Economic Geog 2003 (1)

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8/8/2019 Economic Geog 2003 (1)


IRON ORE

It is the backbone of industrial development.

Iron is used in all machines and machine tools, automobiles,

refrigerators, internal structure of large buildings tunnels,bridges etc.

It is widely used because of its high strength, low bulk, andlow cost.

It is a versatile product which can tailored to diverse andspecific needs.

It can be cast, hammered, rolled, drawn into wire, welded andcombined with many other metals.

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Types of iron ore

Hematite

Magnetite

Limonite

siderite

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Hematite

Hematite and limonite form a complete solid solution at temperatures above

950°C.

Hematite is a mineral, colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish

brown, or red.

While the forms of hematite vary, they all have a rust-red streak.

Harder than pure iron, but much more brittle

Huge deposits of hematite are found in banded iron formations. Grey

hematite is typically found in places where there has been standing water or

mineral hot springs, such as those in Yellowstone National Park in the United

States.

Contains 70% of iron content

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Magnetite

Magnetite is a ferromagnetic mineral.

Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals.

Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small

pieces of iron, and this was how ancient man first discovered the property of

magnetism.

Magnetite has been very important in understanding the conditions under

which rocks form and evolve .

Contains 72.4% of iron content

.

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Limonite

Limonite is an ore consisting in a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-

hydroxide of varying composition.

Limonite is heavy and yellowish-brown.

Limonite forms mostly in or near oxidized iron and other metal ore

deposits and as sedimentary beds.

Contains 60% of iron content

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Siderite

Siderite is a mineral composed of iron carbonate FeCO3.

It is a valuable iron mineral, since it is 48% iron and contains no sulfur orphosphorus.

Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to

the presence of manganese .

In sedimentary rocks, siderite commonly forms at shallow burial depths

and its elemental composition is often related to the depositionalenvironment of the enclosing sediments.

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DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION OF IRON

ORE

Iron ore occurs in widely distributed area in all continents. How ever

nearly 90% of the worlds known reserves of iron ore occur in ten

countries-USSR,INDIA, BRAZIL, USA, FRANCE, CANADA, CHINA, SWEDEN,

VENEZUELA, and AUSTRALIA.

Asia produces nearly 30% of the worlds total iron ore, South Africa 24%,

Australia 16%, Europe 14%, North America11%, and Africa 5%.

COUNTRY PRODUCTION

(IN LAKH METRIC

TONNES)

% OF TOTAL

PRODUCTION

BRAZIL 1289 20.7

CHINA 1257 20.2

AUSTRALIA 1033 16.6

INDIA 452 7.3

RUSSIA 415 6.7

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Iron ore belts in India

Orissa- Jharkhand belt: In Orissa high grade hematite ore is found in

badampahar mines in the mayurbhanj and kendujhar districts.

Durg-Bastar- Chandrapur belt: It lies in chhattisghar and maharastra.Verygrade of hematite are found in the famous bailadila range of hills in Bastar

district of chhattisghar.

Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt : It is in karnataka. It has large

reserves of iron ore. The kundermukh mines located in the western ghats

of karnataka are 100% exprot unit. Kundermukh deposits are known to be

largest in the world.

Maharastra- goa belt: It includes the state of goa and Ratnagiri of

maharastra. Though the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are

efficiently exploited. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

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India is has large deposits of high grade, low phosphorus ore, containing

60-62% iron.

India exports large amount of ore to Japan, Italy, Germany, etc.

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STEEL It is an alloy of iron and carbon with a carbon content of 0.2% to 2.1% by

weight

Bessemer process in the mid 19th century produced inexpensive steel

Basic oxygen steel making further reduced the cost of production and even

increased the quality of steel

The density of steel ranges between between 7.75 and 8.05 g/cm3 (0.280

0.291 lb/in3).[6]

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Material properties Steel + nickel + manganese = additional tensile strength and chemically

more stable

Steel + chromium = increases hardness and melting temperature

Steel + vanadium = reduces the effects of metal fatigue, increases

hardness

Steel + 11% steel = stainless steel ( prevents corrosion)

Steel + sulphur + nitrogen + phosphorous = makes it more brittle

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Heat treatment to steels

Annealing (heating to soften)

Quenching (heating and then rapid cooling by quenching into water or oil)

Tempering( further heating to obtain ductile and fracture resistant

material)

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ANCIENT PERIOD MODERN AGE

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Uses of steel Construction of roads, buildings, other infrastructure, appliances, railways

Used to make bolts, nails and screws

Used in shipbuilding, pipeline transport, mining, offshore construction,aerospace, white goods

Heavy equipment making like bulldozers, office furniture, steel wool,

tools, vehicle armour

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Historical steel Long steel Stainless steal

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Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel and is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that

originally accumulated in swamps and peat bogs.

All living plants store solar energy through a process known asphotosynthesis. When plants die, this energy is usually released as the

plants decay. Under conditions favourable to coal formation, the decaying

process is interrupted, preventing the release of the stored solar energy.

The energy is locked into the coal.

Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period - known as the first

coal age - which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago.

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Coalification The degree of change undergone by a coal as it matures from peat to

anthracite is known as coalification.

Coalification has an important bearing on coal's physical and chemical

properties and is referred to as the 'rank' of the coal.

Ranking is determined by the degree of transformation of the original

plant material to carbon.

The ranks of coals, from those with the least carbon to those with the

most carbon, are lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite.

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Quality of coal is determined by:The quality of each coal deposit is determined by:

varying types of vegetation from which the coal originated

depths of burial temperatures and pressures at those depths

length of time the coal has been forming in the deposit

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Types of coal Anthracite: the highest rank; a harder, glossy, black coal used primarily for

residential and commercial space heating.

Peat: considered to be a precursor of coal, has industrial importance as a fuel in

some regions, for example, Ireland and Finland. In its dehydrated form, peat is a

highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water .

Lignite: also referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost

exclusively as fuel for electric power generation.

Bituminous coal: dense mineral, black but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric

power generation

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Uses of coal1. As fuel.

2. Cooking and use of coke.

3. Ethanol production.4. Gasification

5. Liquefaction

6. Refined coal

7. Industrial process

8. Cultural ussage.

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Environmental effects Generation of hundreds of millions of tons of waste products, including fly

ash, bottom ash, flue gas desulfurization sludge, that contain mercury,

uranium, thorium, arsenic, and other heavy metals .

Interference with groundwater and water table levels.

Acid rain from high sulfur coal.

Contamination of land and waterways and destruction of homes from fly

ash spills such as Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill .

Impact of water use on flows of rivers and consequential impact on otherland-uses .

Dust nuisance .

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Coal deposits in India In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely

Gondwana, little over 200 million tears age and in tertiary deposits which

are only about 55 millions years old.

The major resources of Gondwana coal wich are metalllurgical coal, are

located in Damodar valley.

Jharia, Raniganj, Bakaro are important caolfields.

The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal

deposites. Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam,

Arunachal pradesh and Nagaland.

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TOP FIVE PRODUCERS IN 2009COUNTRY TOTAL COAL PRODUCED(IN METRIC TONNES)

1. CHINA 2971

2. USA 919

3. INDIA 526

4. AUSTRALIA 335

5. INDONESIA 263

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Economic Geog 2003 (1)