertiary consumers : tiger,lion.

3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi

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FOREST ECOSYSTEMFOREST ECOSYSTEM A forest ecosystem is the one in A forest ecosystem is the one in

which a tall and dense trees grow which a tall and dense trees grow that support many animals and birds.that support many animals and birds.

Forest occupies Forest occupies 40% 40% of the of the world’s land.world’s land.

Total land area is Total land area is 19% 19% in India.in India.There are three important types of There are three important types of

forests areforests are Tropical rain forests.Tropical rain forests. Temperate deciduous forests.Temperate deciduous forests. Coniferous forestsConiferous forests..

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Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest

A tropical rain A tropical rain forest grows where forest grows where it is hot and wet all it is hot and wet all year long.year long.

Animals such as Animals such as jaguars and jaguars and monkeys live monkeys live there.there.

Tropical rain forestsTropical rain forests They are found near the equator.They are found near the equator. These forests have a These forests have a warm warm annual mean annual mean

temperature.temperature. These forests have These forests have high humidity high humidity and and

heavy rainfall heavy rainfall almost almost daily.daily. These forests consists of broadleaf ever These forests consists of broadleaf ever

green plants.green plants. These trees have larger surface on their These trees have larger surface on their

leaves that allows them to collect more leaves that allows them to collect more sunlight and do photosynthesis sunlight and do photosynthesis extensively.extensively.

Tropical rain forests have wide varieties of Tropical rain forests have wide varieties of species.species.

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Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest

What's A Temperate What's A Temperate Deciduous Forest Like?Deciduous Forest Like?

OOne of the most interesting ne of the most interesting features of the temperate features of the temperate deciduous forest is its deciduous forest is its changing seasons. .

The word "deciduous" means The word "deciduous" means exactly what the leaves on exactly what the leaves on these trees do: change color in these trees do: change color in autumn, fall off in the winter, autumn, fall off in the winter, and grow back again in the and grow back again in the spring. This adaptation helps spring. This adaptation helps trees in the forest survive trees in the forest survive winter. winter.

Temperate Deciduous forests:Temperate Deciduous forests: Temperate deciduous forests can be found in the Temperate deciduous forests can be found in the

eastern part of the eastern part of the United States and Canada, United States and Canada, Europe ,China and Japan Europe ,China and Japan

Winter, spring and summerWinter, spring and summer. Winters are cold and . Winters are cold and summers are warm. summers are warm.

Temperate deciduous forests have a great variety Temperate deciduous forests have a great variety of plant species. of plant species.

Conifers like Conifers like spruce, fir and pine trees spruce, fir and pine trees can also be can also be found mixed in with the hardwood trees.found mixed in with the hardwood trees.

There is great diversity of life. There is great diversity of life. Insects, fox,deer Insects, fox,deer etc., etc., are common.are common.

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Coniferous forests:Coniferous forests: The temperate coniferous forest includes areas The temperate coniferous forest includes areas

South America, , New Zealand North America, , northwest northwest Europe and and Iceland and southern and southern Japan

Many softwood trees such as Many softwood trees such as fir, pine, sprucefir, pine, spruce..   Most animals are herbivores, however some Most animals are herbivores, however some

carnivores and omnivores are thrown in.  Animals in carnivores and omnivores are thrown in.  Animals in Coniferous Forests include the Coniferous Forests include the red fox, moose and red fox, moose and owlowl..

Coniferous Forests are the largest land  of the World.Coniferous Forests are the largest land  of the World. A Conifer is a tree that produces its seeds in cones.  A Conifer is a tree that produces its seeds in cones. 

The Pine tree is the most common example.  Conifer The Pine tree is the most common example.  Conifer leaves conserve water with the thick, waxy layer that leaves conserve water with the thick, waxy layer that covers their leavescovers their leaves. .

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Grassland EcosystemsGrassland Ecosystems

Grasslands are dry, Grasslands are dry, often flat areas of often flat areas of land that are hot in land that are hot in the summer and the summer and cold in the winter.cold in the winter.

They get more rain They get more rain and snow than and snow than deserts but less deserts but less than most other than most other ecosystems.ecosystems.

Plants Plants

The main plant in a The main plant in a grassland grassland ecosystem is grass. ecosystem is grass.

There are not There are not many bushes in the many bushes in the grassland. grassland.

Trees are found Trees are found only by rivers and only by rivers and streams. streams.

GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMGRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM

20% of earth surface.20% of earth surface.

It improves the production of It improves the production of grasslands.grasslands.

Overgrazing leads to desertification.Overgrazing leads to desertification.

