Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Econ
omic
s 17
2Is
sues
in A
frica
n E
cono
mic
Dev
elop
men
t
Pro
fess
or T
ed M
igue
lD
epar
tmen
t of E
cono
mic
sU
nive
rsity
of C
alifo
rnia
, Ber
kele
y
Econ
omic
s 17
2Is
sues
in A
frica
n E
cono
mic
Dev
elop
men
t
Lect
ure
20 –
Apr
il 5,
200
7
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
3
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
4
Out
line:
(1)
His
toric
al p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
and
pol
itica
l pow
er in
A
frica
(Her
bst2
000)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
5
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity a
nd p
oliti
cs in
Afri
ca
•Th
e ba
sic
idea
: his
toric
ally
, lan
d w
as a
bund
ant i
n A
frica
and
pop
ulat
ion
was
low
. The
sca
rce
reso
urce
w
as la
born
ot la
nd
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
6
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity a
nd p
oliti
cs in
Afri
ca
•Th
e ba
sic
idea
: his
toric
ally
, lan
d w
as a
bund
ant i
n A
frica
and
pop
ulat
ion
was
low
. The
sca
rce
reso
urce
w
as la
born
ot la
nd
•W
ars
in S
ub-S
ahar
an A
frica
trad
ition
ally
wer
e ov
er
cont
rol o
f lab
or a
nd li
vest
ock
(the
valu
able
sca
rce
reso
urce
s) ra
ther
than
the
cont
rol o
f lan
d
•Th
e re
sult
is th
at w
arfa
re a
nd p
oliti
cs lo
ok v
ery
diffe
rent
his
toric
ally
in A
frica
than
in E
urop
e or
Asi
a,
with
thei
r muc
h hi
gher
pop
ulat
ion
dens
ities
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
7
Tabl
e 1.
1, 1
900
popu
latio
n de
nsiti
es
Reg
ion
Den
sity
in 1
900
(peo
ple/
km2 )
Japa
n11
8.2
Eur
ope
62.9
Chi
na45
.6S
outh
Asi
a38
.2S
ub-S
ahar
an A
frica
4.4
Latin
Am
eric
a3.
7
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
8
Tabl
e 1.
1, 1
900
popu
latio
n de
nsiti
es
Reg
ion
Den
sity
in 1
900
(peo
ple/
km2 )
Japa
n11
8.2
Eur
ope
62.9
Chi
na45
.6S
outh
Asi
a38
.2S
ub-S
ahar
an A
frica
4.4
Latin
Am
eric
a3.
7
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
9
Tabl
e 1.
1, 1
900
popu
latio
n de
nsiti
es
Reg
ion
Den
sity
in 1
900
(peo
ple/
km2 )
Japa
n11
8.2
Eur
ope
62.9
Chi
na45
.6S
outh
Asi
a38
.2S
ub-S
ahar
an A
frica
4.4
Latin
Am
eric
a3.
7
•W
hy w
as p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
so
low
in A
frica
?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
10
Tabl
e 1.
1, 1
900
popu
latio
n de
nsiti
es
Reg
ion
Den
sity
in 1
900
(peo
ple/
km2 )
Japa
n11
8.2
Eur
ope
62.9
Chi
na45
.6S
outh
Asi
a38
.2S
ub-S
ahar
an A
frica
4.4
Latin
Am
eric
a3.
7
•W
hy w
as p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
so
low
in A
frica
?(i)
Tro
pica
l dis
ease
; (ii)
Low
agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
ivity
;(ii
i) Th
e sl
ave
trade
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
11
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity a
nd p
oliti
cs in
Afri
ca
•Lo
w p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
his
toric
ally
mad
e it
diffi
cult
to
radi
ate
polit
ical
pow
er o
ver s
pace
in A
frica
•E
xcep
tion:
the
high
land
s of
Eas
t Afri
ca (e
.g.,
Rw
anda
)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
12
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity a
nd p
oliti
cs in
Afri
ca
•Lo
w p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
his
toric
ally
mad
e it
diffi
cult
to
radi
ate
polit
ical
pow
er o
ver s
pace
in A
frica
•E
xcep
tion:
the
high
land
s of
Eas
t Afri
ca (e
.g.,
Rw
anda
)
•“E
xit”
as a
pol
itica
l opt
ion:
giv
en a
bund
ant f
ree
land
, di
ssat
isfie
d gr
oups
cou
ld tr
aditi
onal
ly m
ove
else
whe
re
to s
tart
thei
r ow
n co
mm
uniti
es
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
13
