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Economic Community
ASEAN has emphasised regional cooperation in the three pillars
of security,
sociocultural and economic integration.[55] The regional
grouping has made the mostprogress in economic integration, aiming
to create an ASEAN Economic Community
(AEC) by 2015.[56]
[edit] Free Trade Area
The foundation of the AEC is the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), a
common external
preferential tariff scheme to promote the free flow of goods
within ASEAN.[56] TheASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is an agreement
by the member nations of ASEAN
concerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. The AFTA
agreement was
signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.[57]When the AFTA
agreement was originally
signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines,Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in
1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, and
Cambodia in 1999. The latecomers have not fully met the AFTA's
obligations, but theyare officially considered part of the AFTA as
they were required to sign the agreementupon entry into ASEAN, and
were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's
tariff reduction obligations.[58]
[edit] Comprehensive Investment Area
The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area (ACIA) will encourage
the free flow of
investment within ASEAN. The main principles of the ACIA are as
follows[59]
All industries are to be opened up for investment, with
exclusions to be phased
out according to schedules National treatment is granted
immediately to ASEAN investors with few
exclusions
Elimination of investment impediments
Streamlining of investment process and procedures
Enhancing transparency
Undertaking investment facilitation measures
Full realisation of the ACIA with the removal of temporary
exclusion lists inmanufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry
and mining is scheduled by 2010 for most
ASEAN members and by 2015 for the CLMV (Cambodia, Lao PDR,
Myanmar, and
Vietnam) countries.[59]
[edit] Trade in Services
An ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services was adopted at
the ASEANSummit in Bangkok in December 1995.[60] Under AFAS, ASEAN
Member States enter
into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in
services with the aim of
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submitting increasingly higher levels of commitments. The
negotiations result in
commitments that are set forth in schedules of specific
commitments annexed to the
Framework Agreement. These schedules are often referred to as
packages of servicescommitments. At present, ASEAN has concluded
seven packages of commitments under
AFAS.[61]
[edit] Single Aviation Market
The ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM), proposed by the ASEAN
Air Transport
Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials
Meeting, andendorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers, will
introduce an open-sky arrangement to
the region by 2015.[62] The ASEAN SAM will be expected to fully
liberalise air travel
between its member states, allowing ASEAN to directly benefit
from the growth in airtravel around the world, and also freeing up
tourism, trade, investment and services flows
between member states.[62][63]Beginning 1 December 2008,
restrictions on the third and
fourth freedoms of the airbetween capital cities of member
states for air passengers
services will be removed,[64]
while from 1 January 2009, there will be full liberalisation
ofair freight services in the region, while[62][63] By 1 January
2011, there will be
liberalisation of fifth freedom traffic rights between all
capital cities.[65]
[edit] Free Trade Agreements With Other Countries
ASEAN has concluded free trade agreements with China, Korea,
Japan, Australia, New
Zealand and most recently India.[66]In addition, it is currently
negotiating a free trade
agreement with the European Union.[67] Taiwan has also expressed
interest in anagreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic
objections from China.[68]
[edit] Charter
Main article: ASEAN Charter
On 15 December 2008 the members of ASEAN met in
theIndonesiancapital ofJakartato launch a charter, signed in
November 2007, with the aim of moving closer to "an EU-
style community".[69] The charter turns ASEAN into a legal
entity and aims to create a
single free-trade area for the region encompassing 500 million
people. President of
IndonesiaSusilo Bambang Yudhoyonostated that "This is a
momentous developmentwhen ASEAN is consolidating, integrating and
transforming itself into a community. It is
achieved while ASEAN seeks a more vigorous role in Asian and
global affairs at a time
when the international system is experiencing a seismic shift,"
he added, referring toclimate change and economic upheaval.
Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly divided,
war-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s." "The fundamental
principles include:
a) respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality,
territorial integrity and national
identity of all ASEAN Member States; b) shared commitment and
collectiveresponsibility in enhancing regional peace, security and
prosperity; c) renunciation of
aggression and of the threat or use of force or other actions in
any manner inconsistent
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with international law; d) reliance on peaceful settlement of
disputes; e) non-interference
in the internal affairs of ASEAN Member States; f) respect for
the right of every Member
State to lead its national existence free from external
interference, subversion andcoercion; g) enhanced consultations on
matters seriously affecting the common interest of
ASEAN; h) adherence to the rule of law, good governance, the
principles of democracy
and constitutional government; i) respect for fundamental
freedoms, the promotion andprotection of human rights, and the
promotion of social justice; j) upholding the United
Nations Charter and international law, including international
humanitarian law,
subscribed to by ASEAN Member States; k) abstention from
participation in any policyor activity, including the use of its
territory, pursued by and ASEAN Member State or
non-ASEAN State or any non-State actor, which threatens the
sovereignty, territorial
integrity or political and economic stability of ASEAN Member
States; l) respect for the
different cultures, languages and religions of the peoples of
ASEAN, while emphasisingtheir common values in the spirit of unity
in diversity; m) the centrality of ASEAN in
external political, economic, social and cultural relations
while remaining actively
engaged, outward-looking, inclusive and non-discriminatory; and
n) adherence to
multilateral trade rules and ASEAN's rules-based regimes for
effective implementation ofeconomic commitments and progressive
reduction towards elimination of all barriers to
regional economic integration, in a market-driven
economy".[70]
However, the ongoing global financial crisiswas stated as being
a threat to the goalsenvisioned by the charter,[71] and also set
forth the idea of a proposed human rights body
to be discussed at a future summit in February 2009. This
proposition caused
controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose
sanctions or punishcountries who violate citizens' rights and would
therefore be limited in effectiveness.[72]
The body was established later in 2009 as the ASEAN
Intergovernmental Commission on
Human Rights (AICHR).
+++++++++++ AAFTA {PDF}
+++++++++++CHARTER {PDF}
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