EcologyEcology

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QuestionsQuestions• What is a biome? Give 2 What is a biome? Give 2

examples.examples.• Distinguish between the Distinguish between the

role of biotic and abiotic role of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.factors in an ecosystem.

• What is the main source of What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem?energy in an ecosystem?

• Explain the ripple effect.Explain the ripple effect.• What does photosynthesis What does photosynthesis

do? do? • What happens to the What happens to the

energy in an ecosystem?energy in an ecosystem?• Distinguish between Distinguish between

producers and consumers? producers and consumers? Give examples. Give examples.

• Make a sketch and Make a sketch and explanation of an explanation of an energy/biomass/numbenergy/biomass/numbers pyramid.ers pyramid.

• Where do consumers Where do consumers get their carbon?get their carbon?

• How does water How does water become purified by become purified by the water cycle?the water cycle?

• Why is nitrogen Why is nitrogen important in living important in living organisms?organisms?

• Why are bacteria Why are bacteria necessary in the necessary in the nitrogen cycle?nitrogen cycle?

• Explain the oxygen-Explain the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle.carbon dioxide cycle.

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GlossaryGlossary

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Latin / Greek Englishauto self; directed from within

carbo- coal, carbon

con- (co-, col-, com-, cor-) with, together

eco- house

heter(o)- different, other

hydrate (hydr(o)-) water

photo light

pro- before, in front of; for, forward

sum- (sumpt-) take

synthesis (syn-, sy-, syl-, sym-)

with

troph feed, grow

What is Ecology?What is Ecology?

• EcologyEcology - the study of interactions - the study of interactions among organisms and between among organisms and between organisms and their environmentorganisms and their environment

• BiosphereBiosphere - contains the combined - contains the combined portions of the planet in which life exists: portions of the planet in which life exists: 1.1. LandLand

2.2. WaterWater

3.3. Air or atmosphereAir or atmosphere

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Introduction to EcologyIntroduction to Ecology

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• SpeciesSpecies - a group of organisms so genetically - a group of organisms so genetically

similar to one another that they can breed.similar to one another that they can breed.• PopulationPopulation - groups of individuals that belong to - groups of individuals that belong to

the same species and live in the same area.the same species and live in the same area.• CommunitiesCommunities - assemblages of the different - assemblages of the different

populations that live together in a defined area.populations that live together in a defined area.• EcosystemEcosystem - collection of all the organisms that - collection of all the organisms that

live together in a particular place as well as their live together in a particular place as well as their nonliving or physical environment.nonliving or physical environment.

• BiomeBiome - group of ecosystems that have the same - group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities.climate and similar dominant communities.

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Energy FlowEnergy Flow

• What is the main source of energy for life on What is the main source of energy for life on Earth?Earth?

SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT

• Some types of organisms rely on the energy Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compoundsstored in inorganic chemical compounds

• AutotrophsAutotrophs ( (producersproducers) use energy from ) use energy from the environment to fuel assembly of simple the environment to fuel assembly of simple compounds into complex organic molecules compounds into complex organic molecules

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Energy FlowEnergy FlowAutotrophsAutotrophs

• The best known autotrophs are The best known autotrophs are those harnessing the power of those harnessing the power of the sun through the sun through photosynthesisphotosynthesis. . — What do they do?— What do they do?

• The second type of autotrophs The second type of autotrophs use chemical energy to make use chemical energy to make carbohydrates. This is carbohydrates. This is performed by several types of performed by several types of bacteria. bacteria. — Where have we — Where have we seen evidence for this? seen evidence for this?

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Energy FlowEnergy FlowConsumersConsumers

• Heterotrophs - rely on other Heterotrophs - rely on other organisms for their energy and foodorganisms for their energy and food1.1. HerbivoresHerbivores - - obtain energy by eating plantsobtain energy by eating plants

2.2. CarnivoresCarnivores - - obtain energy by eating meat obtain energy by eating meat

3.3. OmnivoresOmnivores - - obtain energy by eating plants & obtain energy by eating plants & meatmeat

4.4. DetritivoresDetritivores - - obtain energy by eating dead obtain energy by eating dead organic material, esp. plant detritusorganic material, esp. plant detritus

5.5. DecomposersDecomposers - - obtain energy by obtain energy by decomposing organic materialdecomposing organic material

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Energy FlowEnergy Flow

• Relationship Relationship between between autotrophs and autotrophs and heterotrophsheterotrophs

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Introduction to Energy FlowIntroduction to Energy Flow

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Energy RelationshipsEnergy Relationships• Energy flows from the sun or inorganic Energy flows from the sun or inorganic

compounds to compounds to autotrophsautotrophs (producers) (producers) then to various then to various heterotrophsheterotrophs (consumers)(consumers)

• Food ChainsFood Chains are a series of steps in which are a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or organisms transfer energy by eating or being eatenbeing eaten

• Food websFood webs show the complex interactions show the complex interactions within an ecosystemwithin an ecosystem

• Each step in a food chain or web is called Each step in a food chain or web is called a a trophic leveltrophic level. .

• Producers make up the first step, Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levelsconsumers make up the higher levels

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Food Webs & Food ChainsFood Webs & Food Chains

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Food Webs and ChainsFood Webs and Chains

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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids

• Ecological pyramid is a diagram Ecological pyramid is a diagram showing the amounts of energy or showing the amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chainlevel in a food web or food chain

• Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid - 10% of the energy - 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next transferred to organisms at the next trophic leveltrophic level

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Ecological PyramidEcological Pyramid

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Pyramids ContinuedPyramids Continued

• Biomass pyramidsBiomass pyramids show the total amount show the total amount of living tissue available at each trophic of living tissue available at each trophic level level

• Numbers pyramid shows the number of Numbers pyramid shows the number of species at each trophic levelspecies at each trophic level

• Because each trophic level harvests only Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about 0.1 level below, it can support only about 0.1 the amount of living tissuethe amount of living tissue

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PyramidsPyramids

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Cycles of MatterCycles of Matter

• Unlike the one-way flow of energy, Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is matter is recycled recycled within and within and between ecosystemsbetween ecosystems

• These cycles are the These cycles are the 1.1. Water CycleWater Cycle

2.2. Nutrient CycleNutrient Cycle

3.3. Oxygen / Carbon CycleOxygen / Carbon Cycle

4.4. Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

5.5. Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle2020

Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle

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Water CycleWater Cycle

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Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

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Oxygen / Carbon CycleOxygen / Carbon Cycle

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QuestionsQuestions• What is a biome? Give 2 What is a biome? Give 2

examples.examples.• Distinguish between the Distinguish between the

role of biotic and abiotic role of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystemfactors in an ecosystem

• What is the main source What is the main source of energy in an of energy in an ecosystem?ecosystem?

• Explain the ripple effect.Explain the ripple effect.• What does What does

photosynthesis do? photosynthesis do? • What happens to the What happens to the

energy in an ecosystem?energy in an ecosystem?• Distinguish between Distinguish between

producers and producers and consumers? Give consumers? Give examples.examples.

• Make a sketch and Make a sketch and explanation of an explanation of an energy/biomass/numbenergy/biomass/numbers pyramid.ers pyramid.

• Where do consumers Where do consumers get their carbon?get their carbon?

• How does water How does water become purified by become purified by the water cycle?the water cycle?

• Why is nitrogen Why is nitrogen important in living important in living organisms?organisms?

• Why are bacteria Why are bacteria necessary in the necessary in the nitrogen cycle?nitrogen cycle?

• Explain the oxygen-Explain the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle.carbon dioxide cycle.

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