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8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
1/15
655>
Lkvjmp J`kakg~
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
2/15
@katjatp
Umv N3 kvnr md Gm`v`gn`
Nz
Lkvjmp Ajmv'Tjvg J`kakgn` Uvkpuj`tp mad
@hmiijabjp
Pzfnv Imii mad Ijno I~fj`ljv Jpljpja ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! =
Bikfmi Onama`nmi @vnpnp mad thj Lkvjma J`kakg~3
Nppzjp mad Ujvpuj`tnjp
U~k Hml'lni ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8
Umv NN3 Onm`nmi Nnzn md Gmvl
Thj Ngum`t ko Z!P! Onama`nmi mad J`kakgn`
Dnptvjpp ka Pkzth Lkvjm
Thkgmp @mvbnii ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! =:
Thj Rmii Ptvjjt Uman` mad thj Lkvjma J`kakg~
Lng Dkab'hrma ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6:
Umv NNN3 pvz`zvmi Vovg
J`kakgn` Ukin`~ Vjokvgp na thj Ijj G~zab'fml
Mdgnanptvmtnka
Tka~ Gn`hjii ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 00
Tmx Vjokvg na Lkvjm
Vmadmii Ckajp ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4:
Umv N_3 jxvmi Nz
Z!P!'Lkvjm J`kakgn` Vjimtnkap3
_njr ovkg Pjkzi
Hma Dkabgma ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ::
M Rmphnabtka Ujvpuj`tnj
Ckvdma Hjnfjv mad
Cjaanojv P`hz`h'Umbj ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ?4
Umv _3 avh Lvm j`gn`
Diug md jxvmi Vimn
Jabmbjgjat ka thj Gmvbnap3 @mum`nt~ Fznidnab
na Akvth Lkvjm
Fjvahmvd Pjinbjv! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ?2
Akvth Lkvjm mad Natjvamtnkami Onama`nmi
Kvbmansmtnkap3 Ukintn`mi mad J`kakgn` Fmvvnjvp
tk @kkujvmtnka
Ijj Pmab'h~za ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2?
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
3/15
PTVZ@TZVMI VJOKVG 00
Ptvz`tzvmi vjokvg
j`kAkgN` UkiN`^ vjokvgP NA tHj ijj g^zAB'FmL mDgNANPtvmtNkA
F~ Tka~ Gn`hjii
Un~ ad Bf `npnp
Fjtrjja rnaanab thj jij`tnka na Dj`jgfjv 6552
mad tmlnab ko`j na Ojfvzmv~ 6558) Ijj G~zab'
fml mad hnp mdgnanptvmtnka pljt`hjd kzt m gmppnj
vjokvg uvkbvmg thmt rkzid uktjatnmii~ mooj`t jjv~
mpuj`t ko Lkvjmp j`kakgn` mad pk`nmi inoj) ovkg thj
kvbmansmtnka ko gnanptvnjp) thvkzbh gm`vkj`kakgn`
ukin`njp) uvnmtnsmtnka) tmxmtnka) jdz`mtnka vjokvg)mad thj vjptvz`tzvnab ko ukin`njp mooj`tnab imad dj'
jikugjat ovkg skanab tk gmppnj naovmptvz`tzvj
uvkcj`tp natjadjd tk czgu ptmvt thj Lkvjma j`kakg~!
Umvt ko thnp ukin`~ rmp mngjd mt vkiinab fm`l =5 ~jmvp
ko pk'`miijd uvkbvjppnj bkjvagjat) mad umvt rmp tk
tv~ tk hmabj thj rm~ thj Lkvjma j`kakg~ rkvljd
f~ kujanab gz`h gkvj ko nt tk uvnmtj jatjvuvnpj
mad gmvljt okv`jp!
Thnp mvtn`ij) vmthjv thma uvkndnab m `kguvjhjapnj
kjvnjr ko thj ptvz`tzvmi nppzjp) mddvjppjp m pjij`t
azgfjv ko nppzjp thmt gm~ fj njrjd mp hmvm`tjvns'nab thj Ijj G~zab'fml mdgnanptvmtnkap gmna ukin`~
thjgjp! Thj muuvkm`h np imvbji~ `hvkakikbn`mi fj'
`mzpj gz`h ko thj fmttij uima dnd akt pzvnj katm`t
rnth thj jajg~) fzt thj gjmpzvj ko thj mdgnanptvm'
tnka np hkr nt hmp mdmutjd tk ajr nv`zgptma`jp mad
tk kuukpntnka tk ntp `kvj j`kakgn` ukin`njp!
Lkvjm np jxukpjd tk thj bikfmi `vnpnp thmt np akr
jabziab thj rkvid) czpt mp ma~ kthjv j`kakg~!
Uvjpndjat Ijj rmvajd Lkvjmap jmvi~ natk hnp tjvg
na ko`j thmt Lkvjm om`jd m pjjvj tjpt `kgnab
ovkg kjvpjmp) fzt thjvj rmp ak nggjdnmtj m`tnka!
Lkvjmap) inlj thj ntnsjap ko gma~ kzatvnjp) dnd akt
pjj thj `kaaj`tnka fjtrjja rhmt rmp ptnii pjja na
Ojfvzmv~ 6558 mp Mgjvn`mp pzfuvngj uvkfijg mad
thj jxukvt'ijd j`kakg~ ko Lkvjm! Thj vnpnp jxukpjd
na m gmttjv ko gkathp jjv~ rjmlajpp na jjv~
`kguma~ mad jjv~ pj`tkv mad jjv~ j`kakg~ thmt
gnbht hmj fjja rkvljd kzt kjv m gmttjv ko ~jmvp!
Thj }zjptnkap mvj rhjthjv thj ukin`njp mdkutjd f~
thj Ijj G~zab'fml mdgnanptvmtnka dzvnab ntp vpt
~jmv na ko`j rjvj muuvkuvnmtj mad rhjthjv nt np
ozii~ zpnab thj jxujvnja`j ko thj umpt!
Thj vpt thnab tk ptmtj np thmt thj bikfmi `vnpnp hmp
migkpt ak vjpjgfima`j tk thj pk'`miijd Lkvjma NGO
`vnpnp ko =>>2>8! Na =>>2>8) thj Lkvjma dkgjptn`
j`kakg~ kiimupjd mp thj `hmjfkiomnijd tk um~ fm`l
thjnv fmal ikmap) dvmbbnab dkra thj fmalp mp rjii!
Na thj impt dm~p ko =>>2) okvjnba jx`hmabj vjpjvjp
rjvj jxhmzptjd! Thj jx`hmabj vmtj ko thj rka tk
thj dkiimv ojii ovkg >55 tk migkpt 6)555) mad nggj'
dnmtji~ jxukvtp bvjr rhnij thj dkgjptn` j`kakg~
`katnazjd tk katvm`t!
Na 65585> thj nppzj rmp thj `kiimupj ko jxukvtp
dvnja f~ thj `kiimupj ko thj rkvid j`kakg~) mad
Lkvjmp dkgjptn` j`kakg~ dj`inajd imtjv! Tkdm~)
thj dkgjptn` j`kakg~ np jxuj`tjd tk jxujvnja`j m
omnvi~ phmiikr vj`jppnka) rnth thj jxukvt j`kakg~
mivjmd~ jxujvnja`nab m gmppnj `katvm`tnka! Za'
inlj =>>2>8) gma~ Lkvjma `kgumanjp akr mvj
`mph vn`h rnth vjimtnji~ ikr djft'j}znt~ vmtnkp!
Thj vj`kjv~ p`jamvnk np fmpjd ka jxukvtp ijmdnab)
mad dkgjptn` djgmad vj`kjv~ okiikrnab) rnth
naovmptvz`tzvj najptgjat `kgnab `ikpj fjhnad mt
thj fm`l jad ko 655>! Imbbnab pj`tkvp mvj inlji~
tk fj pjgn`kadz`tkvp mad `kaptvz`tnka (jpuj`nmii~
dkgjptn` mad kggjv`nmi fznidnab.!=
=! Okv ma ko`nmi ptmtnptn`mi `kgumvnpka rnth m ama`nmi pimat) pjj Thj Lkvjma J`kakg~3 =>>2 p! 6558) J`kakgn` Fziijtna(Gnanptv~ ko Ptvmtjb~ mad Onama`j) Vjuzfin` ko Lkvjm. 05) ak! =6 (Dj`jgfjv 6558.3 6?) httu3++jabinph!gkpo!bk!lv+uzfin`+dnvj`tnka[inpt!uhu;pj`t7uzfp[j`kakgn`!
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
4/15
04 THJ LKVJM J@KAKGN@ NAPTNTZTJ
Thj ptvjabthp thmt Lkvjmp uvjnkzp jxujvnja`j
fvnabp tk thj uvjpjat pntzmtnka mvj3
LkvjmMppjtGmambjgjat@kvukvmtnka(LMG'
@K.npmajx`jiijatjhn`ijokvhmadinabtkxn`
mppjtpnathjama`nmipj`tkv2>8
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
5/15
PTVZ@TZVMI VJOKVG 0:
pjiinab thj nadjftjd `kgumanjppz`h mp Rkkvn)
Dmjrkk Phnufznidnab mad Jabnajjvnab) H~zadmn
@kaptvz`tnka) mad kthjvpthmt hmd fjja zadjv ptmtj
fmal krajvphnu pna`j thj `vnpnp ko thj =>>5p! Thj
vjtvjmt ovkg hkidnab mppjtp rkzid hjiu vjnanbkvmtj
thj j`kakg~! @kvukvmtj tmx ztp rkzid ptngzimtj thj
uvnmtj pj`tkv) rnth na`kgj tmx ztp okiikrnab! Ujamitmxjp ka pjiinab vjmi jptmtj rkzid fj vjgkjd!
