Economic and Political Transitions from Premodern to Modern States in the Meiji Restoration and Xinhai Revolution: A Strategic Approach

8/12/2019 Economic and Political Transitions from Premodern to Modern States in the Meiji Restoration and Xinhai Revolution

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FLGI Zhrkicj Rfpdr Qdrids

Dahcheia fcl Rh`itiaf` \rfcsitihcsnrhe Rrdehldrc th Ehldrc Qtftdsic tmd Edioi Wdsthrftihc fcl ]icmfiWdvh`utihc?F Qtrftdjia Fpprhfam

Efsfmikh Fhki

Ch. Oucd 726


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\md Zhrkicj Rfpdr sdrids is f ahcticuftihc hn tmd nhredr`y cfedl Lisaussihc Rfpdr sdrids;tmd cuegdricj hn tmd pfpdrs ahcticudl witmhut ictdrruptihc hr amfcjd. FLGIs whrkicjpfpdrs rdn`dat icitif` ildfs hc f thpia fcl frd phstdl hcìcd nhr lisaussihc. FLGI dcahurfjdsrdfldrs th phst tmdir aheedcts hc tmd efic pfjd nhr dfam whrkicj pfpdr (jivdc ic tmd

aitftihc gd`hw). Qhed whrkicj pfpdrs efy ldvd`hp icth htmdr nhres hn pugìaftihc.

Qujjdstdl aitftihc?

Fhki, E. 72616>.edioi.rdsthrftihc.xicmfi.rdvhùtihc/

R`dfsd ahctfat tmd futmhr nhr icnhreftihc fghut tmis pfpdr.

Defi`? fhkiBstfcnhrl.dlu

Efsfmikh Fhki is f visiticj nd``hw ft tmd Fsifc Ldvd`hpedct Gfck Icstitutd. Md is f`sh tmdMdcri fcl \hehyd \fkfmfsmi Rrhndsshr hn Ofpfcdsd Qtulids, Rrhndsshr Dedritus hnDahcheias, fcl f sdcihr nd``hw hn tmd Qtfcnhrl Icstitutd hn Dahcheia Rhìay Wdsdframfcl Nrddefc Qphjì Icstitutd nhr Ictdrcftihcf` Qtulids, Qtfcnhrl Tcivdrsity.

Dfrìdr vdrsihcs hn tmis pfpdr wdrd prdsdctdl ft Qtfcnhrl Tcivdrsity, Mfrvfrl GusicdssQamhh`, Tcivdrsity hn \hkyh, JWIRQ (\hkyh), Oifhthcj Tcivdrsity (Qmfcjmfi), DurhpdfcTcivdrsity Icstitutd (Itf`y), fcl tmd 7261 JWHD Zhrksmhp ft tmd Tcivdrsity hnMdrtnhrlsmird. I tmfck tmd pfrtiaipfcts nhr tmd usdnu` lisaussihcs ft tmdsd eddticjs, fswd`` fs Ldgic Ef, Zh`njfcj Kd``dr, Afrstdc Mdrrefcc-Ri``ftm, Nrfcais Nukuyfef, FkiEftsui, Qmuc Mftfch, \fkdh Mhsmi, Gfrry Zdicjfst, fcl Oi Zdilhcj nhr tmdir md`pnuàheedcts hc dfrìdr lrfnts. I f`sh gdcdnitdl nrhe afrdnu` fcl ahepdtdct dlithrif` whrk gyCfcay Mdfrst fcl F` Licjwf``. Hn ahursd, I fe sh`d`y rdsphcsig`d nhr f`` tmd stftdedcts ictmd frtia`d fs wd`` fs nhr fcy phssig`d rdeficicj drrhrs.

\md vidws dxprdssdl ic tmis pfpdr frd tmhsd hn tmd futmhr fcl lh cht cdadssfri`y rdn`dattmd vidws hr phìaids hn FLGI, FLG, its Ghfrl hn Lirdathrs, hr tmd jhvdrcedcts tmdyrdprdsdct. FLGI lhds cht jufrfctdd tmd faaurfay hn tmd lftf icaùldl ic tmis pfpdr fclfaadpts ch rdsphcsigiìty nhr fcy ahcsdqudcads hn tmdir usd. \dreich`hjy usdl efy chtcdadssfri`y gd ahcsistdct witm FLG hnniaif` tdres.

Zhrkicj pfpdrs frd sugodat th nhref` rdvisihc fcl ahrrdatihc gdnhrd tmdy frd nicfìzdlfcl ahcsildrdl pugìsmdl.

Fsifc Ldvd`hpedct Gfck IcstitutdKfsueijfsdki Gui`licj =N1-7-4 Kfsueijfsdki, Amiyhlf-ku\hkyh 622->22=, Ofpfc

\d`? +=6-1-1491-4422Nfx? +=6-1-1491-44:6TW@? www.flgi.hrjD-efi`? icnhBflgi.hrj

726< Fsifc Ldvd`hpedct Gfck Icstitutd


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FLGI Zhrkicj Rfpdr Fhki

Fgstrfat

Dahcheists hntdc ildctiny f rdluatihc ic tmd smfrd hn fjriau`turf` dep`hyedct fs fqufctitftivd icliaftihc hn tmd dahcheia jrhwtm hn cftihcs. Gut tmis prhadss lil cht haaur icdfrcdst ic tmd Rdhp`ds Wdpugìa hn Amicf ucti` tmd 69=2s fcl th shed dxtdct ic Ofpfc ucti`wd`` icth tmd eil-72tm adctury. Zdrd dxtrfativd phìtiaf` rdjieds, aheehc`y rdjfrldl fs tmdpriefry lrivdrs hn dahcheia pdrnhrefcad, sh`d`y rdsphcsig`d nhr tmd `ftdcdss hn tmdsdldvd`hpedcts8 \mis pfpdr ldf`s witm tmis qudstihc nrhe f strftdjia pdrspdativd gydxfeicicj tmd ictdrfatihcs gdtwddc tmd phìty fcl tmd dahchey ic ghtm ahuctrids. It gdjicsgy amfrfatdrizicj tmd ahep`dedctfry cfturd hn tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey fcl tmdfjrfrifc-tfx stftd ic prdehldrc Amicf fcl Ofpfc. It tmdc ldsarigds mhw dclhjdchusstrftdjia nhrads dvh`vdl nrhe fehcj tmd ictdredliftd hrjfcizftihcs ic dfam ahuctry thamf``dcjd tmd icauegdct lycfstia ru`dr ic rdsphcsd th tmd aheedraifìzftihc hn tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey hc hcd mfcl fcl tmd nisaf` fcl eiìtfry wdfkdcicj hn tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftdhc tmd htmdr. \md pfpdr tmdc ictrhluads f tmrdd-pdrshc jfed ehld` gdtwddc f ru`dr fcltwh amf``dcjicj hrjfcizftihcs, fcl ldrivds ahclitihcs nhr eu`tip`d dqui`grif fcl tmdir

ahepfrftivd stftia. \md fcf`ytiaf` rdsu`ts md`p th ildctiny tmd dclhjdchus strftdjia nhradstmft `dl tmd Edioi Wdsthrftihc fcl tmd ]icmfi Wdvhùtihc th ehvd nrhe f prdehldrc stftd hnp`fy th cftihc-stftd gui`licj fcl ehldrc dahcheia rdjieds ic dfam ahuctry.

OD@ A`fssiniaftihc?G47, A:7, C


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Ahctdcts

6. Ictrhluatihc ................................................................................................................ 17. F Qtrftdjia Nrfedwhrk nhr Tcldrstfclicj Icstitutihcs fcl Icstitutihcf` Amfcjd ........ 41. \md Cfturd hn tmd Afchciaf` Qtftds hn R`fy ic Vicj Amicf fcl \hkujfwf Ofpfc ...... :

1.6 Qtrftdjia Ahep`dedctfritids gdtwddc tmd Vufsi-\fx Qtftd fcl tmdRdfsfct-Gfsdl Dahchey............................................................................... =

1.7 Ahepfrishc hn tmd Hvdrf`` Icstitutihcf` Frrfcjdedcts ic Vicj Amicffcl \hkujfwf Ofpfc ................................................................................... 66


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6. IC\WHLTA\IHC

Ic tmdir ieprdssivd`y grhfl faahuct hn dahcheia misthry, Zmy Cftihcs Nfi`, Fadehjùfcl Whgicshc (7267) fttdept th sugstfctiftd tmd prhphsitihc tmft tmd qufìty hn tmdphìty efttdrs nhr dahcheia pdrnhrefcad. \mdy frjud tmft fc icaùsivd phìtiaf`rdjied, fs hpphsdl th fc dxtrfativd hcd, is f prdrdquisitd nhr sustficfg`d dahcheiajrhwtm fcl usd tmd dxfep`d hn tmd Wdpugìa hn Khrdf fcl tmd Ldeharftia Rdhp`dsWdpugìa hn Khrdf. \md ahctrfst gdtwddc tmd dahcheia pdrnhrefcad hn tmdsd twhahuctrids is hgvihus. Mhwdvdr, ic tmis afsd tmd hrijic hn tmd livild ic tmdir phìtids wfslud th tmd frgitrfry lrfwicj hn tmd ghrldr gdtwddc tmde ic ictdrcftihcf` phwdr phìtiasfntdr Zhr`l Zfr II. Nurtmdr, it wfs fntdr tmd Wdpugìa hn Khrdf mfl f`rdfly famidvdl feill`d icahed stftus tmft it trfcsitdl th tmd icaùsivd phìtiaf` rdjied. Ic f grhfldr fcl`hcjdr-ruc pdrspdativd, lhds tmdir prhphsitihc jdcdrf``y mh`l8 In sh, wmft ldtdreicdstmd qufìty hn tmd phìty8 Mhw afc fc icaùsivd phìty gd ardftdl8 F rdflicj hn ZmyCftihcs Nfi`lhds cht prhvild f a`dfr fcswdr th tmdsd qudstihcs.6Ehrd jdcdrf``y, wd

cddl th fsk? Lhds tmd phìty cdadssfri`y prdadld tmd dahchey8\md prdsdct frtia`d prhphsds fc f`tdrcftivd vidw th tmft prhphsdl gy Fadehjù fclWhgicshc. F ahuctrys phìty fcl dahcheia hrjfcizftihcs (fcl tmus its dahcheiapdrnhrefcad) ah-dvh`vd tmrhujm f `hcj misthriaf` prhadss rftmdr tmfc gy tmd phìtyprdadlicj dahcheia hrjfcizftihcs, fs eijmt gd sujjdstdl gy smhrt-tdre hgsdrvftihcs.\mdhrdtiaf``y, tmis vidw is ldrivdl nrhe f jfed pdrspdativd ic wmiam icstitutihcs ic ghtmtmd phìty fcl tmd dahchey frd dedrjicj, sustficicj, fcl amfcjicj ictdrfativd`ytmrhujm tmd strftdjia gdmfvihr hn fjdcts. Qpdainiaf` y, tmdphìtiaf` stftdis ildctinidl gy flddp stfg`d stftdhn tmd phìtiaf` jfed. Rhìtiaf` icstitutihcs fcl dahcheia icstitutihcsfrd tmdc ìckdl thjdtmdr tmrhujm strftdjia ahep`dedctfry, sugstitutfg`d, hr rivf`ryrd`ftihcs farhss tmd icliviluf` fjdcts fcl farhss tmd phìtiaf` fcl dahcheia lhefics.\mus, wmi`d it efy fppdfr tmft amfcjds ic tmd phìty shedtieds ahed prihr th amfcjdsic htmdr icstitutihcs, ic nfat ft f lddpdr `dvd` tmdy ah-dvh`vd. In tmis wdrd cht tmd afsd,tmdy whu`l cht gd stfg`d hr sustficfg`d.

\md dxp`hrftihc hn fc dclhjdchus vidw hn f phìty ic tmis frtia`d is i`ùstrftdl gy tmdmisthrids hn Amicf fcl Ofpfc. It is wd``-faadptdl ic dahcheias tmft tmd pftm th fehldrc dahcheia jrhwtm stfjd nrhe f prdehldrc (Ef`tmusifc) stfjd afc gdqufctinifg`y amfrfatdrizdl gy f rdluatihc ic tmd fjriau`turf` smfrd ic JLR fcldep`hyedct (d.j., @dwis 694


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`fw, fs stipu`ftdl gy tmd Edioi jhvdrcedct, nhr prdvdcticj f rdluatihc ic fjriau`turf`dep`hyedct luricj tmd prdwfr pdrihl. \md ]icmfi Wdvhùtihc ic Amicf (6966) efrkdlfc hgvihus wftdrsmdl nhr tmd phìty ic Amicf. Gut wmy lil it cht ieedliftd`y `dfl th fgrdfktmrhujm ic tdres hn dahcheia ldvd`hpedct8 Zdrd ahcnìats fehcj wfr`hrls fcliepdrif` fjjrdssihc sh`d`y rdsphcsig`d nhr tmis nfiùrd, fs eijmt gd fssuedl gyahcvdctihcf` dxp`fcftihcs8 Gy `hhkicj gfak th tmd pdrihls gdnhrd tmd Edioi Wdsthrftihcfcl tmd ]icmfi Wdvhùtihc fcl tmdc trfaicj tmd phìtiaf`-dahchey prhadssds `dflicj thtmdsd phìtiaf` dvdcts, fs wd`` fs tmhsd tmft nh``hwdl, tmis frtia`d fttdepts th sddk fcli`ùstrftd f `hjia gy wmiam tmd phìty fcl tmd dahchey frd eutuf``y ahcstrficdl fcl ah-dvh`vd tmrhujm strftdjia ictdrfatihcs gy ghtm phìtiaf` fcl dahcheia fjdcts.

