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ECOLOGY ECOLOGY & &
HUMAN IMPACTHUMAN IMPACTGENERAL SCIENCE 8 GENERAL SCIENCE 8
What is ECOLOGY?What is ECOLOGY?
The study of how The study of how living things interact living things interact with their with their environmentenvironment
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Key DefinitionsKey Definitions OrganismOrganism
Any living thingAny living thing PopulationPopulation
All the members of a species that living together in an area and can reproduceAll the members of a species that living together in an area and can reproduce CommunityCommunity
All the different populations that live in the same areaAll the different populations that live in the same area HabitatHabitat
The place where an organism lives and that provides the things the organism The place where an organism lives and that provides the things the organism needsneeds
EcosystemEcosystem All the living and nonliving things that interact in an areaAll the living and nonliving things that interact in an area
NicheNiche An organisms role in their environment An organisms role in their environment
AbioticAbiotic Non-living things in an ecosystemNon-living things in an ecosystem
Examples: water, oxygen, rocksExamples: water, oxygen, rocks BioticBiotic
Living things in an ecosystemLiving things in an ecosystem Examples: plants, animalsExamples: plants, animals
Key DefinitionsKey Definitions PredatorPredator
An organism that lives by killing and eating other organisms An organism that lives by killing and eating other organisms (prey)(prey)
PreyPrey An organism hunted for food by a predatorAn organism hunted for food by a predator
Symbiotic RelationshipSymbiotic Relationship Ecological relationship between 2 or more different speciesEcological relationship between 2 or more different species
Both benefit – MutalismBoth benefit – Mutalism One benefits, other is unharmed – CommensalismOne benefits, other is unharmed – Commensalism One benefits, other is harmed - ParasitismOne benefits, other is harmed - Parasitism
Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity The number of organisms a given habitat can supportThe number of organisms a given habitat can support
Limited by available food, water, shelter, oxygen, mineralsLimited by available food, water, shelter, oxygen, minerals Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors
Conditions that determine the numbers and kinds of organisms Conditions that determine the numbers and kinds of organisms that can inhabit an ecosystemthat can inhabit an ecosystem
Can reduce population growthCan reduce population growth Examples: food, water, shelter, oxygen, mineralsExamples: food, water, shelter, oxygen, minerals
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Equation: CO2 + H2O Oxygen + Glucose + water vapor
FOOD CHAIN TERMSFOOD CHAIN TERMS
ProducerProducer An organism that makes its own foodAn organism that makes its own food
Example: algae, grassExample: algae, grass
ConsumerConsumer Any organism that needs to obtain its food Any organism that needs to obtain its food
from other sourcesfrom other sources Example: animal, humanExample: animal, human
FOOD CHAIN TERMS contFOOD CHAIN TERMS cont..
HerbivoreHerbivore Any organism that eats only plantsAny organism that eats only plants
Example: rabbitExample: rabbit
CarnivoreCarnivore Any organism that eats only meatAny organism that eats only meat
Example: wolf, bearExample: wolf, bear
OmnivoreOmnivore Any organism that eats both plants and animalsAny organism that eats both plants and animals
Example: humanExample: human
DecomposerDecomposer Any organism that breaks down the remains of dead Any organism that breaks down the remains of dead
plant and animal matterplant and animal matter Example: fungi, bacteriaExample: fungi, bacteria
How to build a food chainHow to build a food chain
Producer Producer primaryprimary secondary secondary tertiarytertiary
consumer consumer consumer consumer consumerconsumer Finally Finally end with a decomposerend with a decomposer Food chains show a feeding relationshipFood chains show a feeding relationship Example:Example:
Sun Sun grass grass mouse mouse snake snake owl owl bacteria bacteria
BUILD A FOOD CHAINBUILD A FOOD CHAIN Using the following organism, create a food chain in Using the following organism, create a food chain in
your packetyour packet MouseMouse pandapanda bacteriabacteria batbat HumanHuman snailsnail birdbird dogdog MosquitoMosquito alligatoralligator grassgrass hunterhunter FishFish rabbitrabbit bearbear treetree SeaweedSeaweed DeerDeer mushroom hawkmushroom hawk CheetahCheetah wolfwolf grasshopper snakegrasshopper snake
SUN..______ SUN..______ _______ _______ _______ ___________________________________
MAKE A FOOD WEB : MAKE A FOOD WEB : many food chains that interconnectmany food chains that interconnect
Using Using ALLALL the organisms, create a food the organisms, create a food web in your packetweb in your packet MouseMouse pandapanda bacteriabacteria batbat HumanHuman snailsnail birdbird dogdog MosquitoMosquito alligatoralligator grassgrass hunterhunter FishFish rabbitrabbit bearbear treetree SeaweedSeaweed DeerDeer mushroom hawkmushroom hawk CheetahCheetah wolfwolf grasshopper snakegrasshopper snake
ENERGY PYRAMIDSENERGY PYRAMIDS
Energy FlowEnergy Flow Energy flows from:Energy flows from:
producersproducers consumersconsumers
Less energyLess energy is available to the highest level is available to the highest level of consumers in a food chain because of consumers in a food chain because organisms need to use the energy for life organisms need to use the energy for life functionsfunctions
Carbon/Oxygen CycleCarbon/Oxygen Cycle
Animals take in O2
Plants take in CO2
Animals release CO2
Plant release O2
Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession
One species replaces anotherOne species replaces another Causes:Causes:
Forest firesForest fires Volcano eruptionsVolcano eruptions DeforestationDeforestation Flooding/tsunamisFlooding/tsunamis earthquakesearthquakes
Ecological Succession – cont.Ecological Succession – cont.