Hnbh Hkujp mad Jmvi~ Dnpniizpnkagjat
Thj ~jmv 6558 kujajd rnth jxuj`tmtnkap ko m hnbh
ijji ko j`kakgn` bvkrth! jmv ka ~jmv thj j`kakg~
rmp ujvokvgnab mt ntp fjpt okv jnbht }zmvtjvp na
thj vpt }zmvtjv ko thj ~jmv) mt :!? ujv`jat) hmnab
pzptmnajd m vnpnab aktj dzvnab thj impt trk }zmvtjvp
ko 6552) mad `kadja`j rmp hnbh thmt thj ajr
uvjpndjat) rhk tkkl ko`j ka 6: Ojfvzmv~ 6558)
rkzid tmlj thj `kzatv~p fzpnajpp tk m ajr ijji!Thj kzatv~ rmp thkzbht tk fj nggzaj tk rhmt rmp
ptnii pjja mp m Z!P! pzfuvngj gkvtbmbj vnpnp) rhnij
thj hjnbhtp thmt `kggkdnt~ uvn`jp rkzid vjm`h f~
Czi~ rjvj ptnii zaokvjpjja! Gkathi~ jxukvtp rjvj
bvkrnab mt 6505 ujv`jat ~jmv ka ~jmv!
Thj mdgnanptvmtnka vj`kbansjd thmt umvt ko thj
ptngzizp tk thj j`kakg~ kzid fj m`hnjjd thvkzbh
gm`vk ukin`~ fzt thmt gz`h ko thj zadjvrvntnab ko
bvkrth rkzid vj}znvj m omnvi~ gmppnj ijbnpimtnj
uvkbvmg! Thnp `kzid akt fj mttjgutjd zatni m ajr
Amtnkami Mppjgfi~) tk fj jij`tjd na Muvni 6558) rmppjmtjd na Czaj fj`mzpj zatni thja thj Ijj mdgnanp'
tvmtnka rkzid akt hmj m gmckvnt~! Djjikunab thj
ijbnpimtnka rkzid tmlj zatni mt ijmpt Pjutjgfjv) mad
m vmot ko vjokvg ijbnpimtnka rkzid `kgj natk jooj`t
na Cmazmv~ 655>!
Thj tmpl ko ndjatno~nab mad uvjumvnab thnp vjokvg
ijbnpimtnka rmp bnja tk m ajr @kza`ni ka Amtnkami
@kgujtntnjajpp vjukvtnab dnvj`ti~ tk thj uvjpndjat
mad ijd f~ thj dnptnabznphjd j`kakgnpt) PmLkab Ni!
Thnp `kza`ni rmp tk rkvl ka `vjmtnab m fzpnajpp'
ovnjadi~ janvkagjat! Na umvtn`zimv nt rmp vj`kbansjd
thmt thj umt`hrkvl ko ijbnpimtnka ovkg 4: ~jmvp ko
vmund bvkrth ajjdjd `kguvjhjapnj vjokvg! Na Czi~
PmLkab uknatjd tk thj ajjd okv `kguvjhjapnj
imrp3
Okv pkgj vjbzimtkv~ vjokvgp) gkvj thma kaj
vjijmat imr ajjdp tk fj vjnpjd! Ndjmii~)
thjvjokvj) no rj hmj m puj`nmi `kguvjhja'
pnj imr) djvjbzimtnka `ma fj dkaj gkvj
jo`njati~! Hkrjjv) rj hmj tk djmi rnth
ijbnpimtnj vjmint~ na rhn`h ujvpzmdnab thj
Amtnkami Mppjgfi~ tk umpp pz`h m imr rniiakt fj jmp~! Akajthjijpp) rj rnii tv~ tk ujv'
pzmdj thj Amtnkami Mppjgfi~ tk ijbnpimtj m
azgfjv ko `kguvjhjapnj imrp na puj`n`
mvjmp) pk thmt djvjbzimtnka na thjpj mvjmp ma
fj jxujdntjd!6
@kvj tk thj 242 uvkbvmg rmp thj }zn`l nguijgja'
tmtnka ko thj Z!P!'Lkvjm Ovjj Tvmdj Mbvjjgjat
(LKVZP OTM.) rhn`h rmp imabznphnab na fkth
thj Lkvjma Amtnkami Mppjgfi~ mad Z!P! @kabvjpp)
fj`mzpj `kvj tk Ijjp jatnvj bikfmi ptvmtjb~ rmp tk
umvl Lkvjm na thj Z!P! umvlnab ikt) na miinma`j rnthCmuma) m ukintn`mi bkmi thmt nguin`nti~ `imphjd rnth
thj ajjd tk `kkujvmtj rnth @hnam) rhn`h akr tkkl
60 ujv`jat ko Lkvjmp jxukvtp! Migkpt `jvtmnai~ na
thj gnadp ko thj mdnpjvp) ajmvi~ mii na thjnv imtj ?5p)
rmp thj fjinjo thmt thj Z!P! j`kakg~ ptnii tkkl ikpjv
tk 45 ujv`jat ko Lkvjmp jxukvtp mp nt hmd dkaj na
thj =>>5p) rhja gkpt ko thjg impt hjid ko`j) mad
akt thj =5== ujv`jat thmt krjd ovkg Lkvjm tk thj
Zantjd Ptmtjp na 6558!
Thj kaj thnab thmt hjid zu thj LKVZP OTM) thj
uvjpndjat rmp mdnpjd) rmp thj nppzj ko mdgnttnabZ!P! fjjo) mad) na m hzvv~ tk uzph thnabp mikab) thj
uvjpndjat mbvjjd ka hnp npnt tk thj Zantjd Ptmtjp na
Muvni 6558 tk m``jut thj fjjo zadjv m pinbhti~ ikrjv
ptmadmvd ko pzujvnpnka thma m azgfjv ko kthjv kza'
tvnjp! Ak kaj uvjpjat mt thj Lkvjm'Z!P! tmilp `kzid
hmj hmd ma~ `ka`jutnka ko hkr ptvkab thj uzfin`
vjm`tnka tk thnp rkzid fj! Nt np ngukvtmat okv thj
Z!P! pndj tk vjminsj thmt thnp rmp akt ma matnokvjnba
gkjgjat fzt m pukatmajkzp jxuikpnka ko uzfin`
dnp`katjat rnth thj pt~ij mad uvkbvmg ko thj ajr
bkjvagjat) na rhn`h thj gmckvnt~ ko thj Lkvjma
ujkuij ojit thj~ rjvj tvjmtjd inlj jguik~jjp ko Lk'
vjm Na`! mad akt `ntnsjap ko thj Vjuzfin` ko Lkvjm!
Thj mami uvkbvmg) rhn`h thvjmtjajd tk kjvtmlj thj
fjjo nppzj mp m gmttjv ko dnp`katjat) mipk dnptzvfjd
6! PJVN Natjvnjr3 Uvjpndjatnmi @kza`ni ka Amtnkami @kgujtntnjajpp3 @hmnvgma PmLkab Ni) PJVN ]zmvtjvi~) Czi~ 6558)rrr!pjvnrkvid!kvb+p}+rid]Mvtn`ij!htgi;g`d76555/up}765585656/pp}7/mtpj}70?!
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
6/15
0? THJ LKVJM J@KAKGN@ NAPTNTZTJ
jjv~ aktnka ko rhmt gmdj pjapj okv thj amtnka! Thj
uvktjptp amii~ omdjd motjv migkpt trk gkathp) rnth
pkgj fm`lnab dkra f~ thj bkjvagjat) fzt nt rmp
`ijmv thmt thj mdgnanptvmtnka hmd ikpt thj kadja`j
ko thj ukuzimtnka!
Thj ptvjabth ko thj uvktjpt) rhnij akt kjvthvkr'nab thj bkjvagjat) gmdj ma mdgnanptvmtnka mi'
vjmd~ ajvkzp mfkzt maprjvnab `vntn`npg ovkg ntp
jij`tkvmtj jja gkvj na`inajd tk fj djojapnj mad
akatvmapumvjat) m fmd uvj`kadntnka okv thj bkjva'
gjat mad thj kzatv~ mp thj~ muuvkm`hjd thj rkvpt
bikfmi `vnpnp thmt ma~kaj minj na 6558 hmd om`jd!
Djpuntj m ukkv phkrnab f~ thj ko`nmi kuukpntnka na
thj Muvni 6558 jij`tnkap) thj mdgnanptvmtnka hmp) tk
dmtj) fjja zamfij tk gzptjv ntp ozii umujv gmckvnt~ na
thj Amtnkami Mppjgfi~) mad umppmbj ko thj LKVZP
OTM f~ thj Lkvjma mppjgfi~ np akr pjt okv Gm~
655> mt thj jmvinjpt! Hja`j PmLkabp mztnkzp aktjna Czi~ 6558) `ntjd mfkj) mad hja`j thj om`t thmt)
motjv kaj ~jmv ko ukrjv) migkpt akaj ko thj ijbnpim'
tnka thmt rmp uvkukpjd na Cmazmv~Ojfvzmv~ 6558
np ajmv thj ptmtztj fkkl!