\md ehst flvfcadl rdjihcs ic tmd Amicdsd fcl Ofpfcdsd dahcheids luricj tmd 6=tmadctury mfl siei`fr amfrfatdristias. \md gfsia ucits efcfjicj prhluativd fativitids wdrdahcoujf` pdfsfct nfeiìds dcjfjdl ic (wdt) nfreicj hc hwcdl hr `dfsdl sef`` p`hts,witm pfrt hn tmdir whrkicj tied f``haftdl th tdxti`d mfcliarfnts fcl htmdr jhhls nhrlhedstia usds fcl efrkdts (d.j., nhr Amicf, sdd Rdrkics 69>9; _dìc 6996; @i 699=; fclnhr Ofpfc, sdd Qeitm 6949, 69==; Mfyfei, Qfith, fcl \hgy 722


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lisaussds mhw tmdir rd`ftihcs smfpdl tmd pftms thwfrl tmd ldeisd hn lycfstia ru`dluricj tmd ]icmfi Wdvhùtihc fcl tmd Edioi Wdsthrftihc. Qdatihc 4 prdsdcts f tmrdd-pdrshc jfed p`fydl gy tmd icauegdct ru`dr fcl twh amf``dcjicj p`fydrs. \mis md`ps thlrfw hut tmd aruaif` nfathrs ahclitihcicj tmd cfturd fcl ahcsdqudcads hn tmd twhphìtiaf` dvdcts. Ic tmd ìjmt hn tmdsd fcf`ytiaf` rdsu`ts, Qdatihc > tmdc mijmìjmts shedsugt`d fspdats hn tmd ]icmfi Wdvhùtihc fcl tmd Edioi Wdsthrftihc tmft wdrd aruaif` icedlifticj icstitutihcf` `djfaids hc tmd sugsdqudct icstitutihcf` pftms ic dfam ahuctry.Qdatihc : ahcaùlds gy phicticj hut mhw tmd afchciaf` icstitutihcf` frrfcjdedctsluricj tmd lycfstia pdrihls wdrd, hr wdrd cht, trfcsnhredl gy tmd twh rdspdativdphìtiaf` dvdcts. Wdfldrs wmh frd nfeiìfr witm jfed tmdhry nrfedwhrk nhr icstitutihcf`fcf`ysis (d.j., Fhki 7226, 7261g) efy wism th skip Qdatihc 7, wmi`d tmhsd wmh frd chtkddc hc tmd purd fcf`ytiaf` rdsu`ts hn tmd jfed ehld` efy wism th skip Qdatihc 4.

7. F Q\WF\DJIA NWFEDZHWK NHW TCLDWQ\FCLICJICQ\I\T\IHCQ FCL ICQ\I\T\IHCF@ AMFCJD

Ic fc dxad``dct survdy hn tmd Amicdsd dahchey, Grfclt, Ef, fcl Wfwski (nhrtmaheicj)fpp`y tmd tdre dquiìgriue th icstitutihcf` ndfturds tmft frd misthriaf``y stfg`d, eutuf``yrdicnhraicj fcl dxtrded`y linniau`t th f`tdr, smhrt hn efohr smhaks iephsdl nrhe hutsild(depmfsis flldl). Zmft is edfct gy dquiìgriue8 Qtrftdjia ictdrprdtftihcs frd iepìaitic tmd fghvd frjuedct, gut efkicj tmde ehrd dxpìait efy prhvild nurtmdr icsijmts icthicstitutihcf` rdsiìdcad fcl icstitutihcf` ahmdrdcad, fs wd`` fs icth tmd cfturd hnicstitutihcf` amfcjd tmft efy gd pfrtif``y trijjdrdl gy dxhjdchus smhaks gut is ehrdnuclfedctf``y jdcdrftdl gy dclhjdchus strftdjia nhrads.

Icstdfl hn vidwicj icstitutihcs fs ru`ds hn tmd jfed tmft afc gd sdt fcl amfcjdl gyphìtiaf` ldardd (d.j., Chrtm 6992), tmis frtia`d prhphsds tmft icstitutihcs gd ildctinidl gy

tmd sfìdct wfys ic wmiam shaidtf` jfeds frd rdaursivd`y p`fydl, fcl dxpdatdl th gdp`fydl, gy fjdcts.


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stfg`d dquiìgriue stftd ic tmis jfed wi`` jdcdrftd f phìtiaf` stftd, wmiam gd`hw isrdndrrdl th fs tmd phìty.4

Mhw lh icliviluf` fjdcts ldf` witm tmd jfeds ic tmdsd vfrihus dahcheia, shaif` fclphìtiaf` lhefics8 Icliviluf` fjdcts, wmhdvdr tmdy efy gd, frd ìkd`y th ahhrlicftd tmdir

hwc strftdjia amhiads farhss tmdsd lhefics, strikicj f gf`fcad gdtwddc eftdrifìstia,dehtihcf`, fcl phìtiaf` pfyhnns ic tdres hn Dljdwhrtmifc ahep`dedctfrity fclsugstitutd rd`ftihcs. > Nurtmdr, fjdcts ic jfed situftihcs tfkd icth strftdjiaahcsildrftihc tmd ahep`dedctfry fcl sugstitutfg`d prhpdrtids hn tmdir hwc fatihcs vis--vis tmd prdvfiìcj pfttdrcs hn htmdrs fatihcs ic dfam lhefic. In tmd sfìdct ndfturds hntmdsd strftdjia rd`ftihcs farhss icliviluf`s jdcdrftd rdaursivd stftds hn p`fy, tmdy wi`àrdftd hvdrf`` icstitutihcf` frrfcjdedcts tmft dctfi` amfrfatdristias hn icstitutihcfàhep`dedctfritids, ìckicj tmd vfrihus lhefics hn shaidtf` dxamfcjds.

\mus icstitutihcs frd rdsiìdct. Mhwdvdr, tmdy frd cht rhgust nhrdvdr. \md aueu`ftivdahcsdqudcads hn pfst p`fys ic tmdsd lhefics fcl dxhjdchus smhaks efy icluadfjdcts th floust fcl flfpt tmdir strftdjia amhiads ic tmd mhpd hn ieprhvicj tmdir hvdrf``

pfyhnns. \hjdtmdr, tmdsd tmrdd nfathrs, misthriaf`, dxhjdchus, fcl dxpdriedctf`, efyamfcjd tmd ahep`dedctfry hr sugstitutfg`d rd`ftihcs fehcj icliviluf` fjdcts amhiadshn f`tdrcftivds. Ic tmis prhadss, strftdjia rd`ftihcs fehcj shed fjdcts efy amfcjdnrhe ahep`dedctfry th rivf`, hr viad vdrsf, tmus trijjdricj tmd phssigiìty hn icstitutihcfàmfcjd. Mhwdvdr, `dt us rdaf`` tmft icstitutihcf` stfgiìty cddls th gd edliftdl fclsustficdl tmrhujm pugìa rdprdsdctftihcs hn tmd sfìdct ndfturds hn tmd rdaursivd stftdshn p`fy tmft sdrvd fs tmd ah``dativd ahjcitivd rdshurads hn tmd icliviluf` fjdcts. \mus,wmi`d tmd fjdcts frd ic sdfram hn strftdjia floustedcts ic rdsphcsd th dclhjdchus fcldxhjdchus amfcjds ic tmd dahcheia, shaif`, fcl phìtiaf` lhefics, vfrihus pugìaprhphsitihcs efy ahepdtd nhr sfìdcay ic tmd pugìa-lisahursd lhefic gy sujjdsticj,pdrsuflicj, flvhafticj, hr sueefrizicj phssig`d ldsirfg`d lirdatihcs nhr strftdjiafloustedcts. \mis efy gd wmy f phìay hntdc fppdfrs fs in it afed prihr th fc

icstitutihcf` amfcjd. Mhwdvdr, ic hrldr nhr f prhphsitihc th fttfic f phsitihc hn sfìdcay,it mfs th gd prhvdl ic prfatiad th gd ahcsistdct witm fc dedrjdct stftd hn p`fy ic tmddahcheia, phìtiaf`, fcl shaif` lhefics. \mus, dahcheia hrjfcizftihcs, tmd phìty, fcl

shaif` chres frd ghucl th ah-dvh`vd dvdc in tmdrd frd vfriftihcs ic tmdir tieicj.:

@dt us chw ehvd hc th `hhk ft mhw tmis strftdjia pdrspdativd is md`pnu` th ucldrstfclicjtmd ahepfrftivd cfturd hn tmd icstitutihcf` prhadssds hut hn tmd prdehldrc stfjd icAmicf fcl Ofpfc.

1. \MD CF\TWD HN \MD AFCHCIAF@ Q\F\DQ HN R@FYIC VICJ AMICF FCL \HKTJFZF OFRFC

\mis sdatihc ldsarigds, ahepfrds, fcl ictdrprdts shed styìzdl icstitutihcf` ndfturds hntmd phìtiaf` dahcheids ic Vicj Amicf fcl \hkujfwf Ofpfc, wmi`d `dfvicj lisaussihc hntmd prhadssds `dflicj th tmdir ldeisd th tmd cdxt sdatihc. Nirst, it ldsarigds tmd nhref`jhvdrcicj ru`ds hn tmd phìty ic dfam ahuctry fcl ictdrprdts tmde ic tdres hn tmd

4\md Dcjìsm whrl stftd is ldrivdl nrhe tmd @ftic whrl stftus. Qtftus, fs wd`` fs tmd Dcjìsm ldrivftivds

stftia fcl stfg`d, fppìds th shedtmicj tmft is dstfgìsmdl fcl rdahjcizdl fs nixdl hr pdrefcdct ic fpfrtiau`fr phsitihc. Fs suam, tmd phìtiaf` stftd efy gd tmhujmt hn fs gdicj fpprhpriftd nhr fcdquiìgriue fcf`ysis, phssig`y yid`licj efcy vfridtids.

>Qhaif` grfic saidctists Ehctfjud fcl Gdrcs usd tmd edtfpmhr hn cdurh-aurrdcay th ldsarigd suam

ahjcitivd prhadssds (7227).:

\md vfrihus prhphsitihcs prdsdctdl ic tmis sdatihc frd fcf`ytiaf``y ldrivdl fcl sugstfctiftdl ic frtia`dsah``datdl ic Fhki (7261g).

:


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trfcsndr fcl faaueu`ftihc. \mdsd prfatiads hgvihus`y rdsu`tdl ic vdry ahep`dx prhpdrty

rijmts frrfcjdedcts.=

Cdvdrtmd`dss, tmd nhref` gurdfuarftia struaturd hn tmd Vicj jhvdrcedct wfs sef``. It isdstieftdl tmft tmdrd wfs hc`y hcd efjistrftd pdr 722,222122,222 pdfsfcts fcl tmdir

nfeiìds. Fs f rdsu`t, tmdrd wdrd vfrihus ehrf` mfzfrl prhg`des ft tmd `dvd` hn tmdefjistrftd fcl tmdir a`drks fcl ruccdrs ic tdres hn kddpicj tmd `fcl rdjistdr up-th-lftdfcl iephsicj tfxds faahrlicj th tmd hnniaif``y-sdt rftds. \md cdxt sugsdatihc lisaussdswfys ic wmiam tmdsd prhg`des wdrd ldf`t witm gy tmd strftdjia ehvds hn tmd vfrihusfjdcts, jdcdrfticj f spdainia icstitutihcf` pfttdrc th ardftd f strftdjia dquiìgriue. Nhrchw, `dt us faadpt nhr tmd gfsis hn tmis lisaussihc tmft tmd efohr shurad hn pugìanicfcad wfs tmd `fcl tfx tmft wfs ucivdrsf``y iephsdl hc `fclhwcdrs, wmi`d `fclhwcdrsmip fcl `dfsd mh`licjs wdrd `frjd`y lispdrsdl fehcj tmd pdfsfctry. \fxdswdrd spdct hc ahcsueptihc gy tmd ahurt, ahepdcsftihc nhr samh`fr-hnniaif`s(efclfrics), efictdcfcad hn ehchph`y eiìtfry nhrads,9 pugìa whrks suam fs `frjd-saf`d irrijftihc prhodats, prhvisihc hn shaif` sdaurity ic tmd nhre hn jrfic rdsdrvds nhrpdrihls hn nfeicd fcl cfturf` lisfstdr, fcl nisaf` rdsdrvds ic tmd ahnndrs. \md Vicj

lycfsty cdvdr ghrrhwdl nrhe privftd shurads ucti` tmd dcl hn tmd 69tm adctury wmdc tmdGhfrl hn Wdvdcud stfrtdl th tfkd hut `hfcs nrhe nhrdijcdrs.

\mus, ft tmd mdijmt hn tmd Vicj lycfsty, pugìa nicfcad, ucivdrsf` tfxftihc fclgurdfuarftia fleicistrftihc ahcstitutdl tmd gfsia ndfturds hn jhvdrcfcad. Jhvdrcedctafpfaity th sustfic itsd`n wfs supphrtdl nisaf``y gy ucivdrsf` tfxftihc hc `fcl`hrls fcl`fcl-mh`licj pdfsfcts. \md systde hn samh`fr`y-gfsdl sd`datihc hn hnniaif`s fcl tmdadctrfìzdl ehchph`y hn `djitieftd phìtiaf` vih`dcad md`pdl tmd lycfstia ru`dr ahcstrfictmd dedrjdcad hn `fcl-gfsdl, vih`dcad-gfakdl phìtiaf` phwdrs tmft ahu`l tmrdftdctmdir wdfk jhvdrcicj afpfaity ft tmd jrfssrhhts. \md curturicj hn sd`n-rdìfct dahcheiaicadctivds nhr icldpdcldct pdfsfct nfeiìds stfgiìzdl tmd nisaf` rdvdcuds hn tmdlycfstia ahurt, wmi`d lisputds gdtwddc `dfsd-mh`licj pdfsfcts fcl `fclhwcdrs grhujmt

gdnhrd efjistrftds wdrd hntdc ouljdl ic f wfy ldsijcdl th sdt f stfclfrl hn nfircdsstmft whu`l ahctrigutd th sustficicj tmd rurf` hrldr hn tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey(Mucj 7266; _dìc, Hakh, fcl Jfrld``f 722


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sfìdct pugìa rdprdsdctftihc hn tmis ahep`dedctfry hrldr. It wfs cht tmd afsd tmftAhcnuaifc pricaip`ds prhluadl tmis hrldr.

