ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH MICRO …

© 2019 IJRAR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR19K1027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 198

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH

MICRO ENTERPRISES PROMOTED BY KUDUMBASREE-

A CASE STUDY OF WAYANAD DISTRICT Sujisha.A.S Dr,Biju T.

Research scholar AssistantProfessor Pg Department of Commerce,KGcollege,Pambadi BJM Govt.college

MG University,Kottayam, India Chavara,Kollam

Abstract :

Kudumbasree: Kudumbasree is a project launched by the Government of Kerala (GOK) with the help of Government of

India (GOI) and NABARD and is a multifaceted women based participatory poverty eradication programme. This project aims to

empower women physically, socially, economically and politically.Micro enterprise: Micro enterprise promotion and

development is one of the important strategies of kudumbasree for the economic empowerment of poor women. The role of micro

enterprise in rural development and women empowerment is widely recognized world over, particularly in developing nations

like India.In this thesis the author made an attempt to study the problems and prospects of Kudumbasree micro enterprises

keywords:economicempowerment,microenterprise

I.INTRODUCTION

Kudumbasree function as a catalyst for women empowerment, at multiple levels which includes economic, social and political

empowerment. Economic development is the base for other development. Collective effort has been recognized as tenets of

women empowerment. It has been proven without doubt that women empowerment is the best strategy for poverty eradication

women, who were regarded as voiceless and powerless started identifying their inner strength, opportunities for growth and their

role in reshaping their own destiny. The process of empowerment becomes the beacon light to their children, their families and

the society at large. It opens a new vista in development history.

Micro enterprise is an effective instrument of social and economic empowerment. It helps to generate employment for a number

of people within their own social system. This is more beneficial for women in rural areas as it enables them to add to the family

income while taking care of their own home. The micro entrepreneurship is strengthening the women empowerment and removes

the gender inequalities. A micro enterprise is not only enhancing national productivity, generate employment but also helping to

develop economic independence, personal and social capabilities among rural women.

This chapter looks into the role of micro enterprises in the economic empowerment of women. The measures of empowerment

taken here are annual personal income, consumption pattern, monthly savings, household things owned by members, ownership

of house, asset holding, financial sustainability, freedom of movement, motivational factors to indulge in micro enterprise, job

satisfaction level,improvement in entrepreneurship skill etc.

II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A literature review is an evaluative report of studies found in the literature related to the selected area. The review should

describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical basis for the research and helps to determine

the nature of our own research. The literature review is important because: It describes how the proposed research is related to

prior research in statistics. It shows the originality and relevance of our research problem. Specifically, your research is different

from other statisticians. It justifies the proposed methodology and It demonstrates our preparedness to complete the research.

Here are some reviews of literatures conducted in India mostly in Kerala related to Kudumbasree,Women empowerment,Poverty

alleviation programmes ,SHGs ,Micro finanace and Micro enterprises development,Linkage banking etc.

Jomy Jose (2015) in his study Role of kudumbasree and women empowerment: a study of thiruvanathapuram district analysed

the major factors on the empowerment of women, and income level of women per year after joining a kudumbasree unit. And

found that 34.8% of the total 250 respondent’s income increased to Rs.30000 to 40000 per year. And kudumbasree make fast

changes in the socio economic life of women in Kerala generally.

Sreeram V.,S.V Prasad and T.Lakshmi (2015) in their work a study on entrepreneurial behaviour of kudumbasree

neighbourhood group members in Kerala observed that kudumbasree has succeeded in harassing the entrepreneurial potential of

rural women for their own development through collective action. The variables like mass media exposure extension contact,

marketing facilities and management orientation are positively contributed to the most of the changes in entrepreneurial behaviour

of members kedumbasree NHGs.

Minimol MC &Mukesh K G(2016),in their study ‘Empowering rural women in Kerala-a study on the role of SHG’, undertaken

to critically evaluate the role played by SHG in imparting social, economic, and financial empowerment to the rural women.

Exploratory research design is used for the study. And examined that the concept of SHGs for rural women empowerment has not

yet run its full course in attaining its objectives. Further efforts in refining group characteristics and realigning group objective

can ensure furtherance of effectiveness of SHGs in translating rural women into a more powerful section of the society.

Kiran arya & M. A. Ansari (2016),’Micro enterprise –way for development rural women entrepreneurship in Uttarakhand

(India)’, made an observation that women entrepreneurs can play a role of catalyst in social and economic development of

country like India. They faced many obstacles specifically in finance and marketing of their produce women entrepreneur.

http://www.ijrar.org/



Networks are major source of knowledge about women’s entrepreneurship and they are increasingly recognized as a valuable tool

for its development and promotion.

Dr.Reji (2016) in his study ‘Economic empowerment of women through SHG in Kerala’, with the objective of assessing the

effectiveness of SHGS in the economic empowerment of women. It was conducted in Idukki district. And found that in

Ernakulam and Idukki district SHG has been playing a vital role in the empowerment of women. This is an important institution

for improving the life of women in various social political and economic components and the number of women inclined towards

SHG in increasing which implies that women are aspiring for empowerment.

Ebrahimkunju Sulaiman (2016) in his study ‘Women empowerment through micro enterprises-an empirical analysis of

kudumbasree units in kerala’, conducted to critically analyse the influence of micro enterprises run by the kudumbasree units in

poverty eradication process and to compare the economic status of entrepreneurs before and after their membership in the

enterprises. It was conducted in Alapuzha district and observed that most of the members engaged in micro enterprises and

important bread earners in the family. But the SC/ST composition of membership was very nominal. It shows a significant

relationship between average amount of loan and net profit ,average amount of annual turnover and net profit.

Sivvala Radhika(2016)’ Women empowerment through micro enterprise development in urban areas-need for support

mechanisms and government action’, opined that empowerment is the process which enables individual groups to fully access

personal or collective power, authority or influence. Majority of women in developing countries lack economic power resulting in

minimal access to basic healthcare and decreased standard of living of families and communities

Vijay B Singh & Ravish Raj singh (2016), ‘The women empowerment through micro financing in India- a case study of rural

women’, to study the level of empowerment of rural women in Ranchi district to examine the extent of involvement of women in

SHG and found that age is not the criteria for SHG membership and any person who is an employed can become member of the

SHG.And SHGs are not just a financing system but for social and economic change especially for women. It provide the poor

women the access to economic resources.