Mt thj pmgj tngj) Gnanptjv Lmabp gmanuzimtnka ko
thj rka hmd zupjt thj fzpnajpp kggzant~) mzpnab
gmppnj ikppjp mgkab gma~ jxukvtjvp rhk rjvj
hjdbjd tk `kjv vnpjp na thj mizj ko thj rka) fzt
m`tzmii~ hmd `kzatjvumvt~ hjdbjp (thj pk'`miijd
LNLK mad kthjv djvnmtnjp. thmt okv`jd thjg tk
um~ thj fmalp no thj rka hjmdjd pkzth! Thnp vjmtjd`kapndjvmfij umna mgkab pgmii' mad gjdnzg'pnsj
jxukvtjvp! Thj jooj`t hmp fjja tk gmlj Lkvjmap) mi'
rm~p gkvj zapzvj mfkzt thj oztzvj ko thjnv j`kakg~
thma kztpndj kfpjvjvp) gz`h gkvj uvkaj tk uman`p
mad vzgkvp thma gnbht kthjvrnpj hmj fjja thj mpj
mp Lkvjm jatjvjd thj bikfmi `vnpnp!
Naomtnka mad Vj`jppnka) Gm~ 6558Cmazmv~ 655>
Ovkg Gm~ 6558 tk thj jad ko thj ~jmv thj Lkvjma
j`kakg~ ingfjd m puj`zimtnj gkzatmna mad thja
pind dkra thj inoo ko j`kakgn` pikrdkra! Thnp np m
uhjakgjaka niizptvmtjd na migkpt mii dmtm) ovkg kzt'
uzt tk namtnka) fzt nt np rjii niizptvmtjd f~ Onbzvj =)
rhn`h phkrp thj ikab'tjvg gkathi~ ujvokvgma`j ko
jxukvtp mad ngukvtp! Thj vjdz`tnka na thj mizj ko thj
rka mipk mgj mt jxm`ti~ thj rvkab gkgjat na tjvgp
ko namtnka fj`mzpj jja mt xjd jx`hmabj vmtjp mii
thj ngukvtjd nauztp natk thj Lkvjma j`kakg~ pkmvjd
na uvn`j) fzt) kzuijd rnth thj puj`zimtnj ujmlp tk
Czi~ 6558 mad m omiinab rka) nt gjmat ma ngujadnab
uvkfijg okv jjv~ umvt ko thj Lkvjma j`kakg~ ovkg
hkzpjhkidp tk fmalp mad gmazom`tzvjvp! Na mddntnka)
nt `vjmtjd m `zvvjat m``kzat dj`nt! Okvtzamtji~ thj
`kiimupj ko rkvid `kggkdnt~ uvn`jp `mgj na tngj
tk pmj thj Lkvjma j`kakg~ ovkg namtnkamv~ pjio'djptvz`tnka) mad m ajr pjt ko uvkfijgp `kaovkatjd
Lkvjmp ukin`~gmljvp!
5
:)555
=5)555
=:)555
65)555
6:)555
05)555
0:)555
45)555
4:)555
=+=+65
5>
=+=+65
58
=+=+65
52
=+=+65
5?
=+=+65
5:
=+=+65
54
=+=+65
50
=+=+65
56
Ngukvtp
Jxukvtp
Onbzvj =3 Ujvokvgma`j ko Jxukvtp mad Ngukvtp na
Lkvjm) 6556jmvi~ 655>
Pkzv`j3 Gnanptv~ ko Lakrijdbj J`kakg~) Pjkzi) 655>!
Gniinkap ko dkiimvp
Thj nggjdnmtj ijbm`~) rhn`h rjnbhjd hjmni~ ka
thj rka) rmp thj `zvvjat m``kzat dj`nt vza'zu
rhja kni rmp vnpnab tkrmvd $=:5 ujv fmvvji! Ka m
gkathi~ fmpnp) mp uvn`jp mad ngukvtp ojii na umvmiijirnth jxukvtp) m zvvjat m``kzat pzvuizp vjtzvajd! Ptnii
Lkvjm vma m ajbmtnj fmima`j ko mfkzt $=6 fniinka
okv thj vpt tngj pna`j =>>8) mad thnp rjnbhjd hjm'
ni~ ka thj rka! Thj gmna uvkfijg dzvnab thj impt
okzv gkathp ko 6558 mad kabknab na 655> vjgmnajd
fznidnab kadja`j na thj rka!
Na jm`h pz``jppnj }zmvtjv ko 6558) bvkrth rmp
ikrjv) fzt akt zatni K`tkfjv dnd jxukvtp jmpj thjnv
vjijatijpp ~jmv'ka'~jmv bvkrth mad fjbna tk dj`inaj!
Onbzvj = phkrp thmt jxukvtp ujmljd na Czi~ 6558) fzt
f~ Cmazmv~ 655> jxukvtp rjvj fm`l mt thj ijji ko655:) tjgukvmvni~ rnunab kzt thvjj ~jmvp ko jxukvt'
ijd bvkrth!
Ikr Jxuj`tmtnkap) Puvnab 655>
M pzggmv~ ko thj m`hnjjgjatp ko thj Ijj mdgnanp'
tvmtnka na ntp vpt ~jmv np akt jv~ ukpntnj! Na tjvgp ko
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
7/15
PTVZ@TZVMI VJOKVG 02
gm`vkj`kakgn` ukin`~) thj ptmfnint~ ko thj j`kakg~
hmd fjja rjmljajd uvnkv tk thj ozii ozv~ ko thj vnpnp
thmt hnt Lkvjm ka thj kiimupj ko Ijhgma Fvkthjv ka
=: Pjutjgfjv 6558) rhnij thj fzpnajpp'ovnjadi~ ijb'
npimtnj vjokvg rmp akt ~jt ka thj ptmtztj fkkl! Natjv
minm) thj ngujadnab pmij ko Dmjrkk Phnufznidnab mad
Jabnajjvnab mad bkjvagjat hkidnabp na fmalp hmdtk fj ukptukajd mp thj Lkvjma ptk`l gmvljt nadjx)
LKPUN) pind ovkg mvkzad =855 tk mvkzad =555 mad
thj mfnint~ ko thj gmckv Lkvjma `kgumanjp tk ozad
ijjvmbjd tmljkjvp dnpmuujmvjd! Mt thj pmgj tngj)
na tjvgp ko hmadinab thj dkgjptn` jooj`tp ko thj vn'
pnp) thj ptjmd~ phkjinab ko vjimtnji~ pgmii mgkzatp
ko gkaj~ f~ thj Fmal ko Lkvjm mad thj Gnanptv~ ko
Ptvmtjb~ mad Onama`j thvkzbh jxnptnab gj`hmanpgp
rmp rjii dkaj! Ozvthjv) mp djp`vnfjd fjikr) na Mz'
bzpt 6558) thj uvjpndjat maakza`jd m ajr npnka
ko m bvjja mad bvjmt Lkvjm thmt uvkukpjd m gmckv
mddntnkami jabnaj ko j`kakgn` mad pk`nmi ukin`~ madthmt kzid vjuim`j thj nii'`ka`jnjd mami!
Lkvjm om`jp trk j`kakgn` `hmiijabjp) kaj ovkg
natjvami j`kakgn` uim~jvp mad kaj ovkg jxtjvami
uim~jvp! Ka thj rhkij) Lkvjmap mvj gz`h gkvj ajbm'
tnj mfkzt thjnv j`kakg~ thma thj jxtjvami uim~jvp
mvj< thj~ mvj gkvj inlji~ tk ngmbnaj okvth`kgnab
`vnpjp rnthkzt mddnab zu thj azgfjvp< mad ko kzvpj
thj~ mvj gkvj inlji~ tk jabmbj na okvjnba jx`hmabj
hkmvdnab) rhn`h hmp migkpt thj pmgj jooj`t mp mun'
tmi nbht na thj phkvt tjvg fzt `ma fj gkvj jmpni~
vjjvpjd! Okvjnba uim~jvp tjad tk ikkl mt thj gm`vkazgfjvp mad fj`kgj ajvkzp no thjvj np m `zvvjat
m``kzat dj`nt< fjinjj gm`vk okvj`mptp thmt hmj
m ingntjd fmpnp na Lkvjma vjmint~< mad ikkl mt kthjv
gm`vk umvmiijipko rhn`h thj gkpt pnban`mat mvj
thj jv~ hnbh vmtnk tk BDU ko Lkvjma hkzpjhkid
djft) vmalnab na thj tku j na thj rkvid mikabpndj
thj Zantjd Lnabdkg mad Mzptvminm) mad thj hnbh
mgkzat ko kjvpjmp okvjnba jx`hmabj fkvvkrnab
f~ Lkvjma fmalprnthkzt ikklnab mt thj `mzpj
mad thj `hmaaji!