Fs chtdl fghvd, tmd Ofpfcdsd phìty luricj tmd \hkujfwf drf (Dlh pdrihl) fppdfrs thgd linndrdct nrhe tmft hn tmd Vicj. Efcy misthrifcs, ic Ofpfc fcl tmd Zdst fìkd, mfvd

tdcldl th amfrfatdrizd tmd Ofpfcdsd phìty ic tmis pdrihl fs f ndulf` stftd shedwmftfkic th tmd prdehldrc rurf` dahchey ic edlidvf` Zdstdrc Durhpd. I wi`` fttdept thrdnutd tmis vidw smhrt`y. Ic spitd hn nhref` linndrdcads gdtwddc Amicf fcl Ofpfc, tmdrdwfs hcd dssdctif` siei`frity ic tdres hn rd`ftihcs gdtwddc tmd phìty fs fc fjrfrifc-tfxstftd fcl tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey. \hkujfwf Ofpfc wfs livildl icth shed 122muclrdl Mfc, dfam sdrvdl gy tmd ahrphrftd ghly hn sfeurfi mh`licj dxaùsivd rijmts th`djitieftd phìtiaf` vih`dcad fs wd`` fs th `fcl tfxftihc fcl `djf` dcnhradedct witmic its

jdhjrfpmia tdrrithry. Mfc () is usuf``y trfcs`ftdl fs lhefic ic Dcjìsm, gut fs

smhwc gd`hw, tmis is ahcadptuf``y eis`dflicj fcl tmd tdre is cht usdl ic tmis wfy ic tmisfrtia`d. \md \hkujfwf Gfkunu (Qmhjucftds jhvdredct) wfs siei`fr th tmd Mfc,f`tmhujm its tdrrithry wfs euam `frjdr. Cftihcf` ldndcsd fcl tmd prhvisihc hn htmdrarhss-Mfc pugìa jhhls fcl prhodats wdrd tmd ah``dativd rdsphcsigiìtids hn f`` Mfc (hrtmdy wdrd smfrdl fehcj shed sd`datdl Mfc) gfsdl hc fssijcedcts hn tmdir rdspdativdsmfrds gy tmd Gfkunu. Fc iephrtfct listicatihc gdtwddc tmd Gfkunu fcl tmd Mfc ic tmisrdjied wfs tmd phwdr hn tmd Gfkunu th fghìsm f Mfc hr th trfcsndr f `hrl fcl itssfeurfi ghly th f tdrrithry witm ndwdr rdshurads, shedwmft rdeicisadct hn tmd phwdr hntmd ndulf` `hrl ic tmd Zdst. Mhwdvdr, suam fc fatihc wfs cht supphsdl th gd afrridlhut frgitrfri`y, nhr dxfep`d gdafusd hn tmd pdrshcf` lis`hyf`ty hn f `hrl th tmdQmhjucftd. Fatihc gy tmd Gfkunu wfs `djitieftd hc`y wmdc f Mfc wfs cdjìjdct icafrryicj hut fc fssijcdl rdsphcsigiìty th sustfic hvdrf`` hrldr, fs lisaussdl ic ehrdldtfi` gd`hw.

\md `fcl hwcdrsmip rdjistdr ic \hkujfwf Ofpfc hrijicftdl nrhe tmd @fcl Qurvdyahcluatdl gy \hyhthei Mildyhsmi hc tmd dvd hn cftihcf` uciniaftihc ucldr tmd Gfku

Mfc rdjied. Fs ic tmd Amicdsd lycfstids, tmd ictdctihc wfs th rdehvd fcy amf``dcjdsth mis cftihcf` uciniaftihc gy tmd `haf` `fclhwcdrsmip-gfsdl phìtiaf` fcl eiìtfryphwdrs. \mis survdy dxfeicdl ic ldtfi` tmd sizd fcl prhluativity hn f`` nfreicj p`hts fclfttrigutdl tmd prhpdrty rijmts fcl tfx hgìjftihcs th tmd fatuf` au`tivfthr hn dfam sef``p`ht. \md survdy wfs dcnhradl fjficst tmd rdsistfcad hn tmd `frjd pftriframf` nfeiìds,suam fs tmd eyhsmu (ìtdrf``y, tmd cfed mh`ldrs), wmh efcfjdl rd`ftivd`y `frjdnfreicj ucits witm qufsi-lhedstia sughrlicftd `fghrdrs (cfjh, ìtdrf``y, f cfed-mh`ldrs ami`l). \mdir nfei`y mdfls wdrd nhradl th rdsild ic afst`d thwcs fs edegdrs hntmd Mfcs sfeurfi ahrphrftd ghly. \md `fclhwcdrsmip rdjistdr wfs kdpt ic tmd vi``fjdhnniad fcl efcfjdl gy tmd hnniaif`s wmh wdrd tmdesd`vds au`tivfthrs. \md rdjistdr wfsrdvisdl fs au`tivfticj prfatiads amfcjdl tmrhujm icmdritfcad, ictrf-vi``fjd trfcsfatihcs,fcl sh hc. Rhtdctif` hwcdrsmip lisputds wdrd rdsh`vdl witmic tmd vi``fjd gy frgitrftihc

gy tmd vi``fjd hnniaif`. Zmdc prhpdrty rijmts lisputds arhssicj vi``fjd ghuclfrids wdrdgrhujmt gdnhrd tmd efjistrftds ahurt, ouljedcts wdrd efld, in phssig`d, gfsdl hcdvildcad nrhe \hyhtheis hrijicf` rdjistry (Ismii 69>>).

\md ah``datihc hn tmd `fcl tfx wfs ahctrfatdl hut th tmd vi``fjd hnniad gy tmd Mfcjhvdrcedct. \md Mfc jhvdrcedct lil cht ictdrvdcd ic vi``fjd fnnfirs fs `hcj fs tmdvi``fjd ahctrfat wfs hgsdrvdl. \mis icardfsicj vi``fjd sd`n-jhvdrcfcad wfs tmd gfsis hntmd GfkuMfc rdjied. Dvdc tmhujm tmdrd wfs ch a`dfr sdpfrftihc hn ahctrfat `fw nrheaivi` `fw, pdfsfcts tmus gdafed tmd ld nfath fcl ld ourd hwcdrs hn tmdir au`tivftdl`fcls fcl tmdy dcjfjdl ic `fcl trfcsfatihcs witmic tmd vi``fjd, fcl jrfluf``y vifhutsild edramfcts, ldspitd tmd Gfkunus hrijicf` prhmigitihc hn nfre`fcl `dfsicj fclsf`ds gy icldpdcldct `fclmh`licj pdfsfcts. \md Mfc jhvdrcedct gdafed f

gurdfuarftia ahrphrftd ghly hn sfeurfi wmh ldrivdl tmdir icahed faahrlicj th tmdir

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rfck nrhe tmd `fcl-tfx rdvdcud (ìkd tmd Amicdsd samh`fr-hnniaif`s), dvdc tmhujm tmdywdrd fredl gy tmdesd`vds (ucìkd tmd Amicdsd samh`fr-hnniaif`s). It wfs cht rfrd nhricahepdtdct hr lisshùtd `hrls th gd ahcnicdl th rdtirdedct gy fc fjrddedct fehcjefohr rdtficdrs hr fntdr nidrad nfatihcf` nijmticj (Kfsfyf 69==). \md sustficfgiìty hn tmdMfc fs f ahrphrftd ghly tmus thhk prihrity hvdr tmd pdrshcf` mhchr hn tmd `hrls.

Fs f wmh`d, tmd GfkuMfc rdjied f`sh efy gd ahcsildrdl fs fc fjrfrifc-tfx stftd,eutuf``y ahep`dedctfry th tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey gy tmd sfed `hjia fs fppìdlth Vicj Amicf. \md prhpdrty rijmts hn tmd pdfsfctry wdrd prhtdatdl hc tmd ahclitihctmft tmdy nu`ni``dl tmdir hgìjftihcs ucldr tmd vi``fjd ahctrfat, wmi`d tmd gurdfuarftiaghlids hn tmd Gfkunu fcl tmd Mfc wdrd nisaf``y supphrtdl gy ucivdrsf` tfxftihc hc f``mhusdmh`l edegdrs hn tmd vi``fjd ic tmdir rdspdativd tdrrithrids. F`tmhujm tmdldadctrfìzdl cfturd hn tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftd ic Ofpfc linndrdl ic tdres hn its nhref`struaturd nrhe tmd adctrfìzdl fjrfrifc-tfx stftd ic Amicf, fs wd wi`` sdd `ftdr, tmislinndrdcad tdcldl th gdahed gùrrdl ic prfatiad thwfrl tmd dcl hn tmd rdspdativd drfs.

Ahep`dedctfritids gdtwddc tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftd fcl tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey

cddl th gd qufìnidl ic twh rdspdats. Nirst, tmdsd ahep`dedctfritids lh cht iep`y tmfttmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey wfs fc dnniaidct dahcheia frrfcjdedct, dvdc jivdc tmdtdamch`hjiaf` phssigiìtids hn tmd tied. Qhed dahcheists frjud tmft sef``-saf`d pdfsfctnfreicj wfs fc dnniaidct rdsphcsd th tmd tdamch`hjiaf` iepdrftivds hn wdt nfreicj icehcshhc rdjihcs, wmdrd fttdctivd, ahcticuf` muefc afrd nhr tmd p`fcts wfs cdadssfry.Lddp p`hwicj gy efcuf` `fghr wfs md`pnu` th efkd tmd shi` ehrd ndrti`d (d.j., Hsmief69=:; Mfyfei fcl Htsukf 6991). Mhwdvdr, tmdrd is dvildcad tmft p`hwicj gymusgfclry ahu`l mfvd gddc ehrd prhluativd, gut tmis nhre hn nfreicj `frjd`ylisfppdfrdl luricj tmd trfcsitihcs nrhe tmd Eicj th tmd Vicj ic Amicf (@i Ghzmhcj699=) fcl nrhe tmd Zfrrihr pdrihl th tmd Dlh pdrihl ic Ofpfc (Mfyfei 7229). Rdrmfpstmd sef``-saf`d efcfjdedct ucit hn tmd ahcoujf` pdfsfct nfei`y ahu`l cht efkd usd hntmd saf`d dahcheids hnndrdl gy tdamch`hjy tmft rdquirdl ahst`y icvdstedcts. \mis

fppdfrs th icliaftd fc icstfcad wmdrd strftdjia ahep`dedctfritids efy efkd fcicdnniaidct stftd fs fc dquiìgriue stftd fcl tmus icstitutihcfìzdl. Qdahcl,ahep`dedctfritids gdtwddc tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftd fcl tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahcheycdvdr iepìdl stftia mfrehcy. F stfg`d dquiìgriue stftd dxistdl hc`y ft f mijm `dvd` hnfgstrfatihc. It degrfadl phtdctif` tdcsihcs tmft ahu`l gd rdvdf`dl hpdc`y luricjhaafsihcf` listurgfcads, suam fs tmd sphrflia pdfsfct rdvh`ts. Dvdc whrsd, tmddahcheia ldvd`hpedct hn tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey ahu`l shw sddls nhr fldstfgiìzftihc hn ahep`dedctfry rd`ftihcs. Ic hrldr th sdd mhw tmis ahu`l f`sh fpp`y thtmd phìty, wd eust jh gdyhcl f efarhsahpia vidw hn rd`ftihcs gdtwddc tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftd fcl tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey. Zd lh tmis ic tmd cdxt sugsdatihc gynhausicj hc tmd rh`ds hn ictdredliftd hrjfcizftihcs gdtwddc tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftd fcltmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey ic Amicf fcl tmhsd hn GfkunuMfc rd`ftihcs ic Ofpfc.

1.7 Ahepfrishc hn tmd Hvdrf`` Icstitutihcf` Frrfcjdedcts icVicj Amicf fcl \hkujfwf Ofpfc

1.7.6 Luf` Ahep`dedctfritids Icvh`vicj Jdctry Hrjfcizftihcs ic Amicf

\md prdvihus sugsdatihc f`ùldl th tmd phssigiìty tmft efjistrftds fcl tmdir stfnn icVicj Amicf ahu`l gdahed cdjìjdct fghut kddpicj tmd `fcl hwcdrsmip rdjistdr up thlftd fcl prdaisd, hr ahu`l dvdc rdvisd it frgitrfri`y nhr dfsd hn rdahrlicj, tfx ah``datihc,fcl ef`ndfsfcad, hntdc ic ah`ùsihc witm `frjd `fclmh`ldrs.66Nurtmdr, gdafusd hn tmd

66

Nhr aheprdmdcsivd trdftedct hn tmd ehrf` mfzfrl gdmfvihr hn tmd efjistrftds fcl tmdir a`drks fs wd`` fsDepdrhr Yhcjzmdcjs rdnhre fttdepts th ahctrh` tmd prhg`des fcl tmdir dvdctuf` nfiùrd, sdd _dìc

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rd`ftivd`y wdfk hrjfcizftihcf` fcl nisaf` gfsis hn tmd adctrfìzdl `haf` fleicistrftihc,tmd efjistrftds nfredl hut tfx ah``datihc th tmd `haf` jdctry? tmis ah`ùsivd prfatiad wfskchwc fs gfh`fc. \mrhujm tmis icnhref` prfatiad tmd jdctry jficdl rd`ftivd futhcheynrhe tmd `hwdr `dvd` fleicistrftihc nhr its hwc gdcdnit, wmi`d tmd sef``, wdfk pdfsfctmhusdmh`ls shujmt prhtdatihc nrhe tmd jdctry fjficst tmd frgitrfry suramfrjds gy tmdefjistrftds. Ic shutmdfst Amicf, wmdrd fjriau`turf` ldvd`hpedct frrivdl rd`ftivd`y `ftd,tfx ah``datihc wfs nfredl hut th vi``fjd-gfsdl a`fc hrjfcizftihcs (Gfkdr 69:9). Ic tmdYfcjtzd ld`tf wmdrd aheedrad fcl fjriau`turd wdrd ehst flvfcadl, wdf`tmidr jdctrynhredl nhref` hrjfcizftihcs, kchwc fs `fcl`hrl gursfrids (zuzmfc). \mdy ah``datdlrdcts nrhe tdcs hn muclrdls hn `dfsdmh`ldrs, pfil tfxds hut hn rdvdcuds, amfrjdl ndds,fcl listrigutdl tmd rdeficldr th edegdr `fclhwcdrs. \mdsd wdrd hntdc lisjuisdl fsa`fc hrjfcizftihcs nhr phìtiaf` ahrrdatcdss, gut ic nfat tmdy fssuedl ahrphrftdamfrfatdristias suam fs vhùctfry pfrtiaipftihc, pdrpdtuf` ìnd, fcl spdaifìzdlfleicistrftivd hrjfcizftihcs phssdssicj ahdraivd nhrad (Eurfeftsu 69>>, 69:2). 67Nurtmdr, ic tmd dfr`y 69tm adctury fcl tmdrdfntdr wmdc tmd sdaurity hn prhpdrty rijmtswfs icardfsicj`y tmrdftdcdl gy gfclits, sdardt shaidtids, rdgd`ìhus rdìjihus jrhups,

fcl sh hc, tmd phwdrnu` jdctry gdafed fativd ic hrjfcizicj vi``fjd-`dvd` eiìtif trficicjjrhups af``dl tufc, `dflicj th tdcsihcs witm tmd hnniaif` `haf` sdaurity nhrads. \mdsd`haf`, privftd jrhups wdrd tmdc eutuf``y ictdrahccdatdl th wildr fsshaiftihcs tmrhujmtmdir pdrshcf` rd`ftihcs witm tmd `dflicj jdctry (Kumc 69:2).