MercyVarghese, in her study ‘Women empowerment through kudumbasree a study in Ernakulum district’ made a detailed

presentation about to know the growth trend of the strategies followed by kudumbasree in empowering women. And to compare

the quality of NHGs in rural and urban areas of the district and observed that the problem faced by the members are inadequate

co-operation from peers, lack of visit by of leaders etc. The empowerment strategies in the social development sector includes

balasabha, buds school,shreepada viswa yampadanam,ashrya-destitute rehabilitation project,eksat-hrd training centre,bhavanasree

micro financing scheme, and other empowerment programmes include interest subsidy scheme, development of sc/st women,

National rural development guarantee scheme, legal literacy workshop,karma2009,training for NHG president etc

Lathika.K K in her study ‘,A study on women empowerment in Kerala with special reference to kudumbasree project’, made an

effort to assess the level of empowerment of the respondents at individual level, to measure the empowerment status at group

level and to identify the problems confronted and opinion on matters particularly affecting them and analysed that Majority in

sample refrain from engaging in any type of micro entrepreneurial activity. Uncongenial family atmosphere has emerged the

principal factor checking the entry of women respondents into the micro entrepreneurial arena followed by absence of responsible

person to assume the rein of the activity.

Research gap All of the studies included in review of literatures are related to kudumbasree ,the state poverty eradication mission of

govt.of kerala,right from its inception in 1998,identified livelihood development as a major objective to promote economic

empowerment.Here most of the studies are conducted in SHGs and women empowerment,SHGs and poverty alleviation,scaling

up of kudumbasree,income generating activities ,micro finance and linkage banking etc.and some of the researchers mentioned

about the importance of micro enterprises and its role in economic development.but the fact is that no studies have conducted in

the field of micro enterprises promoted by kudumbasree and its role in economic empowerment of women in wayanad district of

Kerala. This paper looks into the major role of micro enterprise in economic empowerment of women .

Scope and Significance of the study

The present study will enable us to understand the role of micro enterprise in economic empowerment of women . The

result and suggestions of the study will contribute to improve the financial performance of these enterprises and it will also help

the policy makers and Kudumbashree to evolve suitable policies for sustainable functioning of Micro Enterprises and to introduce

advanced measures for increased economic empowerment of women in Kerala.

Problem Statement

The role of micro enterprises in rural development and women empowerment is widely recognized the world over, particularly in

developing nations like India. Micro enterprises play a vital role in poverty alleviation and socio-economic development of the

poor, and help to bring about equitable and balanced economic development with relatively low amount of capital investment.

the present Research Study looks to understand the role of micro enterprise in economic empowerment of women.

Objectives of the study 1. To analyze the role of kudumbasree micro enterprises in economic empowerment of women in wayanad district.

Hypothesis of the study

H0 : There is no significant difference between general measures of enhancement in economic empowerment before and after

joining micro enterprises.




III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The design of the present study is descriptive one based on survey method. The study attempts to describe and analyze the role of

micro enterprises promoted by Kudumbasree in economic empowerment of women in Kerala.

3.1 Data Source

The present study is descriptive one based on survey method. The study will make use of both primary date and secondary data.

Primary data will be collected from Kudumbashree Micro Enterprises and member beneficiaries. The Micro Enterprises member

beneficiaries promoted by the Kudumbashree in wayanad district constitute the population of the study. It amounts to 1887.

Among them 200 members selected randomly.data were collected from these members.

The Secondary data for the present study constitute the Audited Financial Statements of micro enterprises and other details

obtained from journals, magazines, books and other periodicals, authentic publications and reports of Government of India,

Government of Kerala, and Kudumbashree.

3.2 Research approach

Survey research using a well structured interview schedule is adopted. This will be used for collecting data from member

beneficiaries of kudumbasree who runs micro enterprises.

3.3 Research Instrument

A well structured interview schedule was prepared with the objective of getting information from the member beneficiaries of

kudumbasree.

3.4 Population and sample

Population of the study constitute the entire Kudumbasree women member beneficiaries of micro enterprises of Wayanad

district.It includes 1887 member beneficiaries.and the sample constitute 200 member beneficiaries.

3.5 Type of analysis and statistical tools used

Paired sample test

The paired sample T test compares two means that are from the same individual, object, or related units. The two means typically

represents two different times (here before joining micro enterprise and after joining micro enterprise).the purpose of this test is to

determine whether there is statistical evidence that the mean difference between paired observations on a particular outcome is

significantly different from Zero. It’s a parametric test.

IV THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK

4.1 Structure of Kudumbasree

For the effective functioning of the Kudumbasreeprogramme the community based organization consists of a three tier structure.

The lowest stratum of NHG consists of 20-40 women members selected from poor families. NHG meets every week in the house

of NHG members. In the meeting various issues faced by the group members are discussed and solved. Second tier Is ADS (Area

Development Society), which is formed at the ward level by federating 10-15 NHGs. And the third and highest tier is CDS.

Organization-

The Kudumbasree has a three tier community oriented structure.

1. Kudumbasree Ayalkkotam or Neighbourhood Groups (NHG).

2. Kudumbasree ward samithy or Area Development Society (ADS).

3. Kudumbasree Panjayath samithy or Community Development Society (CDS).

4.1.1 NHG (Neighbourhood group)

In Kerala, the first step for NHG initiation was started by D.Pankajakshan in Kanjipalam in Alappuzha district. He with his

friends organized a group named ‘Darshanam’, A micro level organization in the village (1989).Members of 10 homes formed as

a group called tharakkottam, 10 such Tharakkottam made an Ayalkkottam (NHG).This is the lowest tier consisting of 10-20

women. In their weekly meetings all members bring their thrift, which will be collected and recycled to the system by way of

sanctioning loans. Five office bearers will be there.

1a.Community health Volunteer

This person look after the health related aspects of the group members including their family. They are also responsible for

converging the activities of health and social service department.

