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Economy First: Regional Clusters Crossing Borders
ESPON WorkshopLuxembourg, 5 November 2009
Göran LindqvistCSC, Stockholm School of Economics
AgendaThe European Cluster ObservatoryClusters – spatial and functional dimensionsCluster mappingMeasuring spatial industry agglomerationUrban vs. rural agglomerationFuture approachesQ&A
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 20092
Cluster Mapping
Cluster Library
Regional Framework Conditions
Collaboration Platform
www.clusterobservatory.eu
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 20094
AgendaThe European Cluster ObservatoryClusters – spatial and functional dimensionsCluster mappingMeasuring spatial industry agglomerationUrban vs. rural agglomerationFuture approachesQ&A
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 20095
Co-location of industries
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 20096
Local (not clustered)
Cluster category 1
Cluster category 2
The ”cluster sector” represents about 1/3 of all employment
About 65% of employment
About 35%of employment
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 20097
About 500industries,38 cluster categories
About 250 NUTS-2 regions
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 20098
AgendaThe European Cluster ObservatoryClusters – spatial and functional dimensionsCluster mappingMeasuring spatial industry agglomerationUrban vs. rural agglomerationFuture approachesQ&A
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 20099
Cluster mapping projects
v. 1.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
US SWE ECO v. 1.0EU-10
Porter:
• US cluster codes• Mapping of the US
Lindqvist, Malmberg & Sölvell:• Translation of US
codes to EU codes• Mapping of Sweden,
first application in Europe
Ketels, Sölvell, Lindqvist :
• Mapping of EU-10• Star measurement
system developed
Sölvell, Ketels, Lindqvist & Protsiv :• Mapping of EU-
27+4• Launch of the
European Cluster Observatory
Lindqvist, Protsiv , Sölvell & Ketels :• Revision of cluster
codes based on European data
• Introduction of prioritised sectors (e.g. creative industries)
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200910
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200911
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200912
AgendaThe European Cluster ObservatoryClusters – spatial and functional dimensionsCluster mappingMeasuring spatial industry agglomerationUrban vs. rural agglomerationFuture approachesQ&A
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200913
Regional totals vs. geo-coded data
Ind. A: 260Ind. B: 310Ind. C: 100Ind. D: 190Ind. E: 240 Ind. A: 130
Ind. B: 110Ind. C: 90Ind. D: 0Ind. E: 0
Ind. A: 140Ind. B: 130Ind. C: 0Ind. D: 110Ind. E: 230
Ind. A: 120Ind. B: 250Ind. C: 80Ind. D: 0Ind. E: 0
Disproportionalitymeasures:
Gini, Krugman, Theil, etc.
Agglomerationmeasures:Ripley’s K,
“Lindqvist’s Q”
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200914
Agglomeration and co-location
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200915
AgendaThe European Cluster ObservatoryClusters – spatial and functional dimensionsCluster mappingMeasuring spatial industry agglomerationUrban vs. rural agglomerationFuture approachesQ&A
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200916
Rural Urban
rural, dispersed
rural, concentrated
urban, dispersed
urban, concentrated
Ref: Lindqvist (2009) “Disentangling Clusters”
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200917
Concentration:the tendency of firms to co-locate with firms of
the same industrymore than with firms in general
Urbanisation:the tendency of firms to
co-locate with firms of any industry
more than firms in general do
Clusters
Ref: Lindqvist (2009) “Disentangling Clusters”
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200918
Rural categoriesAerospace MaritimeAgricultural products Metal manufacturingApparel Paper productsAutomotive PharmaceuticalsBuilding fixtures, equip. and serv. PlasticsChemical products Power gen. and transmissionConstruction materials Production technologyConstruction Processed foodEntertainment* Sporting, recr. and childr. goodsFarming and animal husbandry Stone quarriesFootwear TextilesFurniture TobaccoHeavy machinery Transportation and logisticsLeather products Tourism and hospitalityLighting and electrical equipment
Urban categoriesAnalytical instrumentsBusiness servicesBiotechDistributionEducation and knowl. creationFinancial servicesITJewellery and precious metalsMedical devicesOil and gasPublishing and mediaTelecom
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200919
Agglomeration depends on the range
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200920
The urban-rural shift
0.5
1.
2.
4.
8.
16.
32.
0.016 0.031 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1. 2. 4.
concen
tration
urbanisation
swine farmersegg farmers meat wholesalers
agricultural wholesalers
security brokers
non-life insurance
1 km
5 km
25 km
125 km
1 km
1 km
1 km
1 km
Ref: Lindqvist (2009) “Disentangling Clusters”
Rural Urban
Dispersed
Concentrated
AgendaThe European Cluster ObservatoryClusters – spatial and functional dimensionsCluster mappingMeasuring spatial industry agglomerationUrban vs. rural agglomerationFuture approachesQ&A
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200922
A flexible online cluster mapping tool
User-defined regions
Combine NUTS-2
User-definedsectors
Combine NACE-4
Specialregions
Baltic, Mediterranean, Danube
Specialsectors
Creative industries, eco, etc.
Defaultregions
mostly NUTS-2
Defaultsectors
about 40 categories = allconcentrated industries
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200923
AgendaThe European Cluster ObservatoryClusters – spatial and functional dimensionsCluster mappingMeasuring spatial industry agglomerationUrban vs. rural agglomerationFuture approachesQ&A
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200924
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200925
Contact
Göran Lindqvist, PhDCenter for Strategy and CompetitivenessStocholm School of Economicswww.sse.edu/[email protected]+46 8 7369524
Lindqvist, ESPON, Luxembourg, 5 Nov 200926