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity a
nd p
oliti
cs in
Afri
ca
•Lo
w p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
his
toric
ally
mad
e it
diffi
cult
to
radi
ate
polit
ical
pow
er o
ver s
pace
in A
frica
•E
xcep
tion:
the
high
land
s of
Eas
t Afri
ca (e
.g.,
Rw
anda
)
•“E
xit”
as a
pol
itica
l opt
ion:
giv
en a
bund
ant f
ree
land
, di
ssat
isfie
d gr
oups
cou
ld tr
aditi
onal
ly m
ove
else
whe
re
to s
tart
thei
r ow
n co
mm
uniti
es--
Forc
ed la
bor /
sla
very
may
hav
e be
en o
ne re
actio
n to
this
thre
at b
y ru
lers
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
14
Pop
ulat
ion
dens
ity a
nd p
oliti
cs in
Afri
ca
•Th
is p
ictu
re b
egin
s to
cha
nge
in th
e 18
than
d 19
th
cent
ury,
in p
art d
ue to
the
impo
rtatio
n of
mill
ions
of
guns
as
part
of th
e S
lave
Tra
de
•La
rger
sta
tes
emer
ge d
urin
g th
is p
erio
d –
Sok
oto
Em
irate
in N
iger
ia, Z
ulu
Em
pire
in S
outh
ern
Afri
ca,
Bug
anda
in U
gand
a, A
shan
ti in
Gha
na. O
ther
im
porta
nt p
re-c
olon
ial s
tate
s in
clud
e S
wah
ili-O
man
i K
ingd
om, E
thio
pia,
Lib
eria
, …
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
15
The
rise
of E
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
•Th
is p
roce
ss o
f pol
itica
l con
solid
atio
n w
as a
rgua
bly
shor
t-circ
uite
d by
Eur
opea
n co
nque
st in
the
late
18
00s,
form
aliz
ed in
the
1885
Ber
lin C
onfe
renc
e
•W
hy d
id E
urop
eans
dec
ide
to c
onqu
er A
frica
, afte
r be
ing
cont
ent w
ith tr
ade
for h
undr
eds
of y
ears
?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
16
The
rise
of E
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
•Th
is p
roce
ss o
f pol
itica
l con
solid
atio
n w
as a
rgua
bly
shor
t-circ
uite
d by
Eur
opea
n co
nque
st in
the
late
18
00s,
form
aliz
ed in
the
1885
Ber
lin C
onfe
renc
e
•W
hy d
id E
urop
eans
dec
ide
to c
onqu
er A
frica
, afte
r be
ing
cont
ent w
ith tr
ade
for h
undr
eds
of y
ears
?(1
) The
use
of q
uini
ne g
reat
ly re
duce
d th
e th
reat
of
mal
aria
for E
urop
eans
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
17
The
rise
of E
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
•Th
is p
roce
ss o
f pol
itica
l con
solid
atio
n w
as a
rgua
bly
shor
t-circ
uite
d by
Eur
opea
n co
nque
st in
the
late
18
00s,
form
aliz
ed in
the
1885
Ber
lin C
onfe
renc
e
•W
hy d
id E
urop
eans
dec
ide
to c
onqu
er A
frica
, afte
r be
ing
cont
ent w
ith tr
ade
for h
undr
eds
of y
ears
?(1
) The
use
of q
uini
ne g
reat
ly re
duce
d th
e th
reat
of
mal
aria
for E
urop
eans
(2) T
he in
vent
ion
of th
e m
achi
ne g
un (t
he M
axim
gun
) gr
eatly
incr
ease
d th
eir r
elat
ive
mili
tary
mig
ht(3
) Gro
win
g im
peria
l riv
alrie
s w
ithin
Eur
ope
(Ger
man
y ve
rsus
Fra
nce
vers
us U
K)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
18
Eur
opea
n co
loni
al in
stitu
tions
•P
oliti
cal i
nstit
utio
ns: “
indi
rect
rule
”in
Brit
ish
colo
nies
. R
ural
are
as le
ft to
co-
opte
d “tr
aditi
onal
”rul
ers.
Dire
ct
cont
rol o
f cap
ital c
ities
, min
es, p
lant
atio
ns a
nd p
orts
.
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
19
Eur
opea
n co
loni
al in
stitu
tions
•P
oliti
cal i
nstit
utio
ns: “
indi
rect
rule
”in
Brit
ish
colo
nies
. R
ural
are
as le
ft to
co-
opte
d “tr
aditi
onal
”rul
ers.
Dire
ct
cont
rol o
f cap
ital c
ities
, min
es, p
lant
atio
ns a
nd p
orts
.•
Eco
nom
ic in
stitu
tions
: for
ced
labo
r (Fr
ench
, Bel
gian
co
loni
es),
the
“hut
tax”
paid
in c
ash
(Brit
ish
colo
nies
)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
20
Eur
opea
n co
loni
al in
stitu
tions
•P
oliti
cal i
nstit
utio
ns: “
indi
rect
rule
”in
Brit
ish
colo
nies
. R
ural
are
as le
ft to
co-
opte
d “tr
aditi
onal
”rul
ers.