\mus, tmd nhref``y adctrfìzdl phìty ic Vicj Amicf fatuf``y dctfi`dl icardfsicjfssdrtihcs hn tmd jdctrys prhpdrty-rijmts ictdrdsts, gfakdl up gy qufsi-hnniaif` fredlnhrad. Mhwdvdr, luricj tmd mdijmt hn Vicj ru`d, icnhref` fcl nhref` tfx nfreicj gy tmddìtd jdctry md`pdl tmd efjistrftds wmh mfl hc`y wdfk nisaf`, shaif`, fcl pdrshccd`rdshurads. \md jdctrys fgiìty th pucism tmd pdfsfcts rdct frrdfrs wfs fildl gy `haf`phìad ucldr tmd ahctrh` hn tmd efjistrftd. \mus jhvdrcedcts ft `hwdr `dvd`s fcl tmd`haf` jdctry strftdjiaf``y ahep`dedctdl hcd fchtmdr, ictdrpdcdtrfticj hcd fchtmdrslhefic. 61 Gut it smhu`l f`sh gd chtdl tmft tmdrd wfs fc d`dedct hn strftdjiaahep`dedctfrity gdtwddc tmd jdctry fcl tmd pdfsfcts fs wd``. \md `fttdrs prhpdrtyrijmts wdrd prhtdatdl nrhe dxtdrcf` tmrdfts gy pfrtiaipftihc ic tmd tufc, `dl gy tmdjdctry fs wd`` fs nrhe tmd efjistrftds fgusivd usd hn phwdr gy dctdricj icth(lisjuisdl) `dfsicj ahctrfats. Quam luf` ahep`dedctfry rd`ftihcs hn tmd jdctry vis--vistmd lycfstia jhvdrcedct fghvd fcl tmd pdfsfctry gd`hw wdrd fc dssdctif` d`dedct hntmd afchciaf` stftd ic Vicj Amicf.

\mis shedwmft `ftdct hrldr gdafed icardfsicj`y hvdrt luricj tmd 69tm adctury. \mdlrfeftia upmdfvf` hn tmd \fipicj Wdgd`ìhc (6=426=>


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\md dedrjdcad hn qufsi-hnniaif` hrjfcizftihcs hn phìtiaf` vih`dcad listicat nrhe tmdhnniaif` eiìtfry trhhps wfs vdry sijciniafct fcl rfisdl tmd ictdrdsticj issud hn wmdtmdrtmdy smhu`l rdefic fs f strftdjia ahep`dedct th tmd ahurts phìtiaf` jhvdrcfcad hrwmdtmdr tmdy smhu`l gdahed f sugstitutd nhr tmd ahurts jhvdrcfcad. Luricj tmd\fipicj Wdgd`ìhc tmd jdctry-`dl rdjihcf` eiìtfry phwdrs wdrd adrtfic`y md`pnu` icsupphrticj tmd ahurts jhf` hn prdvdcticj its wdfkdcdl adctrfìzdl ahctrh` nrhe nurtmdrldaìcicj, wmi`d tmd dxtrfhrlicfry sd`n-rdìfct dnnhrts gy tmd `haf` jdctry fcl pdfsfcts,wmh wdrd rdaruitdl fs sh`lidrs th prhtdat tmdir hwc prhpdrty rijmts, wdrd fildl gy tmdsdei-hnniaif` cdtwhrks hn jdctry `dfldrs. Ic tmis rdspdat, tmd jdctrys futhchehushrjfcizftihcs hn fredl pdfsfcts fcl tmd ahurts phìtiaf` jhvdrcfcad rdeficdleutuf``y ahep`dedctfry. Mhwdvdr, ft tmd sfed tied, jdctry `dfldrs nicfcadl tmdmdfvy ahsts hn supphrticj tmdir freids tmrhujm rdjihcf` ahctrh` hvdr cht hc`y tmdtrflitihcf` sf`t fcl `fcl tfxds gut f`sh tmd cdw`y ardftdl `haf` aheedraif` tfxds ( ìoic).\mis wfs f efohr ldpfrturd nrhe tmd pricaip`d hn fvhilfcad ucldr lycfstia ru`d thsfndjufrl fjficst tmd dedrjdcad hn `fcl-gfsdl rdjihcf` phwdrs. Hcad f efohr rdvh`twfs qud``dl, icldpdcldct fssdrtihcs hn dìtd-jdctry phwdr ahu`l gdahed phtdctif`

tmrdfts th lycfstia ru`d. Iclddl, shed nfatihcs ic tmd ]ifcj Frey `ftdr stfjdl rdvh`ts.Mhwdvdr, _dcj Juhnfc, @i Mhcjzmfcj, fcl htmdr efohr `dfldrs amhsd th rdturc fshnniaif`s ic tmd lycfstia fleicistrftihc fcl fttdeptdl th rdstfgiìzd tmd ucstfg`dafchciaf` stftd tmrhujm tmd Qd`n-Qtrdcjtmdcicj Ehvdedct ic frdfs suam fs lip`hefay,frsdcf`s, gurdfuarfay-supdrvisdl, edramfct-efcfjdl dctdrprisds, fcl dluaftihc.Qhed hn tmdsd rdnhres thhkp`fad gdnhrd hr pfrf``d` witm tmd iclustrif` phìay hn tmdEdioi jhvdrcedct ic Ofpfc.6


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pugìa dxpdcliturds, dxadpt nhr tmd smfricj hn adrtfic ah``dativd rdsphcsigiìtids, suam fscftihcf` ldndcsd.

It smhu`l gd chtdl tmft tmdrd wfs f`sh fc icardfsicj trdcl thwfrl vi``fjd futhcheynrhe tmd Mfc jhvdrcedct ucldr tmd vi``fjd ahctrfat systde. Icitif``y, tmdrd wdrd

vfriftihcs ic tmd tfx-rftd ldtdreicftihc farhss tmd Mfc fcl hvdr tied. Ic shed p`fads,nrhe tmd dfr`y 6=tm th tmd eil-69tm adcturids tmd tfx rftds tdcldl th gd nixdl (Qeitm69==). Ic htmdrs, tmd efjistrftds hnniad dxfeicdl tmd phtdctif` arhps ic f vi``fjd dfamydfr fcl floustdl tmd tfx rftds faahrlicj`y, gut tmis ldtdreicftihc wfs vu`cdrfg`d thgrigdry hn hnniaif`s fs wd`` fs gurdfuarftia ictdrvdctihc ic tdres hn tmd tieicj hn tmdmfrvdst. Ic 6:77, tmd Gfkunu ahcvdrtdl th f nixdl-rftd tfx edtmhl, sugodat th pdrihliardvisihcs fcl witm fc dxadptihc a`fusd ic tmd afsd hn dxtrfhrlicfri`y phhr mfrvdsts(Hismi 69>6). Tcldr tmd nixdl-rftd samded, tmd vi``fjd pdfsfcts fs f ah` dativdgdafed tmd rdsiluf` a`fiefcts. \md edegdr mhusdmh`ls hn tmd vi``fjd tmdrdnhrd wdrdah``dativd`y ictdrdstdl ic ahctrh`ìcj nrdd-rilicj hc `haf` pugìa jhhls prhodats, suam fsahcstruatihc fcl efictdcfcad hn irrijftihc systdes tmft wdrd dssdctif` nhr wdt nfreicj.\mus tmd chre hn eutuf` ahepìfcad fcl ahhpdrftihc fehcj edegdr mhusdmh`ls ic

tmd vi``fjd dvh`vdl, witm ldvifct mhusdmh`ls tmrdftdcdl witm hstrfaise, kchwc fs eurfmfamigu, dxadpt ic icstfcads hn nird hr ldftm tmft ahu`l odhpfrlizd tmd sdaurity fclmdf`tm hn tmd vi``fjd aheeucity. \mis chre afc gd rdndrrdl th fs f edegdrsmip-gfsdlchre ic tmft it wfs hc`y giclicj hc f`` edegdrs hn tmd vi``fjd.64

\mus tmd ahep`dedctfritids gdtwddc tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftd fcl tmd pdfsfct-gfsdldahchey wdrd icstitutihcfìzdl ic \hkujfwf Ofpfc fs fc f``-icaùsivd ahfìtihcstruaturd, witm tmd qufsi-nisaf`-ndldrfìst GfkuMfc rdjied hc thp.

\md cdxt sdatihc wi`` lisauss mhw tmd cfturd hn tmd fjrfrifc-tfx stftds ic Amicf fclOfpfc jdcdrftdl dclhjdchus strftdjia nhrads tmft whu`l dvdctuf``y gricj fghut tmdirhwc ldeisd gy ldstfgiìzicj tmd afchciaf` stftds hn p`fy ucldr lycfstia ru`d ic ghtmahuctrids.


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fvfi`fg`d th shed prhvicaif` phwdrs wmh tmdc gdafed phìtiaf``y ehrd fssdrtivd.Nhrdijc eiìtfry tmrdfts stieu`ftdl ahcadrcs fghut eiìtfry tdamch`hjy fcl jdcdrfìclustrif` ldvd`hpedct. \md nh``hwicj sugsdatihcs nhaus hc mhw tmdsd ldvd`hpedcts`dl th tmd ldeisd hn ghtm tmd GfkuMfc rdjied fcl tmd Vicj lycfsty. Ic tmis prhadsshn ehvicj fwfy nrhe lycfstia ru`d, amfcjds nrhe strftdjia ahep`dedctfritids thstrftdjia rivf`rids fehcj shed fjdcts p`fydl iephrtfct rh`ds.

7, sfeurfi trhhps hntmd Qftsuef Mfc ki``dl fc Dcjìsmefc wmh wfs rilicj mis mhrsd cdfr Dlh fcl wmhf``djdl`y gdmfvdl ic f lishrldr`y wfy luricj f prhadssihc hn tmdir `hrl. \md Qftsuefrdnusdl Gritism ldefcls th prhvild icldecitids nhr tmd lfefjd, `dflicj th tmd ghegicjhn Qftsuef afst`d gy Gritism cfvy gftt`dsmips. \mis rdtfìftihc ahcvicadl tmd `hrl hnQftsuef fcl mis sfeurfi stfnn hn tmd cddl th gui`l f strhcj eiìtfry nhrad fcl th fvhilnuti`d hpdc ahcnìat witm tmd Zdstdrc phwdrs. \mdy gdjfc gy efkicj ldf`s witm f Gritismtrflicj ahepfcy th iephrt wdfphcs.

Amsm wfs hcd hn tmd ehst flvfcadl Mfc ic tdres hn tmd efrkdt ldvd`hpedct hn itspdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey.6>Mizdc cdfr Cfjfsfki phrt prhehtdl dxphrts hn iclijdchusrurf` prhluats tmrhujm its hwc trflicj mhusd, wmi`d f``hafticj 72% hn its fjriau`turf` tfxrdvdcud th iephrts hn eiìtfry dquipedct fcl htmdr iclustrif` prhluats. Ic tmis wfy, itquiak`y efstdrdl mhw th prhluad wdfphcry fcl htmdr efcunfaturdl jhhls. \hsf hcQmikhku Is`fcl wfs cht pfrtiau`fr`y listicat ic tdres hn dahcheia pdrnhrefcad, gut itsrftmdr ucstfg`d ictdrcf` phìtias prhluadl phìtiaf` fcl dahcheia dctrdprdcdurs nrhefehcj tmd `hwdr-rfckdl sfeurfi witm rurf` rhhts, icaùlicj tmd `ftdr nhucldr hn tmdEitsugismi zfigftsu, Iwfsfki Yftfrh. \mus tmd fgiìty hn f`` nhur hn tmdsd Mfc th gdahedfativd ic tmd rdnhre ehvdedct wfs gfsdl hc tmd ldvd`hpedct, ic hcd wfy hr tmd htmdr,hn tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl rurf` dahchey ic tmdir rdspdativd tdrrithrids.

6>\md ldvd`hpedct hn rurf` lhedstia iclustry ic Amsm mfs gddc wd`` stulidl gy futmhrs suam fs Qeitm(69==) fcl Cismikfwf (69=:). Qfith dstieftds tmft in chcfjriau`turf` dfrcicjs frd prhpdr`y tfkdc icth

faahuct, tmd fvdrfjd icahed hn its `dfsd-mh`licj pdfsfct mhusdmh`ls eijmt mfvd dxaddldl tmd wfjdicahed hn `fghrdrs ic Dcj`fcl ic tmd `ftd 6=tm adctury gy 62% (Qfith 7224).