Thjpj trk djft bzvjp mvj ngukvtmat fj`mzpj thj~hmj puj`nmi Lkvjma ojmtzvjp! Thj ijji ko hkzpj'
hkid djft np `zvnkzp bnja thj im`l ko >5 ujv`jat
gkvtbmbjp thmt rkzid jxuimna nt na thj kthjv trk
`mpjp! Nt pjjgp tk fj vjimtjd tk thj zpj) rhn`h np
jx`jutnkamii~ hnbh) ko `vjdnt `mvdp na thj j`kakg~
okv akvgmi tvmapm`tnkap mad thj ajjd tk fkvvkr tk
um~ okv jdz`mtnka! Mp okv thj mgkzat ko phkvt'tjvg
okvjnba jx`hmabj fkvvkrnab) thj Natjvamtnkami Gka'
jtmv~ Ozad (NGO. hmp djgkaptvmtjd thmt mfkzt hmio
np vjimtjd tk thj phnufznidnab nadzptv~ mad thj kthjv
hmio tk gkvj akvgmi fzpnajpp uvm`tn`jp rnth pkgj
`mvv~ tvmdj m`tnntnjp vjimtjd tk thj~ja! Na mddntnka)
gkvj thma hmio ko thj djft np hmadijd f~ fvma`hjp
ko okvjnba fmalp na Lkvjm) rhn`h gjmap djomzitp f~ijadjvp fj`kgj thj uvkfijg ko okvjnba fmalp mad
akt dkgjptn` fmalp!
Ovkg imtj Akjgfjv 6558) rhja ZFP uvjdn`tjd
thmt Lkvjm rkzid jxujvnja`j 0 ujv`jat bvkrth
okv 655>) zatni Ojfvzmv~ 655> rhja thj NGO uvj'
dn`tjd 4 ujv`jat) thj `kzatv~p dj`npnka gmljvp
rjvj na djanmi! Ak kaj na Lkvjm vjminsjd thmt thj
bikfmi j`kakgn` `kiimupj `kzid fj pk ompt) ijmpt
ko mii thj bvkzu mvkzad thj uvjpndjat) gjgfjvp ko
rhn`h rjvj ptnii dvjmgnab ko hnbhjv mad akt ikrjv
bvkrth! Lmab Gma'pkk zpjd thj gnanptv~p gm`hna'jv~ tk dnp`kzvmbj uvkojppkvp mad ckzvaminptp ovkg
gmlnab ujppngnptn` okvj`mptp mad rmp gjam`jd f~
ma maka~gkzp fikbbjv) Gnajvm) rhk `zitzvmii~
inaljd thj djgkaptvmtnkap ko Gm~ tk thj dj`inaj na
j`kakgn` bvkrth!
Kai~ rnth thj muuknatgjat ko ^kka Cjzab'h~za mp
gnanptjv ko ptvmtjb~ mad ama`j na Ojfvzmv~ 655>
`kzid m ajr vjminptn` ikkl `kgj kjv thj bkjva'
gjat! ^kka) zainlj hnp uvjdj`jppkv) hmd hjid ko`j
zadjv Uvjpndjat Vkh Gkk'h~za mad fvkzbht m ajr
vjminpg tk gm`vk ukin`~) fjnab uvjumvjd tk `kzatj'ama`j vjminptn` jptngmtjp ko phkvt'tjvg j`kakgn`
`katvm`tnka! Djpuntj thjpj `hmiijabjp) thj bk'
jvagjat rnii ptm~ `mig mad tmlj m`tnka mp nantnmii~
uimaajd) hj `kzid pm~ mp hj maakza`jd thj ukppn'
fnint~ ko ajbmtnj bvkrth ko mt ijmpt : ujv`jat na thj
vpt }zmvtjv (Onbzvj 6.! Hnp gmckv `katvnfztnka rmp
thj uvkukpmi okv m ajr gmckv ptngzizp uima thmt gm~
na`izdj vmdn`mi naakmtnkap pz`h mp okkd ptmgup)
rhnij rkvlnab rnth mii m`tkvp na thj j`kakg~ tk
gmlj uvkbvjpp ka vjokvg ijbnpimtnka!
Ojmvp mfkzt m Gmv`h 655> `vnpnp uzphjd thj rkafjikr =):55 na thj ami hmio ko Ojfvzmv~ 655>!
Thj djbvjj tk rhn`h Lkvjm np uvkaj tk vzgkvp
rmp `mutzvjd dzvnab thj pj`kad hmio ko 6558 f~
thj fikbbjv) Gnajvm) rhkpj dkkgpdm~ okvj`mptp
rjvj rndji~ bnja `vjdja`j! Thnp rmp umvti~ dzj
tk thj umvmiiji vzgkv thmt Gnajvm rmp m pjankv
bkjvagjat kv mdgnanptvmtnka ko`nmi mad akt thj
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
8/15
08 THJ LKVJM J@KAKGN@ NAPTNTZTJ
zatvmnajd NT puj`nminpt hj muumvjati~ rmp! Thj vpt
miijbjd vnpnp rmp thj Pjutjgfjv 6558 vnpnp) rhjvj
thj uvkcj`tjd omnizvj ko okvjnbajvp tk vkii kjv thjnv
rka'djakgnamtjd fkad hkidnabp rkzid `mzpj m
okvjnba jx`hmabj vnpnp! Rhmt thnp Pjutjgfjv vnpnp
vzgkv im`ljd rmp ma~ }zmatn`mtnka ko azgfjvp!
Thj rkvpt'`mpj p`jamvnk thmt akt m pnabij fkadhkidjvrkzid vjnajpt rkzid ptvnu kai~ mfkzt $=5 fniinka
kzt ko Lkvjmp okvjnba jx`hmabj vjpjvjp) rhn`h mt
thj tngj ptkkd mt gkvj thma $6=5 fniinka! Na om`t)
okvjnbajvp rjvj ajt fz~jvp) mad Lkvjmap rjvj thj
pjiijvp mad dkiimv hkmvdjvp!
Thj pmgj im`l ko }zmatn`mtnka dvkj thj aktnka ko
m Gmv`h 655> `vnpnp) rhn`h rmp fmpjd ka Cmumajpj
fmalp akt vkiinab kjv ikmap mp thj~ `ikpjd thjnv
fkklp! Mbmna thj tktmi mgkzat nakijd rmp mfkzt
$=5 fniinka) kai~ mfkzt : ujv`jat ko Lkvjmp okvjnba
jx`hmabj vjpjvjp na Ojfvzmv~ 655>! Na jppja`j thjrka rmp fjnab dvnja f~ Lkvjma uim~jvp rhk dnd
akt `mi`zimtj thj vjmi uvkfmfnint~ mad ngum`t ko thjnv
uvjdn`tnkap! Mt thj tngj ko rvntnab (: Gmv`h 655>.
thj jxuj`tmtnka ko m ptvjabthjanab rka na Muvni)
czpt mp nt ptvjabthjajd mbmna na imtjv Akjgfjv) np
vjmpkamfij) fzt rj gzpt mipk jxuj`t thmt thj Lkvjma
gmvljt rnii `katnazj tk bjajvmtj ngmbnamv~ oztzvj
`vnpjp thmt `vjmtj vjmi rmjp mp Lkvjmap puj`zimtj
mbmnapt thj vnpnp! Thj pjatngjat bvjr rkvpj na imtj
Ojfvzmv~ rnth `ka`jva ikkgnab kjv m pj`kad rmj
ko bikfmi ama`nmi gmvljt tvkzfij ptmvtnab ovkg
jmptjva Jzvkuj!
Thzp) gkpt ko thj bikkg mgj ovkg dkzftp mfkzt thj
pzptmnamfnint~ ko thj rka vmthjv thma thj j`kakgn`
ozadmgjatmip! M jv`j djfmtj rmp k``zvvnab kjv thj
ngum`t ko thj om`t thmt thj rka np akt ozii~ kajvt'
nfij3 Thj gmckvnt~ ko Lkvjma ama`nmi naptntztnkap
fjinjjd thmt thj om`t thmt thj rka rmp ptnii akt ozii~
`kajvtnfij mad rmp ptnii ok`zpjd ka thj rka+dkiimvrnadkr rmp vjptvn`tnab thj bikfmi djgmad okvrka!
Pz``jppnj mdgnanptvmtnkap fjinjjd thmt) no thj rka
rjvj ovjji~ kajvtnfij) muntmi nbht rkzid uzii thj
rka dkra! Okvjnbajvp thkzbht thmt kujanab thj rka
rkzid na`vjmpj thj bikfmi djgmad okv thj Lkvjma
`zvvja`~ mad djjuja thj gmvljt! Na mii thnp djfmtj)
t~un`mi Lkvjmap rjvj gkvj ujppngnptn` thma thj
okvjnbajvp rhk rjvj m`tnj na thj gmvljt!
Kaj ko Lkvjmp ptvjabthp np thmt nt hmp ma jx`jiijat
gj`hmanpgna thj okvg ko LMG@Kokv hmadinab
tkxn` mppjtp! LMG@K na thj =>>5p mad jmvi~ 6555uim~jd m gmckv vkij na vjgknab fmd djft ovkg thj
amtnkap ama`nmi naptntztnkap! LMG@Kp puj`nmi
ptvjabth np thmt nt np ma natjvgjdnmv~) akt m ikab'tjvg
hkidjv ko fmd mppjtp! Na thj umpt nt hmp um`lmbjd
ukvtokinkp mad vjpkid thjg) zainlj thj @hnajpj mp'
pjt gmambjgjat kgumanjp inlj @NATM thmt tjad tk
hkid thj mppjtp! LMG@K np thzp mfij tk tzva kjv
ntp `muntmi vjimtnji~ ompt mad vjuzv`hmpj gkvj fmd
mppjtp rnthkzt bkjvagjat vj`muntminsmtnka!