1b.Income generation activity Volunteer

This person looks after various activities like collection, consolidation, and maintenance of books of accounts and registers of

NHG.

1c.Infrastructure volunteer

For the local development this person identify the infrastructural backwardness of the group with the help of various government

programmes.

1d.Secretary

Secretary has to record the proceedings of the meeting. She also need to motivate the members of the group.

1e.President

She presides over the weekly meeting and imparts necessary leadership and guidelines to the team members.




4.1.2 ADS (Area Development Society)

Area Development society ,the second tier formed at the ward level by federating 10-15 NHGs. Activities and decisions in the

ADS are decided by the representatives elected from NHGs.ADS co-ordinate and monitor the functioning of NHGs under its

jurisdiction, provide guidance related to micro enterprises, supports in getting bank linkages etc.ADS reports various activities of

each NHG and submits their relevant documents related to finance and administration to CDS.

4.1.3 CDS (Community Development Society)

The highest strata of Kudumbasree is the CDS.It is formed by federating various ADSs,

Main activities of CDS:

a) They help to implement the plans of NHGs.

b) CDS collects small savings of NHGs and were used to provide financial assistance to start income generating activities.

c) In order to benefit the community as whole, the CDS sought to bring under a single umbrella all departments and agencies and

helps to address the various causes of poverty.

4.2 Alappuzha Community Based Nutrition Programme (CBNP)

In 1991 Alappuzha Municipal Urban Basic Service for the poor (UBSP), initiated Community Based Nutrition Programme

(CBNP).Main objective of this project was to improve the nutritional status of the children of 0-15 age group and women of 15-

45).

4.3 Programmes for economic empowerment under Kudumbasree

4.3.1.Micro finance

.a. Trift and credit

Kudumbasree promotes neighbourhood groups (NHGs) And are used in thrift mobilization,that encourage poor women to save

more and also to avail credit at low cost. But how much amount is to provided as loan and for what purpose it to be used always

decided by NHG. Repayment is collected during weekly NHG meetings.

b..Linkage banking

Linkage banking is one of the flagship programmes of kudumbasree. NABARD SHG bank linkage grading procedures are

applied while selecting the NHGs for availing lkoan.CDS assists NHG in getting graded by the bank.Bank will provide loan to

those NHGs who pass 80% mark in grading. Loan amount provided to NHG is linked with thrift amount maintained by the group

as internal loans. Four times of thrift maintained by the NHG is the maximum amount of loan that can be given to NHG.CDS

sometimes borrow bulk loans from banks for the purpose of lending it to the NHG for that CDS charges more interest than bank

charges to NHG. Then bank fixes a date for the repayment of loan ,within that date NHG pays it to the CDS and CDS in turn pay

the collected amount to bank.

c. Matching grant to thrift and credit societies.

It is an incentive provided to NHGs. It is linked to the thrift mobilised,performance of NHG in the grading and loan availed from

the banks.

4.3.2 Micro enterprises of Kudumbasree

Enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production, processing or preservation of goods –A micro enterprises is an enterprise

where investment in plant and machinery does not exceed rs.25 lakh. Innovation fund was initiated by Kudumbasree for

supporting Micro enterprises. The maximum amount eligible should not exceed 50% of the total project cost including subsidy

and innovation fund. Suitable innovative micro enterprise project will be identified by micro enterprise and samagra teams in

district and head office. Who will then submit the proposal to the head office.

Technology fund is mainly used to procure advanced and innovative technologies for setting up micro enterprises under

Kudumbasree. The cost of technology includes the cost to develop a new technology, purchase of a technology from research

organisation, laboratory, individuals etc.

The proposal from the district mission team will be scrutinized by a screening committee at state level.supporting and sustaining

micro enterprise is always a challenge faced by development administration. Many efforts were taken by the kudumbasree

mission with the help of local self government for the purpose. There is a micro enterprise team headed by programme officer

,under the leadership of assistant district mission co-ordinators. In the CDS level, there is a micro enterprise subcommittee to co-

ordinate the micro enterprise in the panjayaths in the ADS and the NHG levels there are income generating volunteer to look after

the matters of ME.

4.3.3Innovative enterprises under Kudumbasree

a. Solid waste management

Kudumbasree initiated solid waste management to clean Kerala business. Women fro kudumbasree and belongs to poor families

are engaged top involve in these kinds of activities in door household waste collection and transport to the transit point fixed by

the urban local bodies.

b. Nature fresh

Kudumbasree started a micro enterprise called nature fresh in Idukki district and Palakkad district. Cows were distributed to

women entrepreneurs. The milk produced is delivered to houses within one hopur in bottles by a four member women marketing

group.

c.Amrutham food supplement




The amrutham unit produces a baby food supplement developed by central plantation crops research institute (CPCRI)

Kasargode. This has four hundred operational unit. Wheat required for the production of the food supplement is provided in a

subsidy rate of Rs. 4.5/Kg under wheat based nutrition programme.

4.4 Samagra

Samagra is an initiative independently developed by kudumbasree being implemented in the state in collaboration with the three

tier local self governments and other agencies. It is an attempt to address the entire production- supply value chain holistically, by

scaling up productive activity both qualitatively and quantitatively and seeking viable supply opportunities.

The samagra projects are owned and implemented by the three tier panjayaths. At the grass root level CDS take care of

implementation programme. District mission co-ordinator will be the implementing officer. Details of samagra projects that are

implemented in various districts are given below.

a. Nendran banana

b. Harithasree

It is proposed to cultivate, collect and market vegetables in the panjayaths neighbouring the corporation area. Different

types of vegetables will be packed in two kilo packets and delivered to houses once in three days. For this a marketing network

will be formed.

c. Ksheerashree

This project is to enhance the production of milk to meet the milk production deficit in Trivandrum district. The milk

produced will directly marketed to the consumers as fresh milk within two hours.

d Nedumoana Mini apparel park

In Nedumpana grama panjayath skill development in tailoring has been extensively undertaken. The proposed unit would

be a high end semi automated facility and would employ state of the art machinery for producing high quality apparels.it would

be an integrated facility and would have adequate operation functions from fabric processing to final packaging and quality

control.

e Madhuram

It was carried by Pathanamthita district panjayaths with the objective of providing direct employment and income to

10000 women by production of 20 lakh litres of honey and participation of 25000 rubber farmers.

f. ornamental fish projects

g.Ksheerasagaram

h. Thirumadhurama

i. Haritham

j. Nivedyam

k. Kondattom

l.Manufacturing of footwear uppers.

m. Goat village

n. Saphalam

This is the first time that a community based cashew project has been attempted in the district known for its high quality of

cashew.The above said initiatives of Kudumbasree helped the poor women to attain freedom , autonomy and self confidence. It is

obviously a women based poverty alleviation project.