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Icitif``y, tmdrd wfs ch ahcsdcsus fehcj tmdsd Mfc rdjfrlicj tmdir nhrdijc fcl rdnhrephìay hridctftihcs vis--vis tmd wdfkdcdl `dfldrsmip hn tmd Gfkunu. @hwdr-rfckdlsfeurfi ic Amsm, wmh mfl gddc tfujmt gy f amfriseftia cftihcfìstia ildh`hjud,Yhsmilf Qmic, thhk ahctrh` hn jhvdrcfcad hn tmd Mfc gy f ld nfath ahup ltft fclhpdc`y hpphsdl tmd shnt lip`heftia phìay hn tmd Gfkunu. \mdy ghegdl Durhpdfcsmips pfssicj tmrhujm f strfit nfaicj tmdir tdrrithry gut u`tieftd`y mfl th pfy `frjdicldecitids. \mdy tmdc ehlinidl tmdir phìay stfcad gy nhausicj hc tmd rdsthrftihc hniepdrif` ru`d fs edfcs th dcl \hkujfwf mdjdehcy. \md ehrd ehldrftd \hsf Mfcprhphsdl tmd dstfgìsmedct hn f twh-tidrdl pfrìfedctfry systde sh tmft tmd ldaisihc-efkicj prhadss ic tmd ahfìtihc struaturd whu`l gd ehrd hpdc fcl pfrtiaipfthry? tmdsystde wfs th gd efld up hn fc uppdr mhusd wmhsd edegdrs wdrd tmd `hrls hn f`` tmdMfc fcl f `hwdr mhusd witm sd`datdl sfeurfi gurdfuarfts fs edegdrs. Mizdcrdeficdl rftmdr f`hhn nrhe tmd phìtiaf` sadcd, nhausicj hc its hwc dahcheialdvd`hpedct. F`tmhujm f vfridty hn pugìa prhphsitihcs sti`` ahcticudl th ahepdtd nhrsfìdcay, Amsm ehgiìzdl its eiìtfry phwdr ic Kyhth wmdrd tmd depdrhr rdsildl. \misprdefturd uprisicj, kchwc fs tmd Nhrgilldc Jftd Icaildct (6=>:. \mdy thhkhvdr tmd jhvdrcicj phsitihc fcl ic 6=:6 tmd GfkuMfc rdjied wfs nhref``y fghìsmdl.


19/35


`dl gy Quc Yftsdc. \mdy wdrd dvdctuf``y fpphictdl aheefcldrs, ahucai`hrs, hrhnniadrs ic tmd prhvicaif` cdw freids. Edegdrs hn iclijdchus pdfsfct nfeiìds witmrdahrls hn tmrdd jdcdrftihcs rdsilicj ic f vi``fjd fcl witm ch misthry hn aried hr hpiueahcsueptihc wdrd rdaruitdl fs sh`lidrs ic tmd cdw frey trhhps (Mftfch 69:1).

Dfam prhvicad wfs th gdfr tmd ahsts hn supphrticj tmdir Cdw Frey trhhps, ic fllitihc thsmfricj tmd risicj hgìjftihcs nhr nhrdijc `hfcs fcl vfrihus icldecitids.

6:Qhed

prhvicads, suam fs Mugdi, wmiam wfs jhvdrcdl gy f nhredr hnniadr ic tmd ]ifcj Frey,_mfcj _milhcj, f`sh gdafed fativd ic ldvd`hpicj frsdcf`s, stdd` ei``s, rfi`rhfls,dluaftihcf` icstitutihcs, fcl phrt nfaiìtids, fs wd`` fs ic prhehticj aheedrad. Ic hrldrth efcfjd tmdsd fcl htmdr pugìa hgìjftihcs fcl prhodats, tmd prhvicaif` jhvdrcedctscddldl cdw shurads hn nisaf` rdvdcud htmdr tmfc tmdir trflitihcf` smfrds hn tmd `fcl tfx.Fntdr mfrl gfrjficicj witm tmd Ghfrl hn Wdvdcud hn tmd iepdrif` ahurt, tmd prhvicaif`jhvdrcedcts wdrd f``hwdl th eict ahppdr ahics ic mijm yufc ldcheicftihcs fcl thissud gi``s gfakdl up gy tmde. Ic Vicj Amicf, tmdrd mfl trflitihcf``y gddc twh kicls hnehcdy? (i) si`vdr (icaùlicj icjhts hr ahics eictdl fgrhfl), usdl fs edfcs hnsdtt`dedct nhr `hcj-listfcad trfld fs wd`` fs nhr tfx pfyedcts; fcl (ii) vfrihus ahppdr

ahics, usdl fs f edfcs hn `haf` dxamfcjd fcl tmd pdfsfcts sthrd hn fssdts. Dxamfcjdrftds wdrd cdjhtiftdl th eddt pugìa nicfcad cddls ft tmd vfrihus fleicistrftivd `dvd`s.Mhwdvdr, tmdrd wfs f amrhcia smhrtfjd hn ahppdr ahics gdafusd hn tmd nrfjedctftihchn tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl rurf` dahchey, wmiam `dl th fc fpprdaiftihc hn fghut 74% ic tmdvfùd hn ahppdr aurrdcay fjficst si`vdr gdtwddc tmd dcl hn tmd \fipicj Wdgd`ìhc fcltmd turc hn tmd adctury. F sugstfctif` fehuct hn sdijcihrfjd wfs tmus efld phssig`d nhrprhvicaif` jhvdrcedcts th dxp`hit tmd linndrdcad gdtwddc tmd puramfsicj ahsts hn rfweftdrif`s nrhe Yuccfc prhvicad fcl Ofpfc hc tmd hcd mfcl, fcl tmd mijm dxamfcjdvfùds hn ahppdr ahics fjficst si`vdr hc tmd htmdr (Kurhlf 699


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fcl sti`` htmdrs prhphsd f cdw Amicf-spdainia aftdjhry hn f tmirl spmdrd gdtwddc stftdfcl shaidty.69Mhwdvdr, tmd ldvd`hpedct hn fc dahcheia fcl shaif` icnrfstruaturd tmftwhu`l nfaiìtftd tmd dxpfcsihc hn trfld, fs wd`` fs sdaurd aheedraif` fcl privftdprhpdrty rijmts fcl tmd ehchph`y phsitihc hn tmd jdctry fcl edramfcts, wfs cht dctird`yfjficst tmd ictdrdsts hn tmd jdctry fcl tmd wdf`tmy edramfcts. Ic rdturc nhr gdfricj tmdrisicj ahsts, tmdy ldefcldl tmft tmdir vhiads gd mdfrl tmrhujm tmd prhvicaifàhcsu`tftivd fssdegìds tmft wdrd ardftdl ic 6929 gy tmd adctrf` jhvdrcedct fs fedfcs hn rd`fticj lirdat`y th tmd `haf` dìtds ic prdpfrftihc nhr tmd prheisdl ictrhluatihchn shed typd hn ahcstitutihcf` jhvdrcfcad systde ic 696>. Ic tmis wfy, tmd `haf` dìtdssugt`y smintdl tmdir strftdjia phsitihc nrhe ahep`dedcticj lycfstia ru`d th sugstituticjnhr its fgsdcad ic tdres hn tmd prhvisihc hn pugìa jhhls. Nrhe tmis pdrspdativd, tmd nirsttwh hn tmd fghvd vidws afpturd hc`y hcd fspdat hn tmd dvh`vicj situftihc ft tmd cdj`dathn tmd htmdr, wmdrdfs tmd tmirl vidw fppdfrs th ictrhluad f rdluclfct aftdjhry.

It is iephrtfct th chtd tmft trflicj adctdrs suam fs Mfckhu, Jufcjlhcj, fcl Qmfcjmfitmrivdl gy p`fyicj f rh`d ic ictdredlifticj trfld ic afsm arhps fcl mfcliarfnt prhluatsgy nfei`y nires (_dìc 69=


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shed aruaif` nfathrs ic tmis fcl rd`ftdl efttdrs, `dt us cdxt ictrhluad f siep`d jfed-tmdhry pfrfg`d ic tmd cdxt sdatihc. (\mhsd rdfldrs wmh frd cht kddc hc fcf`ytiaf`frjuedcts efy skip it.)

4. AHCLI\IHCQ NHW FC ICQ\I\T\IHCF@\WFCQIQ\IHC IC F EHLD@ HN F \MWDD-RFW\YJFED

Hcd hn tmd ehst fativd tmdeds ic rdadct dahcheia tmhujmt mfs gddc tmd ahepdticjiepfats hn nisaf` afpfaity fcl `dvd`s hn eiìtfry tdamch`hjy hc phìtiaf` dquiìgriue ic tmdprdehldrc stftd. Nhr dxfep`d, Jdccfhì fcl ^htm (7261) dxfeicdl tmd dedrjdcad hnafpfg`d cftihc stftds ic Zdstdrc Durhpd nrhe eiìtfry ahepdtitihc fehcj f cuegdr hnstftd`dts. Ic tmis ehld`, tmdrd frd dssdctif``y twh typds hn fathrs, hcd witm strhcjdrnisaf` afpfgiìtids fcl hcd witm wdfkdr. Gds`dy fcl Rdrsshc (7266) ldsarigd tmdahctdst fjficst fc icauegdct ru`dr gy f amf``dcjdr, its hutahed gdicj ditmdr tmd ldndfthr tmd sustdcfcad hn icauegdct ru`d, wmiam efy gd rd`dvfct th fc ucldrstfclicj hn tmdiepfat hn phìtiaf` vih`dcad, fs hgsdrvdl ic shed ldvd`hpicj dahcheids. F`tmhujmtmdsd ehld`s frd ictdrdsticj ic tmdir hwc rijmt fcl rd`dvfct th shed iephrtfcticstitutihcf` pmdchedcf, fs chtdl fghvd, tmdy efy cht gd rd`dvfct nhr fcucldrstfclicj hn tmd phìtiaf` dahcheia pmfsds ic Dfst Fsif. Ft tmd dcl hn tmd GfkuMfc rdjied ic Ofpfc, tmd icauegdct ru`dr edt amf``dcjds nrhe eu`tip`d fathrs, tmdMfc, wmh nrhe tmd gdjiccicj wdrd cht cdadssfri`y ic fjrddedct hc tmd hvdrf`` phìtiaf`fjdclf. Fs chtdl, tmd ]icmfi Wdvhùtihc wfs afrridl hut gy fc ucdxpdatdl f`ìfcadfehcj f vfridty hn fjdcts. Ic spitd hn tmd linndrdcads ic tmdir phìtiaf` fjdclfs, tmdphìtiaf` fathrs wmh prdsdctdl f amf``dcjd ic ghtm Ofpfc fcl Amicf wdrd shedmhwfg`d th fìjc tmdir fatihcs th rdehvd tmd icauegdcts. F`tmhujm tmdir phìtiaf` phwdr wfs

gfakdl up gy tmd phtdctif` hn tmd eiìtfry tdamch`hjy tmft tmdy ahu`l aheefcl, tmdtrfcsitihcs nrhe icauegdct ru`d wdrd rd`ftivd`y g`hhl`dss. Ic ghtm trfcsitihcs, ucìkd ictmd Nrdcam, Fedriafc, fcl Wussifc rdvhùtihcs, tmd dnndativd phìtiaf` prhphsitihc tmftwfs rd`ftivd`y dfsy nhr tmd vfrihus amf``dcjdrs th ahed th fjrddedct uphc wfs frdsthrftihcrdsthrftihc hn iepdrif` ru`d fcl rdehvf` hn tmd Efcamu ru`drftmdr tmfcf a`dfr rdvhùtihcfry fjdclf

\h afpturd tmd aheehc uciqud d`dedcts ic tmd icstitutihcf` prhadssds ic Amicf fclOfpfc, fs wd`` fs th dxfeicd tmd iepfats hn tmd sugt`d linndrdcads gdtwddc tmde, I wi`ìctrhluad gd`hw f ehld` hn f tmrdd-pdrshc phìtiaf`-dahcheia jfed tmft is p`fydl gytmd ru`dr, f phssig`d amf``dcjdr, fcl fc hpphrtucist wmh amhhsds f strftdjia phsitihcgdtwddc tmd twh ldpdclicj hc tmd situftihc fcl ldpdclicj hc jfed situftihc. \mdyfrd ldchtdl gy W, A, fcl H, rdspdativd`y. Nrhe tmd lisaussihc ic tmd prdvihus sdatihc,it efy gd icndrrdl tmft tmdsd fjdcts ahu`l afpturd shed hn tmd dssdctif` amfrfatdristiashn f rdgd` pdfsfct hrjfcizftihc (d.j., tmd \fipicj Mdfvdc`y Frey), nhref` hr icnhref`hrjfcizftihcs hn tmd jdctry (d.j., tmd ]ifc Frey), tmd Mfc, tmd Cdw Freids (wmdtmdrahcsdrvftivd hr prhjrdssivd), hr prhvicaif` jhvdrcedcts, ldpdclicj hc tmd ahctdxt hntmd phssig`d fppìaftihc. Mhwdvdr, tmd fcf`ysis ic tmis sdatihc prhaddls ic f rftmdrfgstrfat nfsmihc, ic hrldr th ldrivd ahclitihcs nhr tmd dxistdcad hn stfg`d dquiìgrif hnfjdcts strftdjia ictdrfatihcs fcl tmdir ahepfrftivd stftia prhpdrtids.

Iefjicd tmd phìtiaf` dahchey mfs sustficdl f stfg`d stftd hn p`fy up th tmd prdsdct,ldchtdl gy0uW*, uH*, uA*3 ic tdres hn tmd p`fydrs pfyhnns, wmiam is rdndrrdl th fs tmd afchciaf` stftd. Ic tmd prdsdct tied, rdndrrdl th fs tmd nirst pdrihl, A ldailds wmdtmdr hrcht th ldviftd nrhe tmd afchciaf` stftd. Ic afsd A ldviftds, tmd pfyhnn prhni`ds wi`` gd ?

0uW*- , uH*- , uA*- +A 3, wmdrd5 tmd dxtdrcf` ahst iephsdl hc pugìa jhhls

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prhvisihc gy A fclA5 tmd privftd gdcdnit th A nrhe smirkicj in phsitivd fcl tmd ahst hn

rdvh`ticj th A in cdjftivd.

Ic pdrihl 7, W fcl H rdfat th As fatihc, th wmiam A ahuctdr-rdfats. \md hutahed hntmdir ictdrfatihcs ldtdreicds tmd cfturd hn nuturd stftds nrhe tmdc hc. In A rdvh`ts ic

pdrihl 6, W trids th pucism hr yid`l th A ic pdrihl 7, ldpdclicj hc tmd efjcituld hn tmd`fttdrs rdvh`t, fclf ahcnìat frisds. H ldailds witm wmhe th fìjc its strftdjy. @dt0W,H, A3 rdprdsdcttmd strftdjy prhni`d ic tmis situftihc, wmdrd2 W

Wfcl2 A

Ardprdsdct tmd `dvd` hnahcnìat-efcfjdedct fatihc gy W fcl A rdspdativd`y, icvh`vicjrdspdativd ahstWfclAA;fcl2 |H| K

Hrdprdsdcts tmd `dvd` hn As strftdjia fatihcicvh`vicj ahst H|H|, witm H 0 2 (f`tdrcftivd`y, H 3 2) iep`yicj Hs fatihc fjficst A(rdspdativd`y, Hs fatihc fjficst W).

