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Ecology and The Biosphere Ch. 49. What is Ecology?. Ecology study of all living things on Earth and their environments What are the two types of factors in an environment? Biotic and Abiotic Biosphere Earth Hydrosphere all water Lithosphere all rocks/dirt Atmosphere all gases. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ecology and The BiosphereCh. 49
What is Ecology?• Ecology study of all living
things on Earth and their environments
• What are the two types of factors in an environment?– Biotic and Abiotic
• Biosphere Earth1) Hydrosphere all water 2) Lithosphere all rocks/dirt3) Atmosphere all gases
Types of Ecology• Basic ecology studying species
interactions and trends• Applied ecology programs to prevent or
repair ecological damage (mostly by humans)
• 6 Levels of Ecological Classification:1) Biosphere Earth2) Biome climate regions3) Ecosystem movement of nutrients and
energy in an area4) Community all populations in an
environment5) Population one group of one species6) Individual one member of a
population
Climate of an Ecosystem• Climate abiotic factors creating the
weather conditions that last for extended periods
• Influences On Climate:1) Solar Radiation different latitudes
receive different amounts and strengths of sunlight– 23.5o tilt creates season everywhere but
the tropics near the equator (between Tropic if Cancer and Capricorn lines)
2) Air Circulation rotation of Earth causes wind as warm air raises at the equator and cools as it moves to the poles– Low-latitude cell 0o-30o; Wind move East
to West– Mid-latitude cell 30o-60o; Wind moves
West to East– Polar cell above 60o; Wind moves East to
West
Climate of an Ecosystem3) Precipitation warm air hold more water, so air near the equator carries moisture form oceans N and S– Adiabatic cooling lowering
temperature without losing energy
– Topography also influences rainfall; typically clouds cool as that hit mountains resulting in heavy rain
– Rain shadow warming, water absorbing air after crossing a mountain
Climate of an Ecosystem4) Ocean Currents wind, rotation of the Earth, and gravity stir the oceans generally clockwise in the North and counterclockwise in the South– Influenced greatly by land
masses; influence climate of land near the ocean (maritime climates)
– Continental climate too far from the ocean to be directly influenced
Climate and Behavior• Organisms must adapt to their
environment so climate can effect behavior patterns
• Hertz and Huey discovered populations of lizards increase the amount of time resting in the sun as they more higher in altitude
• ESSAY!!!• Research one observed change
in animal behavior that is believed to be caused by change in climate/environment– NO CHINESE REFERENCES– DUE NEXT TUESDAY
Freshwater Environments: Lotic• Any watery environment with a
salt conc. below 0.5%• Wetlands land areas underwater;
great source of nutrients• Lotic flowing water• 3 Habitats of Lotic water:1) Riffles shallow, fast, and
turbulent2) Pools deep, slow, smooth3) Runs deep, fast, smooth• Streams less nutrients, cooler,
smaller sources; more O2
• Rivers more nutrients, warmer, large meeting point of many sources; less O2
Freshwater Environments: Lentic• Lentic stagnant water• 2 zones horizontally:
– Littoral shallow end; full penetrated by light
– Limnetic deep end; only top is penetrated by light; Dark bottom Profundal zone
• 2 zones vertically:– Photic penetrated by light– Aphotic not penetrated by light
• Oligotrophic poor in nutrients, rich in O2, clear
• Eutrophic high in nutrients, less O2 on the bottom; seasonal algae blooms; cloudy
Freshwater Environments: Temperate Lakes• 4 season bring 4 stages of a lake
ecosystem• Winter top layer freezes as ice
floats; top near 0o while bottom is kept near 4o
• Spring ice melts and dense cold water sinks (taking O2) as warm water rises (taking nutrients); Spring overturn– Brief period water is uniform
temperature • Summer Epilimnion heats surface
water while hypolimnion cools bottom– Thermocline barrier between regions
• Fall surface water cools and sinks (autumn overturn)
Homework• Suggested Homework:– Test Your Knowledge
• Actual Homework:– Discuss the Concepts #2– Apply Evolutionary
Thinking– Due Tuesday
• Essay! Due Tuesday