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STRUCTURE OF GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMSTRUCTURE OF GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:Climate factors(Temp,light,rainfall),C,H,O,N.,Climate factors(Temp,light,rainfall),C,H,O,N.,

BIOTIC COMPONENTS:BIOTIC COMPONENTS:1.Producers: Grass,shrubs etc.,1.Producers: Grass,shrubs etc.,

2.Consumers:2.Consumers: Primary consumers : cow,deer.Primary consumers : cow,deer. Secondary consumers : snakes,birds.Secondary consumers : snakes,birds. Tertiary consumers : hawks,eagleTertiary consumers : hawks,eagle

3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi

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There are three types of There are three types of grasslandsgrasslands

Tropical grasslandsTropical grasslands Temperate grasslandsTemperate grasslands Polar grasslandsPolar grasslands

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Tropical grasslandsTropical grasslands

They They has high temperaturehas high temperature and and moderate rain fall, 40-100cm.They moderate rain fall, 40-100cm.They have tall grasses with scatteres have tall grasses with scatteres shrubs.shrubs.

They are the shelter for animals like They are the shelter for animals like zebras, giraffes and African elephantzebras, giraffes and African elephant. .

Savanna grassland in Africa Savanna grassland in Africa is good is good example for tropical grasslandexample for tropical grassland

Tropical grasslandTropical grassland

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Temperate grasslandsTemperate grasslands::

Cold in Winters and hot in summersCold in Winters and hot in summers, , annual precipitation is less and falls annual precipitation is less and falls unevenly through the yearunevenly through the year..

Pampas Pampas in South Americain South America and and Veldt Veldt in Africa in Africa are examples for are examples for temperate grasslands.temperate grasslands.

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Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland

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Polar grasslandsPolar grasslands

It is also known as It is also known as arctic polar regionarctic polar region. .

Severe cold and strong windsSevere cold and strong winds along along with ice and snow. with ice and snow.

They have animals like They have animals like arctic foxarctic fox..

Polar grasslandPolar grassland

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Desert EcosystemsDesert Ecosystems

Deserts are very Deserts are very dry ecosystems.dry ecosystems.

Desert plants and Desert plants and animals can animals can survive with very survive with very little water.little water.

Desert PlantsDesert Plants

Desert plants, such Desert plants, such as cactus, have as cactus, have thick stems that thick stems that store water.store water.

The roots of a The roots of a cactus lie just cactus lie just below the soil and below the soil and spread far from the spread far from the plant. plant.

DESERT ECOSYSTEMDESERT ECOSYSTEM Deserts are dry places with unpredictable and Deserts are dry places with unpredictable and

infrequent precipitation. infrequent precipitation.

Desert occupies about Desert occupies about 35% 35% of world’s land of world’s land area.area.

It is characterizes by It is characterizes by 25 cm 25 cm rain fall.rain fall.

The atmosphere is The atmosphere is drydry..

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STRUCTURE OF DESERT ECOSYSTEMSTRUCTURE OF DESERT ECOSYSTEM

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:

Climate factors(Temp,light,rainfall)Climate factors(Temp,light,rainfall)

BIOTIC COMPONENTS:BIOTIC COMPONENTS:

1.Producers: Trees,grass etc.,1.Producers: Trees,grass etc.,

2.Consumers:Squirrels,foxes,rabbits.2.Consumers:Squirrels,foxes,rabbits.

3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi

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TROPICAL DESERTS

TEMPERATE DESERTS

COLD DESERTS

Temperatures are high around year

Day time temperature are high in summer & low in winter

Winters are too cold,

summers are too hot

There is very little rainfall during 1 or 2 months of a year.

There is more precipitation than

tropical deserts

Precipitation is too

low

These driest places on the earth have few plants along with wind blown sands and rocks

It consists of drought resistant shrubs, cacti and few animals

Small shrubs

Ex: Sahara desert Majave desert Gobi desert

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WATER or AQUATIC WATER or AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS

The aquatic system deals with The aquatic system deals with water bodies.Thewater bodies.The

major types of organism found in this major types of organism found in this ecosystem.ecosystem.

1.Fresh water 1.Fresh water ecosystem :Ponds,river,stream,lake.ecosystem :Ponds,river,stream,lake.

2.Salt water ecosystem: oceans and 2.Salt water ecosystem: oceans and estuaries.estuaries.

POND ECOSYSTEM:POND ECOSYSTEM:It contains algae,plants,insects,fish.It contains algae,plants,insects,fish.