Qtrftdjia prhni`d0W,H, A3 yid`ls ditmdr hn twh nuturd stftds? trfcsitihc th f cdw stftdldchtdl gy Cputticj fc dcl th tmd Ws ru`d, hr tmd pucismedct hn Aldchtdl gy Rwitm tmd nfiùrd hn As (fcl phssig`y Hs) rdvh`t, witm tmd rdspdativd prhgfgiìty hnR

C(W,H, A) fcl R

R(W,H, A) 5 6 R

C(W,H, A). NhrH3 2tmd pfyhnn prhni`d hn dfam

stftd is jivdc gy(C) 0 uW*- AW- W,u

H*+

H(H, A) H|H|, u

A*+

A(H, A) AA3

(R) 0uW*+ AG + AA() - W, uH*- AH HH, u

A* AA() AA3,

NhrH 2

(C) 0 uW*- AW- W,uH*- AG- |H|H, u

A*+ A(H, A) AA3;

(R) 0uW*+ AA() - W, uH*+ (6-)A

A() - |H|H, u

A*- A

A() AA,

wmdrd AW rdprdsdcts tmd `hss W sunndrs wmdc it `hsds tmd jhvdrcicj phsitihc; AHrdprdsdcts tmd `hss H sunndrs wmdc it nfi`s th ahhpdrftd witm A; fcl AA() is tmdpdcf`ty iephsdl hc A wmdc its rdvh`t nfi`s, wmiam ldpdcls hc tmd efjcituld hn lfefjdlhcd hc pugìa jhhls gy tmd rdvh`t ic pdrihl 6, fcl is f pfrfedtdr rdprdsdcticj Wssmfrd ic tmdjfics nrhe tmd pucismedct hn A, witm6 3 3 2. H fclA rdprdsdct tmdphìtiaf` dahcheia jfics dxpdatdl nrhe tmd trfcsitihc th tmd cdw stftd Csiep`yrdndrrdl th fs tmd dxpdatdl phst-trfcsitihc jficsfaaruicj th H fcl A. Ldchticj pfrtif`ldrivftivds hn nucatihcs gy sugsaripts hn rd`dvfct vfrifg`ds, wd fssued tmftHH 2 fcl

AA 2. In

HA,

AH3 2 (f`t. 0 2), tmdy rdprdsdct dxtdrcfìtids ic jficicj dxpdatdl phst-

trfcsitihc jfics (rdspdativd cdjftivddxtdrcfìtids). InHHA, A

HA3 2 (f`t.0 2), wd sfy Hsfcl Asstrftdjids frd ahep`dedcts (rdspdativd`yrivf`rids) ic dxpdatdl phst-trfcsitihcjfics. Dvdc in tmdrd frd cdjftivd dxtdrcfìtids, tmd strdcjtmdcicj hn hwc strftdjy gydfam p`fydr ahu`l eitijftd tmd dnndat. Qh wd f`wfys fssued tmft HHA,

AHA3 2.Zd lh

cht cddl th fssued tmd ahcafvity hnH fclA.

RC fcl RQ sueefrizd phssig`d stftd-hutaheds hn p`fydrs strftdjia ictdrfatihcs ictdres hn tmdir ahcnìat-efcfjicj tdamch`hjids. \mis nucatihc efy gd rdjfrldl fsfcf`hjhus th wmft Gdsd`y fcl Rdrsshc (7266) af`` tmd ahcnìat tdamch`hjy ic tmdir twhpdrshc jfed hn phìtiaf` vih`dcad. Mhwdvdr, ic hur tmrdd-pdrshc jfed ahctdxt, tmdhutahed hn tmd jfed efy f`sh ldpdcl hc wfys f ahfìtihc efy gd nhredl fehcjp`fydrs. \mdrdnhrd, ic its ictdrprdtftihcs, it cddl cht gd rdjfrldl fs rdndrricj hc`y thmfrl tdamch`hjy icvh`vicj pmysiaf` vih`dcad gut f`sh th shnt tdamch`hjy, icvh`vicj ldf`s,icnhreftihc dxamfcjd, lip`hefay, pdrsufsihc fcl htmdredfcs.ZdfssuedRCH, R

CA

2 fcl tmusRCW 2. Zd rdndr th tmd afsd hnRC

HA3 2 fs strftdjiaahep`dedcts hn ahcnìat-efcfjicj tdamch`hjids ic trfcsiticj th f cdw stftd (hr siep`y f tdamch`hjiafàhep`dedct) gdtwddc H fcl A. Fs smhwc `ftdr, dvdc inRCH, R

CA3 2, it ahu`lmfppdc

tmft RCHA 0 2. \mis afsd is rdndrrdl th fs strftdjia rivf`ry ic ahcnìat-efcfjdedcttdamch`hjy, listicat nrhe tmd rivf`ry ic tmd dxpdatdl phst-trfcsitihc jfics. Fs wd wi`` sdd

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gd`hw, tmis listicatihc is iephrtfct nhr fssdssicj tmd dxistdcad fcl iepìaftihcs hneu`tip`d dquiìgrif. Gy tmd sijc ahcvdctihc hn H, wd sfy Hs strftdjy is tmdtdamch`hjiaf` ahep`dedct (f`tdrcftivd`y, rivf`ry) th Ws ic rdluaicj (f`tdrcftivd`y,prhehticj) trfcsitihc th f cdw stftd, inRCWH0 2 (rdsp.R

CWH3 2). Zd f`wfys fssuedR

CWA

0 2.

Zd sh`vd tmd ehld` gfakwfrl, gdjiccicj ic tmd sdahcl pdrihl. Ldchticj dquiìgriuevfùds witm fc fstdrisk, tmd sdahcl pdrihl Cfsm dquiìgriue rdquirds tmd Kumc \uakdrahclitihc tmft DuWW* 2, W*Du

WW*5 2; Du

HH* 2, (H*- K

H)Du

HH*5 2; fcl Du

AA* 2,

A*DuA

A*5 2.

Nirst, ic hrldr th amdak tmd phssigiìty hn eu`tip`d dquiìgrif, `dt us dxfeicd wmdtmdr fcdquiìgriue is phssig`d nhr ghtm, hr ditmdr hn, H 2 fcl H 3 2 fcl in sh ucldr wmftahclitihcs. Nirst `dt us ahcsildr tmd afsdH 2. Qtrfijmtnhrwfrl afàu`ftihcs hn arhssldrivftivds hnDuW, DuHfcl Duaprhvild tmd nh``hwicj icdqufìtids.

DuW

WH 5RR

W|H|(AW+ A

A()) 3 2

Du

W

WA5 R

R

WA

(A

W

+ A

A

()) 0 2Du

HHW5 R

RHW(A

H+ (6-)A

A()) 3 2

DuHHA 5 RR

|H|A(AH + (6-)AA()) 0 2

DuA

AW5 RC

AW[A(A) + A

A()U + R

CW

AA(A) 0 2

DuA

AH 5 - RR

A|H|[A(A) + A

A()U R

R|H|

AA(A) 0 2 .

\mdsd dqufìtids f`thjdtmdr iep`y tmft 0DuW, DuH, DuA3 frd supdr-ehlu`fr ic 0W, H,K

AkA3 (\hpkis69:9; Ei`jrhe fcl Whgdrts 6992). \mus wd mfvd?

Rrhphsitihc 6?\mdrd f`wfys dxists ft `dfst hcd dquiìgriue witmH 2.

\mis afsd lhds cht cdadssfri`y iep`y tmft As rdvh`t is lhhedl th nfi`. Mhwdvdr, tmdahclitihcs hn icardfsicj linndrdcads hn DuWW, Du

HH, fcl Du

AA

witm rdspdat th pfrfedtdrsAWfcl AHA smhw tmft dquiìgriue vfùds hn W*fcl H*frd icardfsicj fcl kA* is chc-icardfsicj witm rdspdat th icardfsds ic AWfcl AHA. @ikdwisd, dquiìgriue vfùds hn W*fcl H*frd icardfsicj fcl kA*is chc-icardfsicj witm rdspdat th ldardfsds ic ,

H, -A

. \mft is, tmd jrdftdr tmd ldflwdijmt `hssds hn W fcl H ic tmd afsd hn ldndft fjficsttmd amf``dcjd hn A fcl/hr tmd ehrd dnniaidct tmdir ahcnìat tdamch`hjy rd`ftivd th tmft hnA, tmd jrdftdr tmd ohict ehgiìzftihc hn ahcnìat tdamch`hjy gy tmde sh tmft tmdprhgfgiìty hn trfcsitihc whu`l gd rdluadl.

Ic ahepfrishc th tmis siep`d afsd, tmd phssigiìty hn fc dquiìgriue witmHfppdfrs thrdquirdshed ahclitihcs. Nirst, tmd strfijmtnhrwfrl afàu`ftihc hn tmd arhss ldrivftivds

prhvilds?Du

WWH 5R

RWH[A

W+ A

H+ A

A()U 0 2

DuW

WA5 RR

WA[AW+ A

H+ A

A()U 0 2

DuHHW5 RC

HW[H(H, A) + A

HU + RCWH

H(H, A) 0 2

DuH

HA 5 RC

HA[H(H, A) + A

HU + R

CH

HA(H, A) + R

CA

HH(H, A) + R

C

HHA(H, A)

DuAAW5 RC

AW[A(H, A) + A

A()U + RCWA

A(H, A) 0 2

DuA

AH 5 RC

AH[A(H, A) + A

A()U + R

CA

AH(H, A) + R

CH

AA(H, A) + R

C

AAH(H, A)

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Qh, tmd ahclitihcs nhr 0DuW, DuH, DuA3 th gd supdr-ehlu`fr ic 0 KWW,H, kA3 fs fcdquiìgriue ahclitihc micjd hc wmdtmdrDuHHAfclDu

AAHafc gd phsitivd. \mdc ditmdr hn

tmd nh``hwicj twh prhphsitihcs mh`l.

Rrhphsitihc 7? H fcl A frd strftdjia ahep`dedcts ic tmdir ahcnìat-efcfjdedct

tdamch`hjids fcl tmdrd frd ch cdjftivd dxtdrcfìtids fcl ch rivf`rids ic tmd dxpdatdlphst-trfcsitihc jfics. \mft is,RCHA

3 2 3 -

HA, R

CAH

3 2 3

AH,

HHA32,

AAH3 2.

\mis afsd efy gd ahcsildrdl fs dssdctif``y rdluaig`d th tmd twh-pdrshc jfed hnGds`dy-Rdrsshc typd edctihcdl fghvd. Nhr hur ahcadrc, tmd nh``hwicj prhphsitihc iseuam ehrd rd`dvfct fcl ictdrdsticj.

Rrhphsitihc 1? Dvdc in H fcl A eutuf``y dxdraisd dxtdrcf` lisdahcheids hc dfamhtmdrs dxpdatdl phst-trfcsitihc jfics, tmdsd afc gd hvdrahed gy strhcjahep`dedctfritids ic tmdir ahcnìat-efcfjdedct tdamch`hjids ic pdradctfjd tdres.

\mft is,RCHA/RC

H3 -

HA/[

H+ A

HU 3 2? R

CAH/R

CA

3

AH/[

A(H, A)U + A

A()U 3 2. (Ic tmis

afsdHHA frdH

HA frd fssuedl th gd phsitivd, fs tmdir hwc strftdjids afc eitijftd tmd

htmdr pfrtys dxtdrcf` lisdahcheids.)Nhr tmdsd twh afsds, tmd ahclitihcs hn icardfsicj linndrdcads hnDuW, DuH, fcl DuA witmrdspdat th tmd pfrfedtdrs smhw tmft tmd dquiìgriue vfùds hn H fcl A frd chc-ldardfsicj(f`tdrcftivd`y, tmft hnkWis chc-icardfsicj) witm rdspdat th icardfsds ic -A

W,

, H,A.Fs isictuitivd`y a`dfr, tmdsd iep`y tmft icardfsds ic tmd `dvd`s hn dnniaidcay hntmd ahcnìat-efcfjdedct tdamch`hjy gy H fcl A rd`ftivd th W whu`l dcmfcad adtdrispfrigustmd prhgfgiìty hn trfcsitihc th f cdw stftd. Ic tmd rdvdrsd afsd, tmd prhgfgiìtyhn rdprdssihc hn H fcl A gy W whu`l gd dcmfcadl. \md nh``hwicj ahepfrftivd stftiardsu`t is rd`dvfct fcl ictdrdsticj nhr hur stuly, fs lisaussdl ic tmd nh``hwicj sdatihc.

Ahrh``fry 6? Ic f ahcnìat situftihc ic wmiam H fcl A ahhpdrftd ic rdvh`t fjficst W, tmdrdsistfcad hn W efy gd eitijftdl fs mis dxpdatdl `hss nrhe trfcsitihc th tmd cdw stftd

is fssurdl th gd ehldrftdl.\md `fst twh prhphsitihcs prhvild sunniaidct ahclitihcs nhr tmd dxistdcad hn dquiìgriue.Mhwdvdr, rd`fxicj tmd fssueptihcs hn tmd strftdjia ahep`dedctfritids ic ahcnìat-efcfjdedct tdamch`hjids dvdc witmhut tmd fssueptihc hn cdjftivd dxtdrcfìtids ic tmddxpdatdl phst-trfcsitihc jfics efy rdcldr dquiìgriue witmH, A3 2 cht phssig`d. \misefy iep`y f aruaif` rh`d hn tmd strftdjia ahep`dedctfritids ic ahcnìat-efcfjdedcttdamch`hjids gdtwddc H fcl A th dcmfcad tmd phssigiìty hn trfcsitihc. Nhr dxfep`d,ahcsildr f afsd nhr wmiamH fclA frd ahcstfct sh tmft H fcl A frd eutuf``y cdutrf` icdxpdatdl phst-trfcsit jfics fcl tmdir strftdjids fnndat hc`y ahcnìat hutaheds faahrlicjth f ahctdst nucatihc (\u``hak 69=2) dxtdcldl th tmd afsd hn tmrdd-pdrshc jfed?

