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Ecology defined

The study of interactions betweenorganisms and their environments

Ex: population dynamics; food webs;trophic levels; nutrient cycling

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QuickTime and a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.

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: t e ecosystemsthat are identified by particular

vegetation and climate: Grasslands

Desert

Temperate deciduous forest Tropical rainforest

Marine

Freshwater

Estuaries

Tundra

Taiga (boreal forest/ coniferous forest)

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Biomes: climate

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Biome in different locations can have varying species:Ex: grassland differences

American PrairieAfrican Savannah

See summary chart in notes

Biomes

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Aquatic Zones: Planktonic vs.

nekton vs benthicPlanktonic: floaters*Phytoplankton:diatoms(90% O2

produced in world)

*Zooplankton

Nekton: free swimmersEx. whales, jellyfish etc.

Benthic: bottom dwellersEx: flounder, clams,coral

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Aquatic Zones:

Photic vs Aphotic

PhoticLight penetrates

Photosynthesis and Respiration*Make O2 and food(producers)*Use CO2 and raw nutrients(from the aphotic zone/all theheterotrophs)

AphoticNo lightRespiration and decomposition only

*Use O2 and food (fromproducers)*Make CO2 and raw nutrients

(through respiration-give tophotic)

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Intertidal= ecotone

Zones of great diversity

* Often called nursery of the sea

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Estuaries and Marshes=

EcotonesWhy are wetlands important ?

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Ecosystem

All of the interactions among the populationsin a community

and the communitys physical surroundingsIncludes all the BIOTIC (living) factors and the

ABIOTIC (non-living) factors

Ex of ecosystems: tide pool; stream; field:drop of pond water; a tree; woods

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QuickTime and adecompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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What are some connectionswithin Ecosystems?

http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/food/foodweb4.html

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Connections in Ecosystems

Ecosystems endlessly recycle materialsand energy

common to all ecosystems.

Linked within ecosystems:

chemically (nutrients) biologically (food web)

physically (shared abiotic factors)

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Pyramid of Energy:its aone-way street: WHY?

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Pyramid of Energy

Producers

Photosynthesis (energy + H2O + nutrients (CO2)

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Pyramid of Energy

Producers

Herbivores

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Pyramid of Energy

Producers

Herbivores

Carnivores

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Pyramid of Energy

Producers

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

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Pyramid of Energy

Carnivores

Omnivores

Producers

Herbivores

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Pyramid of Energy

Carnivores

Omnivores

Producers

Herbivores

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Trophic Levels

Photosynthetic autotrophs

First order consumers

Second orderconsumers

Thirdorder

consumers

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Biomass

Pyramid of Size:

Generally amount ofmatter stored inorganism isinverselyproportional to the

size of the animals

Large

Medium

Small

Microscopic

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Biomass

Diatoms

Daphnia

Minnows

Trout

Hawk

Producer

Herbivore or Primaryor 1st order consumer

Primary Carnivore orsecondary or 2nd orderconsumer

Tertiary or 3rd orderconsumer orsecondary carnivore

Tertiary carnivore or Quaternary or4th order consumer

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Energy and Biomass

QuickTime a nd a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Why is there only