U.S. IMPERIALISM

economic and political domination of a strong nation over a weaker

nation

WHY DOES THE U.S. EXPAND?

REASONS FOR EXPANSION… Trade: wants new markets overseas Resources Manifest Destiny New Technology allows it Navy Grows Social Darwinism: U.S. believes that our

way of life is better Spread Christianity: Anglo-Saxonism-

belief that Christianity and English speaking nations are superior

A DESIRE FOR NEW MARKETS

Many countries were expanding overseas by developing colonies.

Imperialism: economic and political domination of a strong nation over a weaker nation

WHY BECOME A COLONY? Areas sometimes become colonies so

that countries can protect their investments.

Protectorate: an imperial power allows local rulers to stay in political control, but the country is protected against invasion and rebellion by the imperial (dominant) country

Even though local rulers had “power” they would accept advice on how to govern by the imperial country

EXPANSION IN THE PACIFIC

AMERICANS BEGIN EXPANSION IN EAST ASIA Matthew Perry went on a naval

expedition to negotiate trade with Japan.

Japan opens its ports to American trade.

Japan adopts Western technology and goes through an industrial revolution to compete with other countries.

THE U.S. WANTS PORTS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN U.S. opens a naval base on a Samoan Island

(Pongo Pongo) in 1878

The U.S. gains the rights to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii

Bases allow a country to operate a navy far from home: Allows ships to resupply and refuel

ANNEXING HAWAII Recession strikes Hawaii, sugar taxes

hurt farmers Congress ratifies a treaty that exempts

Hawaiian sugar from taxes. Causes a boom in the Hawaiian sugar

industryAmerican planters living in Hawaii become rich

PLANTERS TRY TO LIMIT THE KING’S POWER Kalakau was elected as the king in 1872. He signs a constitution that states only

men with a large amount of money and land could vote.

This hurt native Hawaiians who were mostly poor and could not vote.

Planters have more voting power.

QUEEN LILIUKALANI After his death, his sister, Lydia

Lil'iukalani, became the queen of Hawaii.

She was set on taking back the Hawaiian power her brother had given to Western businesses.

CLEVELAND SAYS NO! Planters overthrow

her and request that the U.S. annex Hawaii.

President Cleveland says no and tries to restore the queen to power.

It doesn’t work. Planters declare Hawaii a free Republic.

Native Hawaiians are upset!

HAWAIIANS OPPOSE ANNEXATION

HAWAIIAN PROTEST IS IGNORED When McKinley became president, he

was in favor of the annexation. Also, America was now at war with

Spain, and Hawaii was now noticed as an important strategic land to have.

The Islands were not only rich in resources, but they were also well positioned for naval use.

Hawaii is annexed in 1893 and becomes a state in 1959.

U.S. IMPERIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA

Trade and diplomacy 17.2

U.S. TRADES WITH LATIN AMERICA Pan-

Americanism: idea that the U.S. and Latin America should work together

Organization of American States- worked to promote cooperation among nations in the Western hemisphere

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

The Coming of War 17.2

SPAIN OWNED Puerto Rico Cuba The Philippines and Guam

Cuban rebels declared independence in 1868 and launched a war against Spanish authorities, which fails.

Cuban exile leader Jose Marti begins collecting money and weapons while planning an invasion of Cuba

The U.S. puts a tariff on Cuban sugar which hurt’s Cuba’s economy.

Marti’s followers rebel in February 1895.

The Republic of Cuba is established Sept. 1895.

American newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst printed exaggerated news stories (yellow journalism) about the suffering of Cubans at the hands of the Spanish rulers.

The stories were sensationalized and were trying to get U.S to support the rebellion.

AMERICANS WANT THE U.S. TO DO SOMETHING Sept. 1897, President McKinley asked

Spain if the U.S. could help negotiate to end the conflict.

Negotiations failed.

Fearing for American’s living in Cuba, McKinley sends the Maine (a ship) to Havana to help evacuate Americans if needed.

WHAT SPARKED AMERICA TO ENTER INTO WAR WITH SPAIN? Jan. 1898: the USS Maine being moved into

harbor to protect Americans

Feb. 1898: The DeLome letter is printed which was critical of McKinley calling him weak

Feb. 15, 1898: An explosion in the harbor, sinks the USS Maine. Many believe it is an intentional act.