RC 5 (H+ A)/(W+H+A +Q) nhr H 2

RR5 (W- H) /(W H+ A) nhr H 0 2,

wmdrd Q rdprdsdcts tmd sdt-up ahst hn f cdw stftd. Chtd tmft RCAH5A(W+Q)/[W+H+A+QU

10 2, wmiam iepìds tmft H fcl A frd strftdjia rivf`s ic f phssig`dahcnìat situftihc. Ahcsildr nirst tmdphssigiìty ic wmiam - KH H 0 2 is f amhiad nhr H.\mdc, DuHH5 -R

RH

H + H 5

H A/(W H + A)

A + H 3 2 sh tmft H 0 2 afccht gd fc

dquiìgriue amhiad nhr H. Qh fssuedH 2. As strftdjia rdfatihc th tmis hujmt th gd thniclA 2nhr wmiamDu

AA 5 R

CAu

A A5 (W+Q) u

A/[W+H+A+QU

7 A5 2, wmdrdu

Ais

As cdt pfyhnn jfic nrhe trfcsitihc dquf` thA + AA()- uA* 3 2. Tcldr wmftahclitihc istmis phssig`d8 @dt us rdwritd tmd ahclitihc fsH + A5 (W+Q)

6/7[(u

A/A)

6/7 (W+Q)

6/7U.

\mus inKW3 uA/A Q, W afc amhhsdWnhr wmiam tmdrd is ch striat`y phsitivdstrftdjy

nhrH fclAth gd fc dquiìgriue. Ic tmis dxfep`d, tmdrdnhrd, tmd hc`y phssig`d shùtihc

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isH*5 A*5 2, dctfiìcjRC* 5 2 fclRQ* 5 6 nhr wmiamuA5 uA* AA(). \mis is tmd afsd

wmdrdtmd ah``dativd sdtup ahst nhr tmd cdw stftd Q is vdry mijm, tmd `dvd` hn Ws ahcnìat-efcfjicj tdamch`hjy is mijm dchujm, fcl/hr tmd cdt phìtiaf`-dahcheia jfic nrhe tmdtrfcsitihc rd`ftivd th its ahst is thh `hw nhr A. Ijchricj tmd tied prdndrdcad hn A, in +A 0 A(), it is cdvdr whrtmwmi`d nhr A th ldviftd nrhe its afchciaf` stftd hgìjftihc icpdrihl 6, dvdc in it fppdfrs gdcdniaif` nhr tmft pdrihl f`hcd witm + A 3 2. \mus,

sustficicj tmd afchciaf` stftd gdaheds f sugjfed pdrndat dquiìgriue.

Ehrd jdcdrf``y, wd mfvd smhwc tmft tmdrd dxists ft `dfst hcd dquiìgriue witm H* 2fcl phssig`y eu`tip`d dquiìgrif ic tmd sdahcl pdrihl, ldpdclicj hc pfrfedtdrahclitihcs fcl nucatihcf` rd`ftihcs fehcj p`fydrs strftdjids. @dt us ldchtd tmddquiìgriue vfùd ic pdrihl 7pdradivdl gy A ic pdrihl 6 gy 0W*,H*, A*3. InR

C*[

A*+

AA()U A* 0 - +A, tmdc it is cdvdr whrtmwmi`d nhr A th rdvh`t fcl gd sugodat th f

prhgfg`d pdcf`ty icpdrihl 7. \mus it mh`ls?

Rrhphsitihc


26/35


>.6 \hwfrl tmd Adctrfìzdl Gurdfuarftia Qtftd ic Ofpfc

Fc fspdat hn tmd Edioi Wdsthrftihc tmft listicjuismds it nrhe tmd ]icmfi Wdvhùtihc wfstmft tmd efohr rdnhre-sddkicj p`fydrs, tmft is, tmd rdgd` Mfc gurdfuarfts, mfl siei`fr

gfakjrhucls fcl fttrigutds ic tdres hn tmdir phssdssihc hn eiìtfry nhrad fcl dahcheiafcl muefc rdshurads. Dvdc farhss Mfc ghuclfrids tmdy smfrdl f au`turd hn eutufàheeuciaftihcs, dssdctif` nhr shnt ahcnìat-efcfjdedct tdamch`hjy, wmiam mfl gddccurturdl fs fc ucictdcldl ahcsdqudcad hn tmd prfatiad hn f`tdrcfticj tmd fccuf`rdsildcad hn Mfc `hrls fcl tmdir stfnn gdtwddc Dlh fcl tmdir hwc tdrrithrids. \hwfrltmd dcl hn tmd \hkujfwf pdrihl, Kyhth, wmdrd tmd depdrhr rdsildl, gdafed f ed`ticjpht hn ildfs fcl icnhreftihc dxamfcjd fehcj visiticj sfeurfi gurdfuarfts farhss tmdMfc nrhe f`` hvdr tmd ahuctry. It is dstieftdl tmft shed 72,222 sfeurfi-gurdfuarftswdrd fativd`y icvh`vdl ic tmd chc-vih`dct trfcsitihc (Gfcch fcl Hch 7262).72Mhwdvdr,tmd siei`frity ic tmdir gurdfuarftia gfakjrhucls thhk its th`` hc tmd sugsdqudcticstitutihcf` dvhùtihc.

\md quictdssdctif` issud ic tmd phst-Wdsthrftihc ahcstitutihcf` ldsijc nhausdl hc wmiamwfs th ahed nirst? tmd ahcstitutihcf` ldsijc fcl its prheu`jftihc gy tmd ictdriejhvdrcedct hr tmd ahcvdcicj hn f ahcstitutihcf` fssdeg`y, shedwmft rdeicisadct hn\hsf Mfcs prd-trfcsitihc prhphsf`. \md ski``nu``y dcjicddrdl jhvdrcedctf` lheicfcadgy tmd Amsm aìqud cu`ìnidl tmd `fttdr hptihc fcl fc iepdrif` hrlicfcad wfs issudl ic6==6 th tmd dnndat tmft f ahcstitutihc tmft whu`l dcfg`d tmd dstfgìsmedct hn fpfrìfedct wfs th gd lrfntdl gy tmd ictdrie jhvdrcedct fcl futmhrizdl gy tmd depdrhr.\md ahcstitutihc prheu`jftdl ic 6=99 fsarigdl th tmd depdrhr suprded aheefclicjfutmhrity fcl stftd lip`hefay prdrhjftivds, fs wd`` fs futmhrity th fpphict tmd priedeicistdr, afgicdt eicistdrs, fcl gurdfuarfts `f Rrussifc ahcstitutihc. Fs Gfcch(722=) frjuds, suam futmhritfrifc stipu`ftihcs lil cht cdadssfri`y dxaùld tmd phssigiìtytmft f jhvdrcedct ahu`l gd nhredl faahrlicj th tmd prdndrdcad hn f twh-pfrty

pfrìfedct. Iclddl, gdtwddc 696= fcl 691= tmd phìty dvh`vdl ic oust suam f lirdatihc.Mhwdvdr, prihr th tmis, tmd phwdrnu` Mfc aìquds rdnusdl th nhre tmdir hwc pfrty thhvdrru`d tmd pfrìfedct, wmi`d tmdrdfntdr tmd eiìtfry gurdfuarfay jficdl ld nfathvdthphwdr hvdr tmd nhreftihc hn jhvdrcedct gy tfkicj flvfctfjd hn fc ictdrprdtftihc hnahcstitutihcf` ru`ds fs stipu`fticj tmd fpphictedct hn eiìtfry eicistdrs th gd nrhefehcj tmd icauegdct eiìtfry hnniadrs (Kitfhkf 6991).

>.7 Adctrfìzdl Tciniaftihc hr Ndldrfìse ic Amicf8

Ic ahctrfst, ic Amicf fc f`ìfcad th rdehvd tmd Vicj lycfsty wfs nhredl sphctfcdhus`ygy vfrihus fjdcts luricj tmd `fst lfys hn tmd Vicj (an. Rrhphsitihc 1). Mhwdvdr, hcadlycfstia ru`d wfs g`hhl`dss`y rdehvdl gy pdrsufsihc (an. Ahrh``fry 6 ic tmd prdvihus

sdatihc), linndrdcads ic ahcadpts hn ahcstitutihcf` ldsijc wdrd ghucl th dedrjd,pfrtiau`fr`y hc mhw th strikd f gf`fcad gdtwddc trflitihcf` adctrfìzdl uciniaftihc fcltmd dedrjicj trdcl thwfrl ndldrfìse. \md Rrhvisihcf` Ahcstitutihc hn 6967 stipu`ftdl fucitfry stftd, gut it lil cht ldnicd tmd hrjfcizftihcf` phsitihc hn tmd prhvicaif`jhvdrcedcts witmic tmd nrfedwhrk hn tmd ucitfry rdpugìa, rd`ftihcs gdtwddc tmd aivi`fleicistrftihc fcl tmd frey, fcl htmdr iephrtfct issuds. Tcldr`yicj tmd ahcnìatgdtwddc adctrfìzftihc fcl ndldrfìse, tmdrd wfs f nuclfedctf` phìtiaf`-dahcheyqudstihc? mhw ahu`l tmd phtdctif` hn tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey gd ìckdl th tmdphìtiaf` stftd ic ìdu hn tmd Vicj tfx stftd8 F`tmhujm tmd prhspdrity hn tmd ndldrfìst-hridctdl prhvicads prihr th tmd trfcsitihc wfs gfsdl hc tmdir efrkdt ìcks th tmd

72

\mis dstieftd lhds cht icaùld nhredr sfeurfi wmh wdrd dcjfjdl ic eiìtfry fatihcs fcl htmdr efssphìtiaf` fatihcs siep`y th rdehvd tmd Qmhjucftd nrhe its jhvdrcicj phsitihc.

7


27/35


ldvd`hpicj pdfsfct-gfsdl dahchey ic tmdir mictdr`fcls, tmdrd wfs ch a`dfr phìtiaf`prhjrfe fehcj tmd trfcsitihc-sddkdrs th dxpìait`y ìck hr edliftd rurf` fcl urgfcictdrdsts. \md sh-af``dl djfìtfrifc `fcl prhpdrty rijmts (picjouc liqufc), flvfcadl fshcd hn tmd nhur d`dedcts ic Qucs rdvhùtihcfry prhjrfe, wfs ch ehrd tmfc f vfjudildfìstia ildf. 76Its iep`dedctftihc whu`l iephsd ucrdfìstia fleicistrftivd gurldcsfcl whu`l gd icahcsistdct witm tmd pdfsfcts fcl `fcl`hrls icadctivds nhr dahcheialdvd`hpedct.

Fntdr tmd ldftm ic 696> hn Yufc Qmikfi, wmh fspirdl th gd depdrhr, mis sughrlicftdjdcdrf`s gdjfc th ahepdtd witm hcd fchtmdr nhr eiìtfry mdjdehcy.77\mdy rdaruitdlsh`lidrs nrhe tmd pdfsfcts fcl tmd ucdep`hydl, wmi`d dxtrfaticj rdshurads nrhe tmdrurf` dahchey wmdrdvdr tmdir sminticj tdrrithrids mfppdcdl th gd ic hrldr th nicfcad tmdireiìtfry dxpdcliturds fcl th faaueu`ftd wdf`tm. \md eiìtfry ahcnìats put ah`hssf`prdssurds hc tmd pugìa nicfcad afpfaity hn tmd prhvicads. Ic rdfatihc, tmd ildf hn fndldrftihc hn sd`n-jhvdrcicj prhvicads (ìfcsmdcj zizmi) wild`y afpturdl tmd fttdctihchn prhvicaif` jhvdrcedcts fcl fativists ic tmd shutmdrc prhvicads. Dvdc tmd yhucj Efh_dlhcj dxprdssdl f ndldrfìst phsitihc, 1 ydfrs gdnhrd md ohicdl ic tmd nhreftihc hn tmd

Aheeucist Rfrty ic 6976. Ic tmd ohurcf` hn mis rdnhreist hrjfcizftihc md wrhtd?

Nrhe hur hgsdrvftihc . . . tmdrd is ch mhpd nhr nu``y dstfgìsmicj pdhp`ds ru`dic Amicf witmic tmd cdxt twdcty ydfrs. Luricj tmis pdrihl Mucfc mfl gdst prhtdatits hwc ghuclfrids fcl iep`dedct its hwc sd`n-ru`d, efkicj Mucfc fmfvdc hn pdfad witmhut ghtmdricj fghut tmd htmdr prhvicads hr tmd adctrf`jhvdrcedct. \mus it afc p`fad itsd`n ic f phsitihc siei`fr th tmft hn hcd hntmd stftds hc tmd Chrtm Fedriafc ahcticdct f muclrdl ydfrs fjh. Zdsmhu`l ruc hur hwc dluaftihc, prhehtd hur hwc iclustry, fcl ahcstruathur hwc rfi`wfys fcl ehthr rhfls (Efh [6972U 6997? 47>).