4.5 Collective farming

This programme initiated by the Kudumbasree, which include identification of available land, selection of beneficiaries,

clustering them into groups, giving them training, distribution of inputs and release of incentives.

4.6 Responsible tourism

This is an initiative led by the state department of tourism to make the tourism industry socially , environmentally, and

economically responsible to the people.

V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1Annual Personal income

Income determines the background of the respondent’s livelihood and improves standard of living of the respondents

family.increase in income shows empowerment of women.Table 5.1 shows paired sample statistics of annual personal income

before and after joining ME.

Table 5.1 Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. DevStd. Error

Mean

before joining

micro enterprise9500.00 200 31281.35 2211.93

after joining micro

enterprise108060.00 200 104306.40 7375.58

Annual

personal

income




It may be observed from the table 5.1 that mean for annual personal income after joining Micro enterprise is very high compared

to before joining Me.(108060). Average income of the member increased a lot after joining Micro enterprise.

Table 5.2 shows the result of paired sample test of annual personal income.

Table 5.2 Paired Samples Test

Lower Upper

Annual personal

income: before

joining micro

enterprise - after

joining micro

enterprise

-98560.00 93446.55 6607.67 -111590.04 -85529.96 -14.916 199 0.0000

Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)Mean Std. Dev

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence Interval

of the Difference

H0 3a: There is no significant difference in annual personal income before and after joining micro enterprises

Table 5.2 shows The result of paired sample test shows that there is significant difference between annual personal income before

and after joining Micro enterprise because p<.05.

Percentage of earned income expended

The consumption pattern of the members of Micro enterprise before and after joining Micro enterprise will clearly shows how

much they empowered to look after various aspects like daily family expenditure, Repayment of loan, clothing, rent, education of

their children, fuel or electricity, medical expenses, savings etc.

Table 5.4 shows paired sample statistics of consumption pattern before and after joining Micro enterprise.

Table 5.4 Paired Sample Statistics

Mean N

Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

Daily family expenditure on

earned income before joining

ME in percentage to total

.5285 200 7.06993 .49992

Daily family expenditure on

earned income after joining

ME in percentage to total

.3153 200 .17373 .01228

Expenditure on repayment of

loan before joining ME in

percentage to total

.0105 200 0.05223 .00369

Expenditure on repayment of

loan after joining ME in

percentage to total

.0348 200 .07555 .00534

Expenditure on clothing

before joining ME in

percentage to total

.0100 200 0.03979 .00281

Expenditure on clothing after

joining ME in percentage to

total

.0682 200 .05631 .00398

Expenditure on rent before


total

.0010 200 0.00997 .00071

Expenditure on rent after


total

.0040 200 .01689 .00119

Expenditure on education

before joining ME in

percentage to total

.0085 200 0.04430 .00313


after joining ME in

percentage to total

.2653 200 1.40803 .09956

Expenditure on Fuel or

electricity before joining ME

in percentage to total

.0015 200 0.00991 .00070


after joining ME in

percentage to total

.2653 200 1.40803 .09956

Pair 1

Pair 2

Pair 3

Pair 4

Pair 5

Pair 6




Table 5.4 shows that the mean is higher for the percentage of income expended by the members in all aspects of life like

Repayment of loan, education, electricity,rent,clothing except family expenditure after joining Micro enterprise. So it is very clear

that members are capable of spending more for their family than before their entry in Micro enterprise and they are running a

better life after joining Micro enterprise because they are earning much more than before joining Micro enterprise.

Table 5.5 shows the result of paired sample test of consumption pattern


Lower Upper

Pair 1 Daily family expenditure on

earned income: before joining

ME - after joining ME

0.21 7.07 0.50 -0.77 1.20 0.426 199 0.6704

Pair 2 Expenditure on repayment of

loan: before joining ME - after

joining ME

-0.02 0.07 0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -4.666 199 0.0000

Pair 3 Expenditure on clothing:

before joining ME -after

joining ME

-0.06 0.06 0.00 -0.07 -0.05 -13.002 199 0.0000

Pair 4 Expenditure on rent: before

joining ME - after joining ME 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.062 199 0.0025

Pair 5 Expenditure on education:

before joining ME- after

joining ME

-0.26 1.41 0.10 -0.45 -0.06 -2.577 199 0.0107

Pair 6 Expenditure on Fuel or

electricity: before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.26 1.41 0.10 -0.46 -0.07 -2.649 199 0.0087

Figures in bold indicate significant at 5% level

Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)MeanStd.

Dev

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

H0 3b: There is no significant difference in consumption pattern before and after joining micro enterprises

It may be observed from table 5.5 the paired sample test of consumption pattern before and after joining Micro enterprise that

significant difference were found in all the cases of paired samples except in the case of Family expenditure.In the case of Family

Expenditure p>.05(.6704) means that there is no significant difference in the percentage of income spent on family expenditure

before and after joining Micro enterprises.

5.2 Monthly savings

The first thing women developed after joining Kudumbasree especially Micro enterprises is the habit of savings. Saving only in

group is not enough to be economically sufficient or to meet the emergency need. They should have regular habit of savings with

bank or anywhere also to say they are empowered much.

Table 5.6 shows paired sample statistics of monthly savings before and after joining Micro enterprise.


Mean NStd.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

MonthlySavings before joining ME 84.2550 200 393.78156 27.84456

Monthly saving after joing ME 1658.5500 200 1807.86400 127.83529Pair 1

Table 5.6 shows The paired sample statistics of monthly savings before and after joining Micro enterprise shows that the mean

value of total savings is very higher after joining Micro enterprise than before joining Micro enterprise (1658.5500).Table 5.7

shows the result of paired sample test of monthly savings


Lower Upper

Pair 1

MonthlySavings

before joining ME -

Monthly saving after

joing ME

-1574.30 1781.16 125.95 -1822.66 -1325.93 -12.500 199 0.0000

Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)MeanStd.