Thzp LMG@K przab natk m`tnka ka fjhmio ko thj
pgmii pmnabp fmalp ko Lkvjm thmt hmd fj`kgj hjm'ni~ nakijd na uvkcj`t ama`j ko uvkcj`tp thmt rjvj
pzddjai~ zanmfij na thj pj`kad hmio ko 6558) mad
LMG@K np vjmd~ tk m`zzg zu fmd djft ovkg thj
`kggjv`nmi fmalp! Thnp gjmap thmt thjvj np ajjv
gz`h dkzft mfkzt thj uvn`nab ko fmd mppjtp ovkg
thj fmal mdgnanptvmtkvp uknat ko njr! Ozvthjv)
gkpt Lkvjma fmd mppjtp ptnii hmj m vjmi jptmtj fmpj
fj`mzpj ko thj `kapjvmtnpg ko thj fmalp rhjvj
`kvukvmtj ijadnab rmp `ka`jvajd! @kapzgjv djft np
ko m dnoojvjat }zmint~) mad thj kzatv~ pnbamii~ omnijd
tk hmadij thj kapzgjv djft vnpnp mp rjii mp Tmnrma
hmadijd m pngnimv `vnpnp mt mfkzt thj pmgj tngj!
Vj`kjv~ okv Lkvjm na 655>) kv okv thmt gmttjv na
65=5) vjptp ka thj vj`kjv~ ko kthjv j`kakgnjp!
Lkvjm np) inlj Bjvgma~) Cmuma) Tmnrma) mad @hnam)
m gmckv jxukvtjv! Zainlj thj kthjv okzv) Lkvjm tjadp
tk vza m gmvbnami zvvjat m``kzat pzvuizp) rhn`h np
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6554
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=>>>
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Ujv`jatmbj
Onbzvj 63 Bvkrth Okvj`mptp okv Lkvjmp J`kakg~
=>>?65=5 (655>=5 jpt!.) ujv`jatmbj
Pkzv`jp3 Gnanptv~ ko Lakrijdbj J`kakg~) Pjkzi< Jzvk'Mpnma Fzpnajpp
@kapzitma`~) Itd!
Kutngnptn`
Gkdjvmtj
Ujppngnptn`
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
9/15
PTVZ@TZVMI VJOKVG 0>
imvbji~ m vjj`tnka ko thj ngfmima`j na tvmdj rnth
Cmuma vmthjv thma thj ajjd tk ngukvt vmr gmtjvnmip
thmt np `kggka tk mii thj jxukvtnab j`kakgnjp! Np
nt `vjdnfij thmt thjvj rnii fj jakzbh bvkrth na thj
rkvid tk miikr Lkvjmp jxukvtp tk vj`kjv; Dzvnab
6558) 25 ujv`jat ko Lkvjmp jxukvtp rjat tk djjiku'
nab kzatvnjp) na`izdnab @hnam! Thj mppzgutnkap mvjthmt @hnam rnii `katnazj tk bvkr mt ?2 ujv`jat na
655>) mad pinbhti~ omptjv na 65=5) thmt thnp rnii uzii
Lkvjma jxukvtp na) mifjnt akt mt pz`h m ompt vmtj) mad
thmt zadjv gkpt p`jamvnkp gz`h ko thj djjikunab
rkvid rnii bvkr na 655>) mbmna gkdjpti~ na`vjmpnab
uktjatnmi jxukvtp tk thkpj djptnamtnkap! Na thnp) gz`h
hmabp ka thj uvn`j ko kni) rhn`h ajjdp tk fj mfkj
$:5 ujv fmvvji tk japzvj thmt kni uvkdz`jvp katnazj
tk najpt na thjnv naovmptvz`tzvj uimap mad tk pzfpndnsj
thjnv ukuzimtnkap!
Ajnthjv ?2 ujv`jat bvkrth na @hnam akv $:5 ujvfmvvji kni rnii pjt thj rkvid mvnbht) fzt thj~ rkzid pjt
m kkv zadjv Lkvjma jxukvtp mad mvj inlji~ tk vjmtj
m pjapj ko m vjnnab j`kakg~ thmt rnii zadjvrvntj
Lkvjma kapzgjv jxujadntzvj! Thj~ rnii kgj ikpj
tk koopjttnab dj`inanab djgmad na thj Zantjd Ptmtjp)
Cmuma) mad thj J@ f~ thj jad ko 655>!
Thj jxuj`tmtnka np thmt na thj thnvd }zmvtjv ko 655>
jxukvtp rnii fj `ikpj tk thjnv 6558 ijji mad thmt na
thj okzvth }zmvtjv jxukvtp rnii jx`jjd thjnv vjdz`jd
fmpj na thj okzvth }zmvtjv ko 6558) fvnabnab fm`l
bvkrth mad dkgjptn` `kadja`j! Jja `kapzgjvjxujadntzvj gm~ fj hnbhjv na thj ami }zmvtjv ko
655> thma na thj kvvjpukadnab }zmvtjv ko 6558! Thnp
gmljp thj vj`kjv~ tj`han`mi mp gz`h mp uvkdz`'
nab vjmi bvkrth) fzt nt fjbnap m nvtzkzp `~`ij thmt
ijmdp tk jv~ pzfptmatnmi bvkrth na 65=5 (akt ~jt
om`tkvjd na f~ okvj`mptjvp na thj NGO mad Kvbmansm'
tnka okv J`kakgn` @kkujvmtnka mad Djjikugjat
\KJ@DW.) mad thmt phkzid bnj Lkvjm m bvkrth vmtj
ko 4: ujv`jat mad m hjmith~ fmima`j ko um~gjatp
pzvuizp) rhn`h na tzva rnii uvjpzgmfi~ ijmd tk m
vnpj na mizj ko thj rka! Thj rkvpt `mpj muujmvp tk
fj thmt thj vj`kjv~ rnii fj djim~jd ovkg thj thnvd
}zmvtjv tk thj okzvth }zmvtjv! Pz`h m djim~ rkzid
gkj Lkvjmp 655> BDU dkrarmvd ovkg = ujv`jat
tk 6 ujv`jat! Ak vj`kjv~ na thj ami }zmvtjv rkzid
vjpzit na thj NGO okvj`mpt ko 4 ujv`jat fjnab ikpj
tk m``zvmtj! Thj tmpl ko dkgjptn` ukin`~ thjvjokvj
fj`mgj phkvt'tjvg ptngzizp mad ptvjabthjanab ka'
dja`j na thj rka!
Nau~ Naana ad Dpn
Pp ad a jan Pnp Ua
Nt np kotja pmnd thmt jxukvtp vjuvjpjat ?5 ujv`jat ko
thj Lkvjma j`kakg~! Gkvj m``zvmtji~) dzvnab thj
umpt ojr ~jmvp) thj bvkrth ko jxukvtp hmp `katvnf'
ztjd ?525 ujv`jat ko Lkvjmp bvkrth! Na tjvgp kothj m`tzmi kgukpntnka) thj jxukvt pj`tkv vjuvjpjatp
kai~ mfkzt 65 ujv`jat ko thj `kgukpntnka ko Lk'
vjmp BDU< fzt) bvkrnab gz`h omptjv) jxukvtp hmj
vj`jati~ `katvnfztjd `ikpj tk ?525 ujv`jat ko thj
`kzatv~p bvkrth!
Dzvnab thj umpt ojr ~jmvp) thj dkgjptn` j`kakg~
mad thj jxtjvami j`kakg~ hmj vza mt jv~ dnoojvjat
vmtjp) mp phkra na Onbzvj 0) rhn`h `kgumvjp thj
}zmvtjvi~ bvkrth ko uvnmtj jxujadntzvj rnth BDU
}zmvtjvi~ dmtm! Nt `ma fj pjja thmt dzvnab thj `vjdnt
`mvd `vnpnp ko 655650 uvnmtj `kapzgutnka rmpmipk ajbmtnj!
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55
Onbzvj 03 @kgumvnpka ko Bvkrth ko Uvnmtj
Jxujadntzvj rnth Bvkrth ko Bvkpp Dkgjptn`
Uvkdz`t na Lkvjm) 65555> (jpt!.) ujv`jatmbj
Ujv`jatmbj
Pkzv`jp3 Fmal ko Lkvjm< jptngmtjp f~ Lkvjm Mppk`nmtjp Fzpnajpp
@kapzitma`~ Itd!
BDU bvkrth vmtj
Uvnmtj jxujadntzvj
Thj `kiimupj ko `kapzgjv jxujadntzvj na thj ami
}zmvtjv ko 6558 rmp omptjv thma jxuj`tjd! Thnp
ujvpzmdjd Gnanptjv ko Onama`j mad Ptvmtjb~ ^kka
thmt m dnvj`t `kapzgjv ptngzizp mngjd akt mt mii
pjbgjatp ko thj ukuzimtnka) mp rmp dkaj na Tmnrma
mad Cmuma) fzt jpuj`nmii~ mt ikrjv'na`kgj bvkzup
rkzid fj gkpt fjaj`nmi! M fnii hmp fjja natvkdz`jd
natk thj Amtnkami Mppjgfi~ thmt rkzid `vjmtj fkth
okkd ptmgup mad phkuunab `kzukap! Pz`h m fnii) no
nt kjv`kgjp thj kfcj`tnkap thmt thj gkaj~ gm~
akt fj pujat fzt rnii fj pmjd) kzid uzt mddntnkami
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
10/15
45 THJ LKVJM J@KAKGN@ NAPTNTZTJ
uzv`hmpnab ukrjv na thj hmadp ko kapzgjvp f~ thj
jad ko Muvni 655>!
