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Ecology. Module 15. Organization of the Biosphere. Levels of organization Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Biotic factors – living Abiotic factors – non living Community Population Organism. The ecological “niche”. Every organism in a community has a specific NICHE: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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EcologyModule 15
Organization of the Biosphere
Levels of organization
▪ Biosphere▪ Biome▪ Ecosystem
▪ Biotic factors – living▪ Abiotic factors – non living
▪ Community▪ Population▪ Organism
The ecological “niche”
Every organism in a community has a specific NICHE:The organism’s ROLE in the ecosystem - •Habitat•Place in food web•Interrelationships
Transfer of Energy•An ecosystem’s ultimate source of energy is the SUN
•Solar energy is used by “producers” to make food.
•“Consumers” eat producers (or other consumers) to gain food.
•Each step in the food web is called a TROPHIC LEVEL
Transfer of Energy
Arrows show the transfer of energy from one organism to another
Energy moves inONE DIRECTION!
Transfer of Energy
Ecological Efficiency▪ Only about 10% of the
available energy in one trophic level is passed to the next trophic level▪ The “lost” energy is
used for biological work (eating, growing, respiring, etc) and is converted to HEAT.
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiaryconsume
rsLEAST energy
MOST energy
Cycling of Matter
Role of Decomposers▪ Break down wastes
and dead organisms▪ Decomposition allows
nutrients to be returned to the soil and reused▪ Includes bacteria,
fungi, and some invertebrates
Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Cycle: Nitrogen Cycle:
Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon Cycle:▪ Driven by photosynthesis
and cellular respiration▪ Decomposition is a form
of cellular respiration▪ Fossil fuel combustion
adds CO2 to atmosphere▪ Deforestation removes
trees that should remove CO2
Community Interactions
Organisms in a community interact with each other in many ways. Some of these interactions include:▪ Competition▪ Predation▪ Symbiosis Communi
tyInteractio
ns
Competition
Predation
Symbiosis
Community Interactions
CompetitionA struggle for resources (food, space, abiotic factors, mates)
Community Interactions
PredationSome organisms (predators), consume others (prey)
Community InteractionsSymbiosis
A close, permanent relationship between 2 organisms – NOT predation or competition!
Mutualism (+,+) Parasitism (+,-)Commensalism (+, 0)
Population Growth
J-Curve: S-Curve:
Time Time
# orga
nism
s
# orga
nism
sExponential growth: rapid growth in a short period of time
Carrying Capacity:The maximum number of individuals an environment can support
Limiting Factors – establish carrying capacity and limit the size of a population
Density Dependent:Includes food, disease, mates
Density Independent:Includes natural disasters
Population Growth
Populations fluctuate around the carrying capacity….
This is called “dynamic equilibrium”.
Change in COMMUNITIES over time
Succession:Communities change over time in a predictable, orderly way over many decades
Changes in plant communities lead to changes in animal communities