\md nhref` phsitihc hn prdsildct hn tmd Wdpugìa ic Gdioicj wfs f`tdrcftd`y tfkdc hvdrditmdr gy hcd hn tmd qufrrdìcj jdcdrf`s hr gy aheprheisd fehcj tmde. Ic 6971, f

ahcstitutihc, lrfwc up gy Afh Kuc, stipu`ftdl tmft `haf` jhvdrcedcts smf`` gdhrjfcizdl faahrlicj th tmd Ahcstitutihc fcl tmd `fws ahcadrcicj `haf` futhchey,wmiam lil cht efkd it a`dfr wmdtmdr Amicf wfs th gd f ucitfry hr f ndldrfìst stftd.Edfcwmi`d, witmhut fcy dnndativd prhjrfe th ìck rurf` dahcheia ldvd`hpedct th fcdnndativd phìtiaf` prhjrfe, tmd sh-af``dl wfr`hrls ldvfstftdl tmd rurf` mictdr`fcl thrdfam f murridl eiìtfristia shùtihc nhr uciniaftihc, ardfticj f viaihus aya`d hn nrfjedctdlphìtiaf` jhvdrcfcad fcl f nftijudl rurf` dahchey.71\mis is f aruaif` linndrdcad nrhetmd situftihc ic tmd Zdst wmdrd cuedrhus afpfg`d cftihc-stftds dedrjdl tmrhujmeiìtfry ahepdtitihc hc tmd gfsis hn tmdir rdspdativd nisaf` ahepdtdcad (Jdccfhì fcl^htm 7261). Quc Yftsdc, wmh mfl icahrphrftdl f ndldrfìst ildf icth tmd prhjrfe hn tmda`fcldsticd Wdvivd Amicf Qhaidty ic 6=9


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`dl gy Amdc Oihcjeicj ic rd`ftivd`y rdshurad-riam Jufcjlhcj.7:, 7>=7>9). Mftfch (69:1? amfptdr >)amfrfatdrizds Amdcs hpphsitihc th Qucs Chrtmdrc Dxpdlitihc fs ph`itiaf` dxpdlidcay, f`tmhujm md

rdahjcizds tmft Amdcs phpu`frity ic Jufcjlhcj wfs lud th mis p`ftnhre gfsdl hc f sd`n-ldtdreicftihcf``ifcad.

7>


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faad`drftd tmd ehgiìty hn muefc rdshurads nrhe tmd rurf` sdathr th tmd ehldrciclustrif` sdathr. F efohr nfathr faahucticj nhr tmis wfs tmd rdsiìdcad hn edegdrsmip-gfsdl chres ic tmd vi``fjd. Rdfsfcts witm sef`` `fclmh`licjs sugodat th f nixdl-rftd`fcl tfx sunndrdl nrhe ldn`ftihcfry prdssurds ic tmd dfr`y 6==2s tmft wdrd ardftdl ictmd fntdreftm hn tmd vfst nisaf` dxpdcliturds th qud`` tmd Qftsuef Wdgd`ìhc (6=::), tmd`fst aiviìfc wfr ic Ofpfc. Gut tmd prfatiad hn haaupftihcf` priehjdciturd edfct tmftpdfsfct mhusdmh`l mdfls rdeficdl ic tmd vi``fjd fcl dcjfjdl ic nfreicj. \mdprhphrtihc hn tdcfcay `fcls icardfsdl nrhe 72%12% ic tmd 6==2s th ehrd tmfc


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(Qhaidty nhr îjhrhus Rrfatiad) dxpdriedctdl witm fjrfrifc nicfcaif` icstitutihcs fclnfredrs ahhpdrftivds ic tmd dahcheiaf``y flvfcadl rdjihcs tmft tmdy ahctrh``dl(Zfkdefc 699:; Qmirhyfef 7266). Mhwdvdr, tmd eixturd hn efrkdt-ldeharfay-hridctdl nhrdijc phìaids, futmhritfrifc eiìtfristia fcl iclustrif` phìaids, fcl rijhrhusphìad ahctrh` hvdr aiviìfc ìnd ucldr Ahcnuaifc nfsaise (Zfkdefc 699:), fcl tmdldjdcdrfticj systde hn nisaf`-ndldrfìse edfct tmd fgsdcad hn strftdjiaahep`dedctfritids fehcj fjdcts ic linndrdct lhefics hn fativitids. \md jhvdrcedcttmdc nfadl nhreilfg`d ahepdtitihc nrhe tmd pdfsfct-gfsdl fpprhfam th phìtiafèhgiìzftihc `dl gy tmd Amicdsd Aheeucist Rfrtys Rdhp`ds @igdrftihc Frey. \mdAheeucist rdvhùtihc ic 69


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WDNDWDCADQ

Fadehjù, Lfrhc fcl Ofeds F. Whgicshc. 7267. Zmy Cftihcs Nfi`? \md Hrijics hnRhwdr, Rrhspdrity fcl Rhvdrty. Cdw Yhrk? Arhwc Gusicdss.

Fadehjù, Lfrhc fcl Ofeds F. Whgicshc. 7261. Dahcheias vdrsus Rhìtias? Ritnf``s hnRhìay Flviad. Ohurcf` hn Dahcheia Rdrspdativds. 7:(7)? 6:1697.

Fhki, Efsfmikh. 7226. \hwfrl f Ahepfrftivd Icstitutihcf` Fcf`ysis. Afegriljd, EF?EI\ Rrdss.

Fhki, Efsfmikh. 7262. Ahrphrftihcs ic Dvh`vicj Livdrsity? Ahjcitihc, Jhvdrcfcad, fclIcstitutihcs. Hxnhrl, TK? Hxnhrl Tcivdrsity Rrdss.

Fhki, Efsfmikh. 7266. Icstitutihcs fs Ahjcitivd Edlif gdtwddc Qtrftdjia Ictdrfatihcsfcl Icliviluf` Gdìdns. Ohurcf` hn Dahcheia Gdmfvihr fcl Hrjfcizftihc:9? 7211.

Fhki, Efsfmikh. 7261g. Ahepfrftivd Icstitutihcf` Fcf`ysis? \mdhry, Ahrphrftihcs fclDfst Fsif. Qd`datdl Rfpdrs hn Efsfmikh Fhki. Amd`tdcmfe, TK fclChrtmfepthc, EF? Dlwfrl D`jfr.

Fhki, Efsfmikh. Nhrtmaheicj. Qtrftdjia Ahep`dedctfritids, Qugstitutds fcl Wivf`rids ic

Icstitutihcf` Hrldr fcl Amfcjd.

Fsm, Whgdrt. 69:>. @fcl \dcurd ic Rrd-Wdvhùtihcfry Amicf? Kifcjsu Rrhvicad ic tmd6972s fcl 6912s.@hclhc? Ahctdephrfry Amicf Icstitutd.

Gfkdr, Mujm L. W.69:9. Amicdsd Nfei`y fcl Kicsmip. Cdw Yhrk? Ahùegif TcivdrsityRrdss.

Gfcch, Oucoi. 722=. Ahcstitutihcf` Misthry hn Ofpfc(ic Ofpfcdsd). \hkyh? Tcivdrsity hn\hkyh Rrdss.

Gfcch, Oucoi fcl Kdc Hmch. 7262. \md Edioi Wdsthrftihc, 6=4=6==6 (ic Ofpfcdsd).\hkyh? Khlfcsmf.

Gdrefc, Mfrh`l O. fcl Qfeir C. Qfìgf. 7229. \md Cfturd fcl Nucatihcs hn @fw. :tmDlitihc. Cdw Yhrk? \mheshc Wdutdrs/Nhuclftihc Rrdss.

Gds`dy, \iehtmy fcl \hrstdc Rdrsshc. 7267. Ri``frs hn Rrhspdrity? \md Rhìtiaf`Dahcheias hn Ldvd`hpedct Aùstdrs. Rricadthc, CO? Rricadthc Tcivdrsity Rrdss.

Grfclt, @hrdc. 69=9. Aheedraifìzftihc fcl Fjriau`turf` Ldvd`hpedct? Adctrf` fclDfstdrc Amicf 6=:2691:. Cdw Yhrk? Afegriljd Tcivdrsity Rrdss.

Grfclt, @hrdc, Ldgic Ef, fcl \mhefs J. Wfwski. Nhrtmaheicj. Nrhe Livdrjdcad thAhcvdrjdcad? Wd-dvfùfticj tmd Misthry Gdmicl Amicfs Dahcheia Ghhe.Ohurcf` hn Dahcheia @itdrfturd.

Amfcj, Amucj-ì. 69>:. \md Amicdsd Jdctry? Qtulids hc \mdir Wh`d ic Cicdtddctm-

Adctury Amicdsd Qhaidty. Qdftt`d? Tcivdrsity hn Zfsmicjthc Rrdss.

79


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Amfcj, Oucj. 7261. \md Deprdss Lhwfjdr Aixi? \md Ahcaugicd Zmh @fucamdlEhldrc Amicf. Cdw Yhrk? F`nrdl F. Kchpn.

Amdc, @dsìd M. Licjyfc. 6999. Amdc Oihcjeicj fcl tmd Ndldrfìst Ehvdedct?Wdjihcf` @dfldrsmip fcl Cftihc Gui`licj ic Dfr`y Wdpugìafc Amicf. Fcc Frghr?

Adctdr nhr Amicdsd Qtulids, Tcivdrsity hn Eiamijfc.

Amdc, Odrhed. 69:9. \md Eiìtfry-Jdctry Ahfìtihc? Amicf Tcldr tmd Zfr`hrls.\hrhcth? Tcivdrsity hn \hrhcthYhrk Tcivdrsity Ohict Adctrd hc Ehldrc DfstFsif.

Lufc Yuczmfcj fcl Ouceicj Ci. 7229. Amdc Oihcjeicj(ic Amicdsd). Jufcjlhcj,RWA? Jufcjlhcj Rdhp`ds Rugìsmicj Ah.

Dsmdriak, Ohsdpm Z. 69=6. Cuegdr Jfeds? F Chtd hc @fcl Listrigutihc icRrdrdvhùtihcfry Amicf. Ehldrc Amicf. :(7


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Ismii, Qmir. 69>>. Rhwdr fcl @fcl Hwcdrsmip(ic Ofpfcdsd). \hkyh? Tcivdrsity hn\hkyh Rrdss.

Kfsfyf, Kfzumikh. 69==. \md Qtruaturd hn tmd Hsmikhei hn @hrls (ic Ofpfcdsd).\hkyh? Mdighcsmf.

Kd``dr, Zh`njfcj, Gdc @i, fcl Afrh` M. Qmuid. 7267. \md Dvhùtihc hn Lhedstia \rfldN`hws Zmdc Nhrdijc \rfld is @igdrfìzdl? Dvildcad nrhe tmd Amicdsd EfritiedAusthes Qdrviads. Ic Icstitutihcs fcl Ahepfrftivd Dahcheia Ldvd`hpedct,dlitdl gy Efsfmikh Fhki, \ieur Kurfc, fcl Jrfrl Wh`fcl. Gfsicjsthkd, TK?Rf`jrfvd Efaei``fc.

Kismiehth, Eih. 7267.F Wdahcsildrftihc hn tmd \mdhry hn @haf` Qhaidty? Ah``datdlDssfys hc Eicj-Vicj Misthry, ^hùed 7 (ic Ofpfcdsd). \hkyh? Kdcguc Qmhtdc.

Kitfhkf, Qmiciami. 6991. \md Frey fs f Gurdfuarfay? Ofpfcdsd Eiìtfrise Wdvisitdl.Ohurcf` hn Eiìtfry Misthry4:(4)? >:=>.

Kumc, Rmiìp F. 69:2. Wdgd`ìhc fcl its Dcdeids ic @ftd Iepdrif` Amicf? Eiìtfrizftihc

fcl Qhaif` Qtruaturd, 6:9>6=>6(7)? 7>47=. F Lhauedctfry Qtuly hn Amicdsd @fcl`hrlise ic @ftd Amicj

fcl Dfr`y Wdpugìafc Kifcjcfc. Gu``dtic hn tmd Qamhh` hn Hridctf` fcl FnriafcQtulids79(1) 4>>499.

16


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Eurfeftsu, Yuoi. 69:2. \md @fcl Gursfry ic Ehldrc Oifcjcfc? F Lhauedctfry Qtulyhn Amicdsd @fcl`hrlise ic tmd `ftd Amicj fcl tmd Dfr`y Wdpugìafc Kifcjcfc(ic Ofpfcdsd witm fc Dcjìsm sueefry). \hkyh? Tcivdrsity hn \hkyh Rrdss.

Cjfi, @. Wfamd`. 7226. Dahcheia Rhìay ic tmd Kyhmh Wdnhre(ic Ofpfcdsd). \hkyh?Hamfcheizu Qmhg.

Hsmief, Mfrry \. 69=:. Dahcheia Jrhwtm ic Ehcshhc Fsif? F Ahepfrftivd Qurvdy.\hkyh? Tcivdrsity hn \hkyh Rrdss.

Rdrkics, Lwijmt M. 69>9.Fjriau`turf` Ldvd`hpedct ic Amicf? 61>=69>=, Amiafjh?F`licd.

Wfckic, Efry Gfakus. 69=>. Dìtd Fativise fcl Rhìtiaf` \rfcsnhreftihc ic Amicf?_mdoifcj Rrhvicad, 6=>46966. Qtfcnhrl, AF? Qtfcnhrl Tcivdrsity Rrdss.

Whsdctmf`, Odfc-@furdct fcl W. Gic Zhcj. 7266. Gdnhrd fcl Gdyhcl Livdrjdcad? \mdRhìtias hn Dahcheia Amfcjd ic Amicf fcl Durhpd. Afegriljd, EF? MfrvfrlTcivdrsity Rrdss.

Whwd, Zi`ìfe \. 69=6==9. Qtfcnhrl, AF? Qtfcnhrl Tcivdrsity Rrdss.

Whwd, Zi`ìfe \. 69=9. Mfckhw? Ahcnìat fcl Aheeucity ic f Amicdsd Aity, 6:9>

6=94. Qtfcnhrl, AF? Qtfcnhrl Tcivdrsity Rrdss.Wuskh`f, \ddeu. 7222. Ahcadptufìzicj Ahrphrftihcs fcl Kicsmip? Ahepfrftivd @fw

fcl Ldvd`hpedct \mdhry ic f Amicdsd Rdrspdativd. Qtfcnhrl @fw Wdvidw47(>)? 64996:12.

Wussd``, Gdrtrfcl. 6977. \md Rrhg`de hn Amicf. Cdw Yhrk? Adctury.

Qfith, Hsfeu. 7224. Zfjds, Icdqufìty fcl Rrd-iclustrif` Jrhwtm ic Ofpfc, 6:7:6=9


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Qcj, \ufc-Mwdd. Nhrtmaheicj. Qizd fcl Lycfstia Lda`icd? \md Rricaipf` FjdctRrhg`de ic @ftd Iepdrif` Amicf, 6:226=42. Ohurcf` hn Dahcheia Misthry.

Quc, Yft-sdc. (6967) 699)? ::1-:=:.

\u``hak, Jhrlhc. 69>:. \md Zd`nfrd Ahsts hn \frinns, Ehchph`ids, fcl \mdnts. ZdstdrcDahcheia Ohurcf`. 4(1)? 199

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