DeviationStd.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

H0 3c: There is no significant difference in monthly savings before and after joining micro enterprises

Table 5.7 shows The result of paired sample test shows that there is significant difference between monthly savings before and

after joining Micro enterprise because p<.05.




5.3Household Things owned – before and after joining ME

Access to employment and increased income helps members to avail the basic amenities of life like gas connection, cooker, mixer

grinder, mobile, refrigerator, TV, fan, iron box, electricity, sanitary latrine, drinking water etc.to examine the role of micro

enterprise in women empowerment it is essential to compare the household things owned by members before and after joining

Micro enterprise.Table 5.8 shows paired sample statistics of household things owned before and after joining Micro enterprise

Table 5.8 Paired Samples Statistic

Mean N Std. DevStd. Error

Mean

Whether gas connection

owned before joining ME0.935 200 0.247 0.017

Whether gas connection

owned after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000

Whether cooker owned

before joining ME0.645 200 0.480 0.034

Whether cooker owned

after joining ME0.990 200 0.100 0.007

Whether mixi owned before

joining ME0.480 200 0.501 0.035

Whether mixi owned after

joining ME0.890 200 0.314 0.022

Whether mobile owned

before joiningME0.170 200 0.377 0.027

Whether mobile owned

after joiningME0.940 200 0.238 0.017

Whether refrigerator owned


Whether refrigerator owned

after joining ME0.355 200 0.480 0.034

Whether TV owned before

joining ME0.810 200 1.034 0.073

Whether TV owned after

joining ME0.965 200 0.184 0.013

Whether fan owned before

joing ME0.175 200 0.381 0.027

Whether fan owned after

joing ME0.635 200 0.483 0.034

Whether iron box owned


Whether iron box owned

after joining ME0.990 200 0.100 0.007

Whether electricity owned


Whether electricity owned

after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000

Whether sanitary latrine

owned before joining ME0.990 200 0.100 0.007

Whether sanitary latrin


Whether drinking water

owned before joing ME0.930 200 0.256 0.018

Whether drinking water


Pair 9

Pair

10

Pair

11

Pair 4

Pair 5

Pair 6

Pair 7

Pair 8

Pair 1

Pair 2

Pair 3

Paired sample statistic of household things owned before and after joining micro enterprises in table 5.8 shows that the mean

value increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean difference can be found in the case of mobile

use. And a very low increase can be seen in the case of gas connection,electricity,drinking water etc.Most of the members have

basic amenities with them even before joining ME but they started to purchase luxury items after joining micro enterprise.Table

5.9 shows the result of paired sample test of household things owned





Lower Upper

Pair 1

Whether had gas

connection: before

joining ME - after

joining ME

-0.065 0.247 0.017 -0.099 -0.031 -3.719 199 0.0003

Pair 2

Whether cooker owned:

before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.345 0.487 0.034 -0.413 -0.277 -10.019 199 0.0000

Pair 3

Whether mixi owned:

before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.410 0.503 0.036 -0.480 -0.340 -11.524 199 0.0000

Pair 4

Whether mobile phone

owned: before

joiningME - after

joiningME

-0.770 0.434 0.031 -0.830 -0.710 -25.112 199 0.0000

Pair 5

Whether refrigerator

owned: before joining


-0.305 0.462 0.033 -0.369 -0.241 -9.345 199 0.0000

Pair 6

Whether TV owned:

before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.155 1.047 0.074 -0.301 -0.009 -2.093 199 0.0376

Pair 7

Whether fan owned:

before joing ME - after

joing ME

-0.460 0.510 0.036 -0.531 -0.389 -12.766 199 0.0000

Pair 8

Whether iron box

owned: before joining


-0.105 0.338 0.024 -0.152 -0.058 -4.387 199 0.0000

Pair 9

Whether had electricity

connection: before

joining ME - after

joining ME

-0.020 0.140 0.010 -0.040 0.000 -2.015 199 0.0452

Pair 10

Whether sanitary

latrine owned: before

joining ME - after

-0.010 0.100 0.007 -0.024 0.004 -1.418 199 0.1578

Pair 11

Whether had drinking

water connection:

before joing ME - after

joining ME

-0.070 0.256 0.018 -0.106 -0.034 -3.870 199 0.0001


Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)MeanStd.

Dev

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

H0 3d: There is no significant difference in household things owned before and after joining micro enterprises

It may be observed from table 5.9 the paired sample test of household things owned before and after joining Micro enterprise that

significant difference were found in all the cases of paired samples except in the case of sanitary latrine. In the case of sanitary

latrine p>.05(.1578) means that there is no significant difference in the ownership of sanitary latrine before and after joining

Micro enterprises

5.4Housing details Ownership of house is one of the important factors to determine women empowerment. They were measured in terms of own

home, rented home, government provided.Table 5.10 shows housing wise distribution of respondents.

Table 5.10 Housing wise distribution of respondents

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Own 182 91.0 193 96.5

Rented 18 9.0 7 3.5

Total 200 100.0 200 100.0

Before Joining ME After Joining ME

It may be observed from the table 5.10 that in the case of own house highest frequency can be seen in after joining ME group

(96.5). And rented home is very low after joining ME (3.5)

Table 5.11 shows the paired sample statistics of ownership of homes.





Mean N

Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error

Mean

House owned before

joining ME1.0900 200 .28690 .02029

House owned after

joining ME1.0350 200 .18424 .01303

Note: House owned =1, Rented =2,

Table 5.11 shows that Number of rented houses decreased after joining ME. So mean falls from 1.09 to 1.03

Table 5.12 shows the result of paired sample test of ownership of home


Lower Upper

House owned before

joining ME - House

owned after joining ME

.05500 .24957 .01765 .02020 .08980 3.117 199 0.0021

Figure in bold indicate significant at 5% level

Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)Mean Std. Dev

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

H0 3e: There is no significant difference in ownership of homes before and after joining micro enterprises

Table 5.12 shows the result of paired sample test shows that there is significant difference between housing details before and

after joining Micro enterprise because p<.05.