Characteristic :Characteristic :1.Pond is temporary,seasonal,get polluted 1.Pond is temporary,seasonal,get polluted

easily.easily.

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STRUCTURE OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSTRUCTURE OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:Climate factors(Temp,light,water,organic and Climate factors(Temp,light,water,organic and inorganic compounds.inorganic compounds.

BIOTIC COMPONENTS:BIOTIC COMPONENTS:1.Producers: phytoplankton1.Producers: phytoplankton

2.Consumers:2.Consumers: Primary consumers : zooplanktonPrimary consumers : zooplankton Secondary consumers : small fishSecondary consumers : small fish Tertiary consumers : big fishTertiary consumers : big fish

3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi3.Decomposers: Bacteria,fungi

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Saltwater EcosystemsSaltwater Ecosystems Saltwater ecosystems are oceans.Saltwater ecosystems are oceans. Oceans cover about three –fourths of Oceans cover about three –fourths of

Earth’s surface, so there are more Earth’s surface, so there are more saltwater ecosystems than any saltwater ecosystems than any other.other.

Sharks, sea turtles, corals and Sharks, sea turtles, corals and octopus are all ocean animals.octopus are all ocean animals.

So are whales and seals.So are whales and seals.

Freshwater EcosystemsFreshwater Ecosystems

Rivers, ponds, lakes and Rivers, ponds, lakes and streams have fresh water.streams have fresh water.

Lakes and rivers are closely Lakes and rivers are closely tied. Some lakes are the tied. Some lakes are the source for some rivers. source for some rivers. Important rivers, most Important rivers, most often, originate from lakes. often, originate from lakes. Some rivers end in lakes. Some rivers end in lakes.

Since both rivers and lakes Since both rivers and lakes are freshwater and flow in are freshwater and flow in and out of each other, they and out of each other, they share similar characteristics share similar characteristics and many species reside in and many species reside in both habitats. both habitats.

Lake ecosystem:Lake ecosystem: Littoral zone Littoral zone light penetrates to the light penetrates to the

bottom, allowing aquatic plants to grow.bottom, allowing aquatic plants to grow. Limnetic zoneLimnetic zone the open water area where light the open water area where light

does not generally penetrate all the way does not generally penetrate all the way to the bottom.to the bottom.

Euphotic zone Euphotic zone the layer from the surface down the layer from the surface down

to the depth where light levels become to the depth where light levels become too low for photosynthesis.too low for photosynthesis.

Benthic zone Benthic zone the bottomthe bottom sediment. sediment.

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LAKE ECOSYSTEM:LAKE ECOSYSTEM:

Lakes are natural shallow water Lakes are natural shallow water bodies.bodies.

Characteristic:Characteristic:

1.Permanent water body.1.Permanent water body.

2.It helps in irrigation and drinking.2.It helps in irrigation and drinking.

3.It is fresh water body.3.It is fresh water body.

RIVER ECOSYSTEM or STREAM RIVER ECOSYSTEM or STREAM ECOSYSTEM:ECOSYSTEM:

Well oxygenated,no.of animals are less.Well oxygenated,no.of animals are less.

1.It is fresh,flowing water,DO is high,rich in 1.It is fresh,flowing water,DO is high,rich in nutrients.nutrients. 8787

ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM:ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM:An estuary is a partially enclosed An estuary is a partially enclosed

coastal area at the mouth of river, where coastal area at the mouth of river, where river joins the seariver joins the sea..

Characteristic:Characteristic:

1.Estuaries are transition zone.1.Estuaries are transition zone.

2.Water characteristic are periodically 2.Water characteristic are periodically

changed.changed.

3.The living organism in this ecosystem have 3.The living organism in this ecosystem have

tolerence.tolerence.

4.Salinity is highest during the summer4.Salinity is highest during the summer

5.Salinity is lowest during the winter.5.Salinity is lowest during the winter.8888

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EcosystemEcosystem What I look like What I look likeDesert

Rain ForestRains every day and has many trees and plants

Hot and dry

Deciduous Forest Enough rain for trees to grow. They lose their leaves in the fall.

Made up of rivers, ponds, lakes and streams and my water does not have much salt

Freshwater Ecosystems

Try this!Try this! Choose an ecosystem.Choose an ecosystem. Make a drawing of it.Make a drawing of it. Write a descriptive paragraph about Write a descriptive paragraph about

it.it. Include the following details:Include the following details:

1.1. Name of the ecosystemName of the ecosystem

2.2. Type of ecosystem: CharacteristicsType of ecosystem: Characteristics

3.3. Animals and plants found their.Animals and plants found their.