Hkr tk `vjmtj m pzntmfij ptngzizp okv thj j`kakg~
vjgmnap ma nppzj okv thj bkjvagjat! Thj `nv`ij
mvkzad Uvjpndjat Ijj pkzbht tk vjnaptmtj thj `mami
uima mad napjvtjd natk thj 655> fzdbjt (Tmfij =. manakvdnamtj mgkzat ko jxujapj ka vnjv nguvkjgjat)
mithkzbh bvmdzmii~ vmni mad kthjv naovmptvz`tzvj ng'
uvkjgjatp hmj fjja uvkukpjd!
Mithkzbh Uvjpndjat Ijj rmp tk `imng na Ojfvzmv~
thmt Lkvjm hmd pujat 6!: ujv`jat ko ntp BDU) mfkzt
$6: fniinka) ka j`kakgn` ptngzizp) thnp `ijmvi~ rmp
ak gkvj thma gnangmi dkgjptn` bmvfmbj dnpukpmi!
Thnp tmpl phkzid akt fj tvjmtjd inbhti~ fj`mzpj nt hmp
ljut Lkvjm Na`! oza`tnkanab pgkkthi~! Hkrjjv)
no 6!: ujv`jat ko BDU np vj}znvjd tk hmadij rmptj)
makthjv 6!: ujv`jat tk : ujv`jat np ajjdjd tk vjmtjbvkrth) mad thnp np akr fjnab uvkukpjd f~ Gnanptjv
^kka!
Bvjmt mad Bvjja
Na hnp nadjujadja`j dm~ pujj`h ka =: Mzbzpt 6558)
Uvjpndjat Ijj imza`hjd hnp ka`jutnka ko m bvjja mad
bvjmt Lkvjm! Thnp rmp tk djjiku natk ma nadjujadjat
:5 tvniinka rka ozadnab nantnmtnj thmt rkzid vjmtj
m ajr jabnaj ko bvkrth!
Mithkzbh Ijj G~zab'fml hmp mirm~p fjja ma jan'
vkagjatmi mdk`mtj) thj bvjja mad bvjmt Lkvjm ka'
`jut np m gmckv ukin`~ naakmtnka! Gkvjkjv) Lkvjm
np kaj ko thj fjpt fmpjp okv uvkdz`nab ajr bvjja
uvkdz`tp! Uvjpndjat Ijj G~zab'fmlp mdgnanptvmtnka
hmp gmdj m gmckv ukin`~ naakmtnka na vj`kbansnab
thmt thj bvjja rkvid `ma fj m rkvid ko pnban`mat
kuukvtzant~ okv Lkvjm mad thmt Lkvjm `ma fj`kgj
bvjja mad bvjmt! Thnp hmp fjbza thj zvbjat tmpl ko
uvjumvnab Lkvjm okv L~ktk NN! Pna`j thj vjmtnka ko
thj L~ktk tvjmt~) Lkvjmp bvjjahkzpj jgnppnkap hmjdkzfijd rhnij gkpt KJ@D `kzatvnjp ptvzbbijd tk
Tmfij =3 Fzdbjt Jxujadntzvjp f~ thj Vjuzfin` ko Lkvjm) 6558 mad 655>
Fzdbjt ntjgp
6558
655>
(uvkukpjd f~
bkjvagjat.
655>
(onxjd f~
Amtnkami Mppjgfi~.
Rka)
tvniinkap
Na`vjmpj
(*.
Rka)
Tvniinkap
Na`vjmpj
(*.
Rka)
Tvniinkap
Na`vjmpj
(*.
Vjpjmv`h mad djjikugjat ==!= =0!5 =6!0 =5!8 =6!4 ==!:
Nadzptv~) pgmii' mad gjdnzg'
pnsj jatjvuvnpjp) jajvb~
=6!? 5!0 =:!0 6=!= =?!6 68!:
Pk`nmi kjvhjmd `muntmi =>!? ?>!0 64!8 6?!2 64!2 6?!5
Mbvn`zitzvj) onphjvnjp) okkd =?!5 5!0 =2!= 2!= =?!2 4!8
Hjmith mad rjiomvj ?2!2 =5!6 24!? =5!0 24!2 =5!4
Jdz`mtnka 0:!? =:!2 08!2 8!8 08!0 2!2
@zitzvj) pukvtp) mad tkzvnpg 0!0 ==!2 0!4 0!2 0!: ?!2
Janvkagjat 4!: =5!? 4!> =5!= :!= =4!=
Djojapj (akvgmi m``kzatnab. 6?!? 8!8 68!2 2!8 68!? 2!0
Zanka) okvjnba moomnvp 6!8 =:!? 6!> 0!2 0!5 :!=
Uzfin` p~ptjg mad pj`zvnt~ ==!2 2!= =6!0 :!= =6!0 :!?
Akvgmi uzfin` mdgnanptvmtnka 4:!> 8!? 48!> ?!: 48!2 ?!=
Tktmi jxujadntzvjp 6:2!6 8!: 680!8 =5!4 684!: =5!?
Pkzv`j3 Gnanptv~ ko Ptvmtjb~ mad Onama`j!
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
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PTVZ@TZVMI VJOKVG 4=
uvjjat thjnv jgnppnkap ovkg na`vjmpnab! Lkvjm np
`kapj}zjati~ akr kaj ko thj tku pjja ukiiztjvp na
thj rkvid mithkzbh ntp katvnfztnka tk tktmi uimajtmv~
bvjjahkzpj bmp jgnppnkap np akt imvbj! Zadjv L~ktk
NN) Lkvjm rnii ajjd tk pnba jgnppnka `kaptvmnatp!
Thzp) thnp kjv`vkrdjd `kzatv~ gzpt `hmabj ntp
rm~p f~ pjnsnab thj kuukvtzant~!
Rnth mii thj dnptvm`tnkap ko m bikfmi j`kakgn` vnpnp
mad kni omiinab ovkg migkpt $=:5 ujv fmvvji na Czi~
6558 tk $05$45 j gkathp imtjv) thj d~amgn` ko
fj`kgnab bvjja mad bvjmt gm~ pjjg ijpp zvbjat!
Fzt na thj oztzvj thnp trk'tk'thvjj'~jmv fvjmthnab
pum`j okv thj uimajt mad okv thj rkvid j`kakg~ gm~
fj pjja mp thj ujvoj`t bnot tk gmalnadp oztzvj mad
m `hma`j okv Lkvjm tk bjt mhjmd! Dzvnab thj umpt
dj`mdj thj ptmadmvd ko innab ko mfkzt 0!: fniinka
nahmfntmatp kzt ko thj ?!: fniinka ka thj uimajt hmp
na`vjmpjd vjgmvlmfi~! Ak ikabjv np rjmith `ka`ja'tvmtjd na thj hmadp ko thj kaj fniinka Mgjvn`map)
Cmumajpj) mad Jzvkujmap! Lkvjma jxukvtjvp hmd
fjja gmckv fjaj`nmvnjp ko thmt djjikugjat! Fzt
thj mum`nt~ ko thj uimajt tk pzuukvt pz`h m ijji ko
mozja`j zadjv thj fvkra j`kakg~ np sjvk! Rhmt
np aj`jppmv~ np m ajr jvm ko pzptmnamfij bvkrth
thmt vj}znvjp jjv~kaj tk vj`kapndjv hkr thj~ zpj
vjpkzv`jp!
Lkvjm hmp pkgj ko thj fjpt gmazom`tzvnab tj`h'
an}zjp na thj rkvid! Rhmtjjv m bvjja uimajt ajjdp)
Lkvjmap ma uvkdz`j nt! Thj uvkfijg np thmt ak kajlakrp rhmt thj ajxt bjajvmtnka ko bvjja nadzptvnjp
rnii ikkl inlj mad rhmt uvkdz`tp nt rnii zpj! Rnii
`mvp fj uvjdkgnamati~ fmttjv~ dvnja) h~fvndp) kv
ukrjvjd f~ kx~bja kv h~dvkbja; Np pkimv ukrjv)
rnad ukrjv) kv tndmi mad bjkthjvgmi ukrjv bknab tk
fj thj gmckv uvkndjv ko hkzpjhkid jajvb~ ajjdp;
@ma rj vjtvkt fznidnabp tk fj pzptmnamfij) kv gzpt
rj vjdjpnba fznidnabp mad `ntnjp tk fj gkdjpt kv
gnangmi jgnttjvp; Hkr ma m fznidnab ko =55 ptkvnjp
fj jajvb~ jo`njat; Hkr rnii mnv`vmot djpnba hmabj
tk uvkndj fkth gkfnint~ mad ikr `kapzgutnka ko
vjpkzv`jp;
Kaj ko Lkvjmp uvkfijgp np thmt ntp vjpjmv`h mad
djjikugjat np puvjmd jv~ thnai~ mad na'djuth
lakrijdbj np `ka`jatvmtjd na m ojr mvjmp! M am'
tnkaminptn` uvndj katnazjp tk gmlj Lkvjmap rmat tk
najat thjnv kra tj`hakikb~ mad) thjvjokvj) nbakvj
bkkd jxnptnab tj`hakikb~!0
Okv mii thjpj vjmpkap thj ajjd okv m bvjja dnmikbzj
fjtrjja okvjnba `kgumanjp mad thj Lkvjma bkjva'
gjat mad Lkvjma fzpnajppjp mad jdz`mtkvp np zvbjat!