5.5Asset holding

Holding of asset refers to the possession of land, livestock, jewellery shop, furniture etc.after joining ME and possession in the

name of women. Women having capacity to purchase asset whether fixed or productive after having membership in ME from

their income are considered as economically empowered. To assess the extent of ownership it is also important to identify how

much asset a women is having in her own name.

Table 5.13 shows the paired sample statistics of asset holding.


Mean N

Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

Land holding in cent


Land holding in cent

after joining ME10.005 200 10.666 0.754

Live stock holding in

rupees before joining

ME

1540.015 200 9850.559 696.540

Live stock holding in

rupees after joining ME8445.000 200 28711.824 2030.233

Jewellery owned in

rupees before joining

ME

90620.010 200 123889.738 8760.327

Jewellery owned in

rupees after joining ME207580.013 200 173659.687 12279.594

Shop in rupees before

joining ME160.000 200 2262.742 160.000

Shop in rupees after

joining ME45825.000 200 357882.739 25306.131

Furniture in rupees


Furniture in rupees after

joining ME59169.510 200 55620.827 3932.986

Pair 3

Pair 4

Pair 5

Pair 1

Pair 2

Paired sample statistic of asset holding before and after joining micro enterprises in table 5.13 shows that the mean value

increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean difference can be found in the case of purchase of

shop (160-45825). And a very low increase can be seen in the case of land (9.7 to 10.005). Table 5.14 shows the result of paired

sample test of consumption pattern





Lower Upper

Pair 1 Land holding in cent:

before joining ME - after

joining ME

-0.295 1.239 0.088 -0.468 -0.122 -3.367 199 0.0009

Pair 2 Live stock holding in

rupees; before joining


-6904.985 24077.892 1702.564 -10262.367 -3547.603 -4.056 199 0.0001

Pair 3 Jewellery owned in

rupees: before joining


-116960.003 121023.451 8557.650 -133835.317 -100084.688 -13.667 199 0.0000

Pair 4 Shop in rupees: before

joining ME - after

joining ME

-45665.000 357880.377 25305.964 -95567.262 4237.262 -1.805 199 0.0727

Pair 5 Furniture in rupees:


joining ME

-30424.010 56288.278 3980.182 -38272.757 -22575.263 -7.644 199 0.0000


Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)Mean Std. DeviationStd. Error

Mean

95% Confidence Interval

of the Difference

H0 3f: There is no significant difference in asset holding before and after joining micro enterprises

It may be observed from table 5.14 the paired sample test of asset holding before and after joining Micro enterprise that

significant difference were found in all the cases of paired samples except in the case of shop. In the case of shop holding

p>.05(.0727) means that there is no significant difference in the ownership of shop before and after joining Micro enterprises

5.6Financial sustainability

Women spend at least twice as much time as men on unpaid domestic work hours longer than men’s in every region. Women also

lack access to and control over financial resources, which reduces their autonomy and increase their vulnerability. Even when

they are earning an independent cash income, significant percentage of married women, especially poor married women, have no

say in the management of cash. Therefore it is very important to assess how much their involvement in ME empowered them in

the case of financial management.

Table 5.15 shows the paired sample statistics of financial sustainability of before and after joining ME.


Mean N Std.

Dev

Std.

Error

Mean

Know how to rotate and manage

cash before joining ME2.590 200 0.914 0.065


cashafter joining ME4.835 200 0.538 0.038

Could manage cash before

joining ME2.700 200 0.956 0.068

Can manage cash after joining

ME4.800 200 0.530 0.038

There is increase in my income



after joining ME4.870 200 0.484 0.034

Have capacity to use income and

credit in a profitable way before

joining ME

2.500 200 0.868 0.061


credit in a profitable way after

joining ME

4.835 200 0.509 0.036

Pair 1

Pair 2

Pair 3

Pair 4

Paired sample statistic of financial sustainability before and after joining micro enterprises in table 5.15 shows that the mean

value increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean difference can be found in the case of

increase in income (2.505-4.870). And lowest mean difference in the case of ability to manage cash (2.700-4.800)Table 5.16

shows the result of paired sample test of financial sustainability





Lower Upper

Pair 1


cash before joining ME - Know

how to rotate and manage

cashafter joining ME

-2.24500 .96417 .06818 -2.37944 -2.11056 -32.929 199 0.0000

Pair 2

Can manage cash before joining

ME - Can manage cash after

joining ME

-2.10000 .95633 .06762 -2.23335 -1.96665 -31.055 199 0.0000

Pair 3


before joining ME - There is

increase in my income after

joining ME

-2.36500 .93603 .06619 -2.49552 -2.23448 -35.732 199 0.0000

Pair 4


credit in a profitable way before

joining ME - Have capacity to

use income and credit in a

profitable way after joining ME

-2.33500 .92033 .06508 -2.46333 -2.20667 -35.880 199 0.0000


Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)MeanStd.

Dev

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

H0 3g: There is no significant difference in financial sustainabilitybefore and after joining micro enterprises

It may be observed from table 5.16 the paired sample test of financial sustainability before and after joining Micro enterprise that

significant difference were found in all the cases of paired sample distribution.

5.7Factors that prompted to indulge in micro enterprise

Kudumbasree mission encourages rural women mainly to indulge in micro enterprises as a part of earning more income and

thereby reduce poverty and increase the standard of living of them. Here an attempt is made to find out which are the most

important factors that prompted the women to indulge in Micro entrepreneurial activity through ranking method. Factors included

are market potential, influence of spouse, low investment requirement, less risk, high success rate, earn additional income,

unemployment, self interest, utilize time properly, poverty alleviation, education of children, savings, increase in standard of

living, for survival etc.

Table 5.17 shows the mean rank of the factors that prompted women to indulge in micro enterprise.