Forest succession Mosses grasses small shrubs/bushes Forest of trees
Pond Succession
Water sediment swamp forest
Human Impact: Human Impact: PollutionPollution
Air pollutionAir pollution Human ImpactsHuman Impacts
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GLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING CAUSECAUSE
Too much carbon dioxide (COToo much carbon dioxide (CO22) in the ) in the atmosphereatmosphere
Car emissionsCar emissions FactoriesFactories
EFFECTEFFECT Increase in Earth’s temperatureIncrease in Earth’s temperature Melting of polar ice capsMelting of polar ice caps Flooding/rise in sea levelFlooding/rise in sea level Rise in heat related diseases and deathsRise in heat related diseases and deaths
PREVENTIONPREVENTION Use alternative energy sourcesUse alternative energy sources Do not pollute the air by burning fossil Do not pollute the air by burning fossil
fuelsfuels Car pool, ride your bike, walkCar pool, ride your bike, walk
OZONE DEPLETIONOZONE DEPLETION
CAUSECAUSE CFC’s - aerosol cansCFC’s - aerosol cans
Air conditionersAir conditioners RefrigerantsRefrigerants Hair spray, paint cansHair spray, paint cans
EFFECTEFFECT Holes in the ozone layerHoles in the ozone layer Rise in skin cancersRise in skin cancers
PREVENTIONPREVENTION Banned CFC’s in aerosol productsBanned CFC’s in aerosol products
ACID RAINACID RAIN CAUSECAUSE
Nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide react with water droplets to form Nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide react with water droplets to form sulfuric and nitric acids sulfuric and nitric acids
EFFECTEFFECT Effects soil, water, forests in areas far away from the factories the Effects soil, water, forests in areas far away from the factories the
pollution it is caused bypollution it is caused by Acidity of water can decrease (become more acidic)Acidity of water can decrease (become more acidic) Ecosystems become disrupted, fish and other wildlife can dieEcosystems become disrupted, fish and other wildlife can die Buildings/grave stones can become weatheredBuildings/grave stones can become weathered
PREVENTIONPREVENTION Use alternative energy sourcesUse alternative energy sources Stop burning fossil fuelsStop burning fossil fuels Place laws on factory emissionsPlace laws on factory emissions
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCESSOURCES
Oil is a nonrenewable, limited resourceOil is a nonrenewable, limited resource Fossils fuels pollute the environmentFossils fuels pollute the environment There are only 20-50 years of oil leftThere are only 20-50 years of oil left
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What are the alternative What are the alternative energy forms?energy forms?
WindWind SolarSolar NuclearNuclear GeothermalGeothermal HydroelectricHydroelectric TidalTidal
WIND ENERGYWIND ENERGY
Converting wind Converting wind energy into electricityenergy into electricity Most common Most common
machine = a windmillmachine = a windmill
• PositivePositive – no pollution – no pollution
• Negative Negative – wind is not – wind is not strong everywherestrong everywhere
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SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY
Collecting the sun’s Collecting the sun’s radiation energy and radiation energy and converting it to converting it to electricityelectricity
PositivePositive – no – no pollution, pollution, greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
Negative Negative – Sun is not – Sun is not always outalways out
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NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY
Converting the Converting the energy in the nucleus energy in the nucleus of atoms to electricityof atoms to electricity
PositivePositive – no – no pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
NegativeNegative – – radioactive wastes radioactive wastes and terrorismand terrorism
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Converting heat from Converting heat from the earth into the earth into electricity and powerelectricity and power
PositivePositive – No – No pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
NegativeNegative – hot – hot magma sources are magma sources are not found in all areasnot found in all areas
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HYDROELECTRIC ENERGYHYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
Converting tidal Converting tidal energy into powerenergy into power
PositivePositive – no – no pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
NegativeNegative – large – large water sources are water sources are not available all over not available all over the U.S., creating the U.S., creating dams can kill wildlifedams can kill wildlife
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TIDAL ENERGYTIDAL ENERGY
Converting tidal Converting tidal energy into powerenergy into power
PositivePositive – no – no pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
NegativeNegative – tides are – tides are only located near only located near ocean frontsocean fronts
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How do we get electricity from thHow do we get electricity from these alternative sources?ese alternative sources?
Moving Water, Steam, Wind, Water to boilMoving Water, Steam, Wind, Water to boil
Turns the turbine
Turns the magnets
ELECTRICITY!!
ENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSERVATION
WHAT CAN WHAT CAN YOUYOU DO FOR THE DO FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT???ENVIRONMENT???
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