Lkvjm hmp thj kuukvtzant~ tk fj`kgj thj bvjja
okzadv~ ko ajr tj`hakikb~) uvkdz`nab rhmtjjv
jatvjuvjajzvp kv kthjvp mvkzad thj rkvid `vjmtj!
Kv Lkvjm gm~ `hkkpj tk tv~ tk uzvpzj uvkuvnjtmv~
tj`hakikbnjp thmt gm~ fj fjhnad thkpj ko kthjv ijmd'
nab V/D kzatvnjp!
Ka ? Cmazmv~ 655>) thj bkjvagjat maakza`jd thj
Bvjja Ajr Djmi) `kapnptnab ko > gmckv uvkcj`tp mad62 moinmtjd uvkcj`tp pz`h mp nguvknab thj janvka'
gjat ko Lkvjmp okzv gmckv vnjvp) djjikunab mad
uvkgktnab bvjja `mvp mad `ijma jajvb~) jxumadnab
thj vj`~`inab ko rmptj vjpkzv`jp mad rmptj'tk'jajvb~
p~ptjgp) mad fznidnab gkvj j`k'ovnjadi~ hkgjp! Thj
Bvjja Ajr Djmi np m pjt ko gjmpzvjp tk uvkgktj
bvjja bvkrth mad kjv`kgj thj j`kakgn` pikrdkra
mt thj pmgj tngj!
Zadjv thj Bvjja Ajr Djmi) thj Gnanptv~ ko Ja'
nvkagjat rnii pjt zu m `kguvjhjapnj p~ptjg tk
`kiij`t mad tvjmt rmptj m`vkpp thj amtnka mad jxumadpjrmbj unujinajp mad tvjmtgjat om`nintnjp tk vjdz`j
ukiiztmatp krnab natk vnjvp! Thj gnanptv~ rnii mipk
fznid om`nintnjp thmt uzvno~ rmtjv dnp`hmvbjd ovkg
pjrmbj tvjmtgjat pntjp mad pzuui~ nt tk nadzptvnmi
`kguijxjp okv thjnv zpj! Na mddntnka) thj gnanptv~
uimap tk djjiku tj`hakikbnjp thmt `ma vjdz`j uki'
iztmatp ovkg mvp mad uvkgktj j`k'ovnjadi~ jhn`ijp!
Nt vjgmnap okv thj Gnanptv~ ko Lakrijdbj J`kakg~
tk uvkdz`j jooj`tnj ukin`njp thmt pzuukvt nadzptvnjp
thmt `ma fjajt ovkg thnp!
Thzp omv) thj bkjvagjat hmp uzt ntp jguhmpnp ka
thj pmoj tvjmtgjat ko gzan`numi mad nadzptvnmi rmptj)
0! Na K`tkfjv 6552 Lkvjm Mppk`nmtjp Fzpnajpp @kapzitma`~ (LMF@. kvbmansjd thj Bvjja Dnmikbzj @kaojvja`j3 M Ajr Ku'ukvtzant~ okv Umvtajvphnu) rhn`h rmp pukapkvjd f~ DHI) Akvplj Plkb) mad Thnal ZL! Nt rmp dno`zit tk bjt thj mttjatnka kothj Lkvjma mzthkvntnjp mad jpuj`nmii~ tk ujvpzmdj gmckv Lkvjma `kgumanjp tk thnal thjvj rmp mizj na pz`h m umvtajvphnu!Thj `ka`jva ko okvjnba `kgumanjp rmp thmt rhja thj ajxt vkzad ko thj L~ktk Mbvjjgjat np pnbajd) Lkvjm rnii hmj tk mdkutdvm`kanma gjmpzvjp rnthkzt tngj okv mdj}zmtj `kapzitmtnka!
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
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46 THJ LKVJM J@KAKGN@ NAPTNTZTJ
fzt nt np phnotnab ntp ukin`~ ok`zp tk vj`~`inab rmptj
vjpkzv`jp mad vj`kjvnab jajvb~ ovkg rmptj na kv'
djv tk mddvjpp `hmiijabjp ovkg hnbh kni uvn`jp mad
`ingmtj hmabj! Tk thnp jad) thj bkjvagjat rnii na'
`vjmpj najptgjat na vj`~`inab mad rmptj'tk'jajvb~
naovmptvz`tzvj! Thjpj dm~p) rmptj mad fnkgmpp mvj
dvmrnab gkvj mttjatnka mp gkvj uvm`tn`mi mitjvamtnjjajvb~ pkzv`jp tk vjuim`j okppni ozjip!
Ozvthjvgkvj) thj gnanptv~ rnii vj`kjv thj hjmith ko
gmvnaj hmfntmtp mad `vjmtj m rjii'uvjpjvjd rmtjv
janvkagjat f~ vjptkvnab j`kp~ptjgp ko ptvjmgp
dmgmbjd f~ uvjnkzp vnjv gmnatjama`j!
Okvjnba Jatjvuvnpjp mad Dkgjptn` Jatjvuvnpjp
Thj ompt dj`inaj ko thj rka mad thj kiimupj ko bikfmi
djgmad na gma~ nadzptvnjp na thj ami }zmvtjv ko
6558 fvkzbht m vmund vjpukapj ovkg `hnjo ama`nmiko`jvp mvkzad thj rkvid! M }zn`l jmizmtnka ko
thj vjimtnj uvktmfnint~ ko kujvmtnkap rkvidrndj
phkrjd thmt thj Lkvjma kujvmtnka phkrjd m vj'
gmvlmfi~ bkkd uktjatnmi `kgumvjd rnth Jzvkujma
mad Z!P! uimatp! @hnajpj uimatp rjvj kfnkzpi~
gkvj mttvm`tnj okv pnguij kujvmtnkap) fzt Lkvjma
jxujvtnpj na uvkdz`tnka jabnajjvnab gmdj Lkvjm ma
mttvm`tnj ik`mtnka okv gkvj pkuhnptn`mtjd uvkdz`tp!
Na fkth Lkvjm mad @hnam uimatp rjvj akvgmii~ gkvj
gkdjva) gkvj jajvb~ jo`njat) mad gkvj j`kakgn`mi
thma na kidjv gmvljtp!
Lkvjma gzitnamtnkami `kvukvmtnkap (GA@p. tkkl m
dnoojvjat njr) rhn`h rmp thmt thjnv gkpt gkdjva
mad jo`njat uimatp mvj na @hnam mad Nadnm< thjvjokvj)
uvkdz`tnka rmp na`vjmpjd na thkpj ik`mtnkap mad
pkgjrhmt vjdz`jd na kthjv ik`mtnkap! Na thnp vjpuj`t)
Ppmab~kab Gktkvp rmp tvjmtjd gkvj inlj m Lkvjma
GA@) rnth ntp @hnajpj krajvp tv~nab tk rmil mrm~
ovkg thj omninab jatjvuvnpj! Dkra tk gnd'Ojfvzmv~
thjvj hmd fjja vjimtnji~ ojr fmalvzut`njp mad kai~
kaj gmckv kaj) thj @/Hjm~ Nadzptv~ Bvkzu) m
vmundi~ bvkrnab bvkzu thmt hmd fznit zu m ijjvmbjd
`kabikgjvmtj na m phkvt ujvnkd ko tngj!
Thj imvbjpt bvkzup ko Lkvjm pjjg vjimtnji~ pj`zvj
djpuntj thj bikfmi dkratzva! Pmgpzab Jij`tvkan`p
jxujvnja`jd ntp vpt }zmvtjvi~ ikpp na thj ami }zmv'
tjv ko 6558) mad thj nPmgpzab Bvkzu gkjd natk
ma jgjvbja`~ gkdj na Cmazmv~! H~zadmn Gktkvp)
dvnja f~ mbbvjppnj pmijp) `katnazjd tk na`vjmpj
pmijp ~jmv ka ~jmv na @hnam na Dj`jgfjv mad na thj
Zantjd Ptmtjp na Cmazmv~ 655>! IB rmp ijpp mooj`tjd
thma Pmgpzab fj`mzpj ntp rkvpt uvkfijgp ptjggjd
ovkg kjvuvkdz`tnka ko gjgkv~ `hnup mt m tngj
ko omiinab djgmad thmt ptvz`l Tmnrma jja rkvpj
thma Pmgpzab! Hmarhm hmd tk rnthdvmr ntp koojv
okv Dmjrkk Phnufznidnab mad Jabnajjvnab) mp thjijjvmbj okv uzv`hmpj rmp czpt akt okvth`kgnab! Na
thj pmgj jna) Dkkpma rmp ptvz`l f~ thj uvkfijgp ko
vjama`nab ntp m`}znpntnka ko Fkf`mt ovkg Nabjvpkii
Vmad) rhn`h mt $4!2 fniinka rmp thj imvbjpt m`}znpn'
tnka jjv gmdj f~ m Lkvjma jatjvuvnpj!