Table 5.17 Ranks

Mean

Rank

Assigned

Ranks

Market potential 10.01 2

Influence of spouse 12.61 1

Low investment requirement 9.22 5

Less risk that prompted you to indulge in ME 7.45 7

High success rate observed 7.12 9

Earn additional income 3.57 13

Unemployment 3.38 14

Self interest 3.94 12

Utilize time properly 8.26 6

Poverty alleviation 9.34 4

Education of children 7.39 8

Savings 6.30 11

Increase in Standard of living 6.99 10

Survival 9.45 3

N

Chi-Square

df

Asymp. Sig.

Friedman Test

200

1029.704

13

0.0000

H0 3h: There is no significant difference between the factors that prompted women to indulge in Micro entrepreneurial

activity before and after joining micro enterprises

It may be observed from the table 5.17 that highest mean rank was assigned to the factor influence of spouse (12.61) means it was

the important factor that prompted women to indulge in Micro entrepreneurial activity. Next highest rank to market potential

(10.01) and survival (9.45). and chi-square test was also applied to test whether there is significant difference between the factors,

and the result shows that significant difference were found between the factors (p<.05).




Capabi1ilities in Managing

Women are generally take care of homes and engage in household related activities. But after their engagement in Kudumbasree

especially Micro enterprise their mobility is assumed to increase up to a great extent. After joining ME they begin to visit banks,

market, govt.offices, other places to acquire training, skill and for meetings etc.Then for various exhibitions to sell their products

etc. Women can be considered as empowered socially and economically if they are capable of managing these things. So this is

important to assess whether there is any change in the capability of managing things after joining micro enterprises.

Table 5.18 shows paired sample statistics of capabilities in managing before and after joining Micro enterprise.


Mean N

Std.

Dev

Std.

Error

Mean

Freedom to go to market for

buying: before joining ME0.890 200 0.398 0.028


buying: after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000


selling before joining ME0.015 200 0.122 0.009


selling after joining ME0.940 200 0.238 0.017

Freedom to go to govt offices


Freedom to go to govt offices

after joining ME1.020 200 0.730 0.052

Freedom to go to bank before

joining ME0.545 200 0.499 0.035

Freedom to go to bank after

joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000

Freedom to go for medical

facility before joining ME0.885 200 0.320 0.023


facility after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000

Freedom to go to post office


Freedom to go to post office

after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000

Freedom to go to schools or

colleges before joining ME0.915 200 .27958 0.020


colleges after joining ME1.000 200 0.00000 0.000

Pair 1

Pair 2

Pair 3

Pair 4

Pair 5

Pair 6

Pair 7

It may be observed from table 5.18 that Paired sample statistic of capabilities of managing before and after joining micro

enterprises in table 5.23 shows that the mean value increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean

difference can be found in the case of freedom to go to market (0.015-0.940). And lowest mean difference in the case of freedom

to go to school (0.915-1.000).

Table 5.19 shows the result of paired sample test of capabilities of managing





Lower Upper

Pair 1


buying: before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.110 0.398 0.028 -0.166 -0.054 -3.905 199 0.0001

Pair 2


selling: before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.925 0.264 0.019 -0.962 -0.888 -49.541 199 0.0000

Pair 3

Freedom to go to govt

offices: before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.840 0.766 0.054 -0.947 -0.733 -15.501 199 0.0000

Pair 4

Freedom to go to bank:


joining ME

-0.455 0.499 0.035 -0.525 -0.385 -12.889 199 0.0000

Pair 5


facility: before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.115 0.320 0.023 -0.160 -0.070 -5.085 199 0.0000

Pair 6

Freedom to go to post office:


joining ME

-0.285 0.453 0.032 -0.348 -0.222 -8.906 199 0.0000

Pair 7


colleges: before joining ME -

after joining ME

-0.085 0.280 0.020 -0.124 -0.046 -4.300 199 0.0000


Paired Differences

t dfSig.

(2-tailed)MeanStd.

Deviation

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

H0 3i: There is no significant difference in freedom of movement before and after joining micro enterprises

It may be observed from table 5.19 the paired sample test of capabilities of managing before and after joining Micro enterprise

that significant difference were found in all the cases of paired sample distribution.

5.8 Job satisfaction related to micro enterprise

Table 5.20 shows the job satisfaction level of micro entrepreneurs of Kudumbasree.

Table 5.20 Satisfaction wise distribution of respondents

Frequency Percent

Not Satisfied 5 2.5

Least Satisfied 22 11.0

Moderately Satisfied 59 29.5

Highly Satisfied 114 57.0

Total 200 100.0

Source: Primary data

It may be observed from the table 5.20 that 57% of members were highly satisfied with their ME. And only 2.5% were not

satisfied.

Conclusion

This chapter clearly shows how the membership in micro enterprises influenced the member beneficiaries to make them

economically empowered. Their personal income is higher than before joining in micro enterprise. And their consumption

patterns have changed entirely. After being an entrepreneur, every woman was capable of managing things much better than

earlier. Now they can contribute a part of their income to their children’s education, repayment of loan, electricity bill, rent, daily

family expenditure etc. And they also save money for the future. They started to move from their home to market for buying and

selling, banks, government offices, schools and colleges etc. without the support of family members and friends. And while

making a look through the household things owned by members, analysis clearly portray that the purchase of luxury items

increased after started micro enterprise. They started to purchase gold, livestock, land etc. by using income from micro enterprise.

Changes in financial sustainability of members are another important thing to be noted. And they were getting a good support

from spouse and family members and they were highly satisfied with their micro entrepreneurial activities.

Even if they were highly empowered through micro enterprises by socially and economically. They faced so many struggles as a

biginner in this field. They were facing so many problems both as a woman and an entrepreneur. Next chapter throw some lights

on problems and prospects of member beneficiaries of micro enterprises and analyses whether there is any significant difference

in problems of member beneficiaries between different experience groups.




References

BOOKS

Abraham, D. T. (2013). Performanc eof Micro enterprises of SHG entrepreneurs. PhD thesis ,Gokhale institute of politics and

economics

Abrahamson. (1983). ‘Social Research Methods’, Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Adhikari, B. (2006). ) Economic empowerment of women an impact study of micro enterprises in Nuwakot district. In Micro

enterprise development programme (pp. ISBN 9-899946-916-5-4 ). Kathmand: MEDEP/UNDP,Ministry of industry(MOI).