Mar. 28, 1898: a naval court declares the Maine exploded from a mine.

April 11, 1898: McKinley asks Congress to declare war. Jingoism: aggressive nationalistic feelings, were present in Congress at the time.

April 19, 1898: Congress declares Cuba as independent, demands Spain withdraw from the island and allows the use of force if needed

April 24, 1898: Spain declares war on the U.S. and the Spanish American War starts

THE PHILIPPINES ARE REBELLING AGAINST SPAIN

AS WELL…

MEANWHILE

May 1, 1898: George Dewey leads his squadron to Manila Bay and opens fire on Spanish War ships

On the way to the Philippines, American ships seize Guam. When Americans arrive in the Philippines, they take over the capital of Manila.

BACK IN CUBA… June 14, 1898: U.S. troops land in Cuba

and begin fighting under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt

July 1, 1898: Teddy Roosevelt leads the Rough Riders to take over San Juan Hill

July 3, 1898: American warships sink most of the Spanish fleet

THE WAR ENDS… August 1898: U.S. and Spain agree to a

cease fire

December 10, 1898: U.S. and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris

TERMS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS Platt Amendment- Cuba is an

independent country, U.S. can have naval stations there

U.S. acquires Guam and Puerto Rico

U.S. pays Spain 20 million for the Philippines

AKA… In the end the Spanish American War

becomes known as a “splendid little war.”

NEW DIPLOMACY IN AMERICA

17.3

THEODORE ROOSEVELT’S RISE TO POWER

The Election of 1900 McKinley wins and Theodore Roosevelt

becomes Vice President. Foraker Act- signed by McKinley in

1900, it established a civilian government and removed American military control in Puerto Rico

McKinley is shot and dies; Roosevelt takes office.

T.R.’S RISE TO POWER Believed that competition and conflict

keep you healthy. He thought the U.S. should be a strong

world power. Agreed with Anglo-Saxonism- the U.S.

had a duty to shape the less civilized areas of the world

AMERICAN DIPLOMACY IN ASIA

The U.S. navy increased America’s power in Asia. The main U.S. interest is trade and

natural resources. Our exporting increased significantly when

we began trading with China!

China and Japan go to war over Korea

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Problems lead to war…

STRUGGLE TO EXPAND Japan wins and Korea gains its

independence China also gives Japan Manchuria. France, Germany and Russia are angry and

force Japan to give back part of Manchuria to China.

These nations want to lease this territory from China.

Land is still China’s but foreign governments would control it.

STRIKE A DEAL Leaseholds form a sphere of influence

: an area where foreign nations controlled economic development. (mining, industry)

The U.S. proposed the Open Door Policy

This is the idea that everyone can trade with China and do business in the spheres of influence.

SOME RESENT FOREIGN CONTROL Some groups believed foreigners were

corrupting Chinese society Boxer Rebellion- Attacked foreign embassies in Beijing Killed 200 foreigners China paid foreign governments for the

damaged caused by the rebels

TR UPHOLDS U.S. INTERESTS Roosevelt sends “The Great White Fleet”

of the U.S. navy around the world to show everyone the strength of the U.S. military.

GROWING PRESENCE IN THE

CARIBBEAN

Panama canal

T.R’S BIG STICK POLICY

Show your strength and people will think twice about fighting.

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

PANAMA CANAL T.R. believed that constructing a canal

through South America was important to America’s power in the world.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: made with Britain, allowed the U.S. to build and control a canal through Central America (Panama OR Nicaragua)

A canal would save time and money for commercial and military shipping.

REVOLT IN PANAMA The U.S. offers Columbia $10 million and

a yearly rent of $250,000 to construct the canal. Columbia says no.

The U.S. supports a Panamanian rebellion which results in Panama’s independence from Columbia.

The U.S. recognized Panama’s independence, and signed Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty allowing the U.S. to build and control the Panama Canal.

Many were angry at the U.S. and felt that U.S. control of the canal was unfair.

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY Extends the Monroe Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. will intervene in Latin America if necessary to maintain the economic and political stability of the Western Hemisphere