Dire
ct
cont
rol o
f cap
ital c
ities
, min
es, p
lant
atio
ns a
nd p
orts
.•
Eco
nom
ic in
stitu
tions
: for
ced
labo
r (Fr
ench
, Bel
gian
co
loni
es),
the
“hut
tax”
paid
in c
ash
(Brit
ish
colo
nies
)
Impe
rial P
ower
Roa
d de
nsity
(km
road
s/km
2ar
ea)
1935
1963
Brit
ish
colo
nies
0.02
0.09
Fren
ch c
olon
ies
0.01
0.04
Bel
gian
Con
go0.
020.
07S
outh
Afri
ca0.
110.
27
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
21
The
Eur
opea
n co
loni
al le
gacy
•H
erbs
t(20
00) f
unda
men
tally
stre
sses
con
tinui
ties
in
Afri
can
polit
ical
eco
nom
y –
pre-
colo
nial
, col
onia
l and
po
st-c
olon
ial –
cond
ition
ed b
y th
e ph
ysic
al
envi
ronm
ent
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
22
The
Eur
opea
n co
loni
al le
gacy
•H
erbs
t(20
00) f
unda
men
tally
stre
sses
con
tinui
ties
in
Afri
can
polit
ical
eco
nom
y –
pre-
colo
nial
, col
onia
l and
po
st-c
olon
ial –
cond
ition
ed b
y th
e ph
ysic
al
envi
ronm
ent
•Th
e E
urop
ean
colo
nial
per
iod
in m
ost o
f Sub
-Sah
aran
A
frica
is re
lativ
ely
brie
f, ro
ughl
y 18
90s-
1960
s•
Sha
rp c
ontra
st w
ith lo
ng-te
rm E
urop
ean
colo
nial
ism
in
Asi
a (e
.g.,
Brit
ish
in In
dia,
Dut
ch in
Indo
nesi
a) w
hich
la
sted
for c
entu
ries
and
prob
ably
left
a de
eper
in
stitu
tiona
l im
prin
t
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
23
Out
line:
(1)
His
toric
al p
opul
atio
n de
nsity
and
pol
itica
l pow
er in
A
frica
(Her
bst2
000)
(2)
Bat
es (2
001)
on
agric
ultu
ral m
arke
ting
polic
ies
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
24
Agr
icul
tura
l mar
ketin
g in
col
onia
l Afri
ca
•A
gric
ultu
ral m
arke
ting
boar
ds c
an in
theo
ry in
sure
fa
rmer
s ag
ains
t pric
e flu
ctua
tions
, allo
w th
e go
vern
men
t to
inve
st in
new
tech
nolo
gies
, etc
.
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
25
Agr
icul
tura
l mar
ketin
g in
col
onia
l Afri
ca
•A
gric
ultu
ral m
arke
ting
boar
ds c
an in
theo
ry in
sure
fa
rmer
s ag
ains
t pric
e flu
ctua
tions
, allo
w th
e go
vern
men
t to
inve
st in
new
tech
nolo
gies
, etc
.
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
26
Agr
icul
tura
l mar
ketin
g in
col
onia
l Afri
ca
•H
owev
er, i
n pr
actic
e in
col
onia
l Afri
ca m
arke
ting
boar
d pr
ices
wer
e se
t far
bel
ow w
orld
pric
es, l
eadi
ng to
a
mas
sive
tran
sfer
of i
ncom
e fro
m A
frica
n fa
rmer
s to
E
urop
ean
empi
res,
par
ticul
arly
dur
ing
WW
II
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
27
Agr
icul
tura
l mar
ketin
g in
col
onia
l Afri
ca
•H
owev
er, i
n pr
actic
e in
col
onia
l Afri
ca m
arke
ting
boar
d pr
ices
wer
e se
t far
bel
ow w
orld
pric
es, l
eadi
ng to
a
mas
sive
tran
sfer
of i
ncom
e fro
m A
frica
n fa
rmer
s to
E
urop
ean
empi
res,
par
ticul
arly
dur
ing
WW
II
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
28
Agr
icul
tura
l mar
ketin
g in
col
onia
l Afri
ca
•H
owev
er, i
n pr
actic
e in
col
onia
l Afri
ca m
arke
ting
boar
d pr
ices
wer
e se
t far
bel
ow w
orld
pric
es, l
eadi
ng to
a
mas
sive
tran
sfer
of i
ncom
e fro
m A
frica
n fa
rmer
s to
E
urop
ean
empi
res,
par
ticul
arly
dur
ing
WW
II
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
29
•Fo
r nex
t tim
e: re
ad B
ates
(198
1), w
eeks
12-
13
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
30
Whi
tebo
ard
#1
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
31
Whi
tebo
ard
#2
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
32
Whi
tebo
ard
#3
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
33
Whi
tebo
ard
#4
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
34
Whi
tebo
ard
#5
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
35
Map
of A
frica
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
20
36
Map
of A
frica