Babbie, E. (1998). ‘The Practice of Social Research’ (8th ed.).Belmont, CA: Wardsworth.

Barelson, B (1952). ‘Content Analysis in Communication Research’. Glencore,IL:Free Press.

chadwick,B.A.,Bahr, H.M.,& Albrecht,S.L.(1984). Social Science Research Methods.Englewoods cliffs, NJ:Prentice hall.

Embran, K. (2003). Study on women entrepreneurship in kerala. ,PhD thesis ,Mahathma Ganthi University, Kottayam , p. 13.

Gayathri, S. (2014). ‘A study based on SHG. PhD THESIS Dr.R.K Shanmukham college of Arts and Science affiliated to

thiruvalluvar universit.

George, A. (2013). Business environment analysis and growth of small enterprises in Kerala. Kottayam: PhD thesis ,MG

University

Hust, Evelin, “Women’s Political Representation and Empowerment in India”, New Delhi, Manohar Publishers and Distributors,

2005. India, New Delhi, Sage Publications Pvt.Ltd.1999

Jayasree, R. (2016). Kudumbasree initiatives and millennium development. PhD Thesis,university of Kerala.

Jolly, L. (2014). A Study based on Kudumbasree. Trivandrum: PhD THESIS,NSS college pandalam,Pathanamthitta Kerala

university.

Joseph, Kochurani, “Women Empowerment: A Conceptual Analysis, Kanjirappally”, Vimala Books and Publications, 2005.

Kadiyala, S. (2004, MAY). )Scaling up Kudumbasree, collective action for poverty alleviation and women empowerment.

International food policy research institute .

Kuratka and Richard . (2001). Entrepreneurship. (hardcover, Ed.) USA, usa: drydan press series.

K.G.Karmakar, Rural Credit and Self Help Groups-Micro Finance needs and concepts in India, New Delhi, Sage Publications

Pvt.Ltd.2003.

kudumbasree(2014), " Report of the Kudumbasree state mission",Kudumbasree state mission Thiruvananthapuram.

Mathew, T. (2010). Performance of modern small enterprises In Kerala-a diagnostic approach. Kottayam: PhD thesis,Mg

University kottayam,economics.

Malhotra, A. (june 28 ,2002). Measuring women’s empowerment as a variable in international development. International cetre

for researchon women, world bank .

Meenakshi, Malhotra, empowerment of women (in three volumes), Delhi, Isha books, 2004.

Mahendra , Varman P., “Impact of Self Help Groups in Formal Banking habits.”, Economic and political weekly, X.L

No.17,April 23-29, 2005,pp.1705-1713.

Mohini, V.Giri, “Emancipation and Empowerment of women”, New Delhi, Gyan Publishing House, 1998.

Ommen, M. (2008). Micro finance and poverty alleviation ,the case of Kerala’s Kudumbasree. kochi : center for socio economic

and environmental studies .

Pakrisamy, A. (2006). an empirical study on the impact of micro enterprises on women empowerment to evaluate the SHGs. In A.

a. Pakrisamy. IJERserial publications.

Parpart Jane L, Shrini M Rai and Kathleen Staudt, “ Rethinking Empowerment Gender and Develpoment in a global/ Local

world, Newyork, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.




Ruby, J. A. (2008). Micro finance and women empowerment-a study of kudumbasree peoject in Kerala. Kottayam: PhD thesis,

MG University Kottayam.

Sen.G.and Batliwala S., “Empowering Women for Reproductive Rights inWomen’s Empowerment and Demographic

Processes.”, Moving Beyond Ciaro(ed) Presser, H.B,and Sen G.,Oxford,Oxford University Press, 2000.

Sushama ,Sahay, Women Empowerment- Approaches and Strategies, NewDelhi, Discovery Publishing House,1998.

Sakuntala, Narasimhan, Empowering women, An Alternative Strategy from Rural India, New Delhi, Sage Publications

Pvt.Ltd.2003.

Sangeetha, Purushothaman, The Empowerment of Women in India, Grassroots women’s Networks and the state, New Delhi, Sage

Publications Pvt.Ltd.2003.

Thomas, R. (2013). Micro credit and micro enterprises under kudumbasree for rural development- a study with special reference

to Malapuram district. Malappuram: PhD thesis Mg University Kottayam.

Taramol KG(2014), ,. I. (10-12 october 2014). ‘Eradication of povertyand women empowerment-a study of kudumbasree projects

in Ernakulam district of Kerala’. proceedings of the first middle east conference on global business,economics,finance and

banking Dubai , (pp. ISBN 978-1-94/505-16-8). Dubai.

JOURNAL

AsifKhan, M. (2014). Kudumbasree as acatalyst for entrepreneurship Development and Economic empowerment of rural women

through SHGsin Kerala. IOSR Journal of business and management(IOSR-JBM) , 16 (19), e-ISSN:2278-487X,PISSN:2319-7668.

Arundhati, Chattopadhyay, “Women and Entrepreneurship”, Yojana, 49 NO.1, January 2005, pp.27-33.

J.Bhagyalakshmi, “Women’s Empowerment, Miles to go”, Yojana, 48 No.8, August 2004, pp.38-41.

Antony,Valsamma,“Educationand Employment:The Key to women Empowerment”,Kurukshetra, 54 No.4, February, 2006,

pp.27-29 &34.

Biju, M.R., “Women’s Empowerment in India:Changing Socio-Political Equations”, SAJOSPS,5 No.2,January-june 2005,pp.45-

49 and 137.

Vasanthakumari. (2012). ‘Economic empowerment of women through micro enterprises in India with special reference to

promotional agencies. Zenith int.journal of multidisciplinary research , 2 (1), ISSN 22315780.

Venugopalan, K. (2014). Socio economic impact of kudumbasree among rural women of Kerala. IOSR Journal of business and

management(IOSR-JBM) , 16 (10), e-ISSN:2278-487*P-ISSN:2319-7668pp35-44.

Vinodhini, R., & Vaijayanthi, P. (2016). SHG and socio economic empowerment of women in rural india. Indian journal of

science and technology 2016.


Documents

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH MICRO …