J`kakgn` @kkujvmtnka (mad m Oztzvj @kggzant~;.
rnth @hnam mad Cmuma
Ka =0 Dj`jgfjv 6558) thj hjmdp ko ptmtj ko @hnam)
Cmuma) mad Lkvjm gjt tk dnp`zpp m `kggka uvk'
bvmg tk hmadij thj `vnpnp! Kaj ko Lmab Gma'pkkpptvjabthp rmp hnp djpnvj tk pjj gkvj j`kakgn`
naptntztnkami kkujvmtnka mgkab thj thvjj `kzatvnjp
ko Akvthjmpt Mpnm! Thj Dj`jgfjv pzggnt hmp tk
fj pjja mp kaj ko thj gkpt ngukvtmat jjatp na
phmunab thj oztzvj ko Akvthjmpt Mpnm! Na =>>2>8
Cmuma hmd pkzbht tk `vjmtj ma Mpnma ozad mad hmd
fjja p}zmphjd f~ thj NGO! Thj ndjm rmp vjnjd
na 6555 zadjv thj gkvj ukpntnj bzndma`j ko thj
Mpnma Djjikugjat Fmal (MDF.) na rhmt fj`mgj
lakra mp thj @hnmab Gmn nantnmtnj! Thj }znjt jookvt
ko thj bvkzu rkvlnab uvngmvni~ ka vjmtnab ma Mpnma
fkad gmvljt thmt rmp `kkvdnamtjd ka thj gmvbnapko thj maazmi MDF bkjvakvp gjjtnab (mad tk ma
jxtjat ka thj MPJMA Uizp Thvjj gjjtnabp. rmp
imvbji~ nbakvjd f~ j`kakgnptp rhk okiikrjd kai~
thj imvbj uvnat!
Fzt) f~ 6558) thj `zgzimtnj }znjt rkvl ko thj
vjbnkap `jatvmi fmalp pjt thj ptmbj okv thj =0
Dj`jgfjv 6558 imadgmvl mbvjjgjat gmdj f~ thj
thvjj gmckv kzatvnjp! Thj kzatvnjp mbvjjd tk rkvl
tkbjthjv tk ptmfninsj `zvvja`njp mad tk vjnanbkvmtj
thjnv j`kakgnjp! Ovkg Lkvjmp uknat ko njr thj
mbvjjgjat tk na`vjmpj thj prmu ingntp rmp ngukv'tmat! Thjpj prmup rjvj jxtjadjd tk Pkzthjmpt Mpnma
`kzatvnjp mad tk vjozadnab thj MDF (pkgjthnab
tk rhn`h thj Z!P! mdgnanptvmtnka np pmnd tk fj ku'
ukpjd.! Thj ama`nmi jabnajjvp ko thj @hnmab Gmn
nantnmtnj hmd uzt tkbjthjv okv thj ukintn`nmap ma
mitjvamtnj njr ko thj oztzvj ko Akvthjmpt Mpnm
thmt rkzid fj tk rkvl hmvd tk `jgjat thj `vjmtnka
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PTVZ@TZVMI VJOKVG 40
ko ma j`kakgn` fik` ko thj fnb thvjj uizp MPJMA!
Okv akr thj kzatvnjp mbvjjd tk gmlj thjnv pzggnt
ma maazmi jjat!
Kthjv nppzjp ka rhn`h mbvjjgjatp rjvj vjm`hjd
na`izdjd fkkptnab thj cknat ptzd~ ko ma OTM mgkab
thj thvjj kzatvnjp< om`nintmtnab ma najptgjat mbvjj'gjat< hkidnab vjbzimv gjjtnabp fjtrjja okvjnba
gnanptv~ ko`nmip< jptmfinphnab m `~fjv fzvjmz tk
vjnjr kkujvmtnj uvkcj`tp na 65=5< mad kkujvmt'
nab ka `ingmtj `hmabj) amtzvmi dnpmptjvp) mad ZA
vjokvg! Thnp np inlji~ tk fvnab thj thvjj `zvvja`njp
`ikpjv tkbjthjv mad rkvl tk vmnpj thj mizj ko thj
rka) rhn`h gnbht fvnab thjg natk m kmt) mp phkra
na Onbzvj 4) rnth ikab'tjvg `kapj}zja`jp okv thj
Hkab Lkab dkiimv!
`apna
Thnp vjnjr ko j`kakgn` ukin`~ np thj ptkv~ ko m
ajr mdgnanptvmtnka `kgnab natk ko`j rnth bvjmt
mgfntnkap fzt hmnab tk mdmut ntp ndjmip tk gmvljt
vjmint~! F~ thj fjbnaanab ko Gmv`h 655> thj ukin`~
ko thj Ijj G~zab'fml mdgnanptvmtnka muujmvp tkhmj jkijd natk m pz``jppozi um`lmbj thmt gm~
pjvj Lkvjm rjii3
Gm`vkj`kakgn` ukin`~ np akr `ikpji~ minbajd
rnth j`kakgn` vjmint~) rnth thj mdgnanptvmtnka
vjmd~ tk om`j mad vjm`t tk thj `vnpnp! No Lkvjmp bvkrth np akt ijd f~ ntp jxukvtp) thja
thj }zjptnka np rhjthjv thj ajr j`kakgn` tjmg) mu'
uknatjd na Cmazmv~ 655>) ma gmlj m dnoojvja`j mad
vjnaptnii thj Lkvjma ujkuijp kadja`j thmt ma ijmd
tkrmvd m gmvbnamii~ ukpntnj bvkrth vmtj!
Kv `ma thj vjbnka fjbna tk oza`tnka mp m pnabij zant
rnth kapj}zjat jxtjapnj phnotp na j`kakgn` ptvz`'
tzvj fmpjd ka kgumvmtnj j`kakgn` mdmatmbj) rnth
`hmabjp na tvmdnab umttjvap mad m `ikpjv `ka`jatvm'
tnka ka tvmdj rnthna thj vjbnka thmt vzap mt mfkzt 45
=?5+=?55
=:5+=:55
=45+=455
=05+=055
=65+=655
=55+=555
>5+>55
85+855
25+255
?5+?55
:5+:55
45+455
=6
==!:
==
=5!:
=5
>!:
>
8!:
8
2!:
2
?!:
?
=+65
=5
=+65
=4
=+65
=0
=+65
=6
=+65
==
=+65
=:
Lkvjma rka
Cmumajpj ~ja
Hkab Lkab dkiimv
@hnajpj vjagnafn
Cmumajpj ~ja madLkvjma rka
ujv Z!P! dkiimv
@hnajpj vjagnafn madHkab Lkab dkiimv
ujv Z!P! dkiimv
Onbzvj 43 Uktjatnmi Jkiztnka ko Mpnma Vjbnkami
@zvvja`njp
Pkzv`jp3 Lkvjm Mppk`nmtjp Fzpnajpp @kapzitma`~ Itd!) Lkvjm
Fzpnajpp Okvzg) K`tkfjv 6558< Mpnma Jxujvtnpj) Tmnrma Ijmdjvp
Okvzg) Dj`jgfjv 6558!
Ka 66 Ojfvzmv~ 655>) thj @hnmab Gmn bvkzu tkkl m
ozvthjv ptju okvrmvd f~ na`vjmpnab thj gztzmi ozad
ovkg $85 fniinka tk $=65 fniinka mad uvkukpnab tk
tvnuij thj MDFp `muntmi! Thj uvkukpmi tk na`vjmpj
thj `muntmi ko MDF gm~ `vjmtj thj vpt Mpnm'Z!P!
`kan`t fj`mzpj thj Zantjd Ptmtjp hkidp m =6 ujv'
`jat ptmlj na thj MFD mad hmp vjpnptjd mttjgutp tk
na`vjmpj ntp ozadnab pna`j 655:!
Nt np hmvd tk ujvpzmdj Lkvjmap mfkzt thj jx`jutnkami
kuukvtzantnjp thmt thnp djjikugjat koojvp thj Lk'
vjma j`kakg~ mad tk zadjvjptngmtj thj djbvjj tk
rhn`h thnp vjuvjpjatp m hmabjd Lkvjm! Thkpj rhk
okvj`mpt thj ikab'tjvg djjikugjat ko m Akvthjmpt
Mpnma fik` hmd jxuj`tjd thnp tk fj m bvmdzmi jkiz'
tnka kjv =5 tk =: ~jmvp) akt m gmttjv ko gkathp!
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
14/15
44 THJ LKVJM J@KAKGN@ NAPTNTZTJ
ujv`jat ko tktmi tvmdj vnpnab tkrmvd Jzvkujma ijjip
ko ?5 ujv`jat uizp; Thj maprjvp tk thjpj }zjptnkap
rnii bnj m bvkrth vmtj na 65=5 thmt `zvvjati~ gzpt
vmabj ovkg =6 ujv`jat zu tk 4: ujv`jat!
Dv! Gn`hjii np Uvjpndjat ko Lkvjm Mppk`nmtjp Fzpn'ajpp @kapzitma`~ Itd! na Pjkzi! Hj np mipk m npntnabuvkojppkv mt thj LDN P`hkki ko Ukin`~ mad Gmambj'gjat!
8/3/2019 Economic Policy Reforms in the Lee Myung-bak Administration
15/15
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Z!P!UKPTMBJ
UMND
UJVGNT#0222
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LkvjmJ`kakgn`Naptntztj
=855LPtvjjt)A!R!Pzntj=5=5
RmphnabtkaD!@!)6555?