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Ecology
The Biosphere
Earth that supports living things, includes air, land, and water
Nonliving environment: Abiotic factorsAir currentsTemperatureMoisture LightSoil
The Biosphere
Living organisms in an environment:
Biotic factors Depend on others directly or indirectly for:
• Food• Shelter• Reproduction• Protection
Levels of Organization
1.) Organism 2.) Population
Group of organisms in same species (same area, same time)
InterbreedCompetition
Levels of Organization
3.) CommunityInteracting populations
(certain area, certain time)Change in 1 population causes change in
another population
Levels of Organization 4.) Ecosystem
Interacting populations in a biological community and its abiotic factors
2 types:• Terrestrial ecosystems
(land: forest, meadows, logs)• Aquatic ecosystem (water: ponds, lakes, and
streams); marine 70% of Earth’s surface
Levels of Organization
5.) BiosphereThe Earth including all of its abiotic
and biotic factors.
Levels of Organization
Organisms in an Ecosystem
Habitat: place organism lives
Niche: organism’s job
Survival Relationships
Predator-prey relationships (temporary)
& Symbiosis (Symbiotic relationships)
living together; close association between organisms of different species
Permanent or long-lasting
Survival Relationships
Three types of symbiosisMutualism…Commensalism…Parasitism…
Symbiotic Relationships
MutualismBoth species benefitExample: ants and acacia trees
Ant protects the tree from animals Tree nectar and home for ants
Mutualism
Symbiotic Relationships
CommensalismOne species benefits, the other not harmed
or benefitedExample: Spanish moss and trees
Spanish moss: hangs on tree (habitat) Trees: nothing happens to them
Commensalism
Symbiotic Relationships
ParasitismHarm 1 species & benefits the otherHarm but not usually kill host
Ticks, lice, tapeworms, some bacteriaCowbirds –lay eggs in other birds nest, their
young survive instead of other bird’s young
Parasitism
Defense Strategies
Mimicry – Camouflage –
Nutrition and Energy Flow
Chapter 2.2Page 46 - 63
Flow of Energy
Ultimate source of energy for life: SUN The producers Autotrophs
Use photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy
Examples: plants & green algae
Flow of Energy The consumers Heterotrophs
Feeds on other organismsHerbivore feeds only on plantsCarnivore feed only on other heterotrophs;
meatScavengers eat dead animalsOmnivores eat both autotrophs (plants) &
heterotrophs (animals)Decomposers break down and release
nutrients from dead organisms
Flow in Ecosystems
Energy is released into environment as heat as you move through the levels
Models used to study the flow:Food ChainFood Web
Food Chain
Food chain: nutrients and energy move from autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposersBerries Mice Black bearTrophic level: feeding step in the passage of
energy and materialsOne possible route for transfer of matter and
energy
Food Chains
Food Webs
Shows all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community
Ecological Pyramids
Shows how energy flows through an ecosystem
Amount of available energy decreases at each succeeding trophic level
Total energy transfer to each level: 10%Biomass: total weight of living matter at
each trophic level
Directions: On page 41, Table 2.1 lists a variety of ecosystems that exist in our biosphere (earth). Choose one of these ecosystems that you are familiar with and create an illustration of a typical food web (pg 5) AND food chain (pg 7) that contains examples of consumers and producers from each trophic level. BE CREATIVE! Draw pictures, use color, use headings!
In your BIN, pages 5 & 7, you’ll create a food web and food chain.
Cycles of Nature
Water Cycle *** Carbon Cycle*** The Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle
The Water Cycle
All life depends on water. The water cycle explains how water is
recycled throughout the biosphere. Evaporation, condensation,
precipitation, and transpiration are all important processes that move water throughout this cycle.
The Nitrogen Cycle
All life on earth is based on carbon molecules. Framework for macromolecules (polymers)
Autotrophs take in carbon dioxide to produce sugar which heterotrophs eat.
Heterotrophs breath out CO2 which autotrophs take in…and the cycle continues.
BACTERIA FIX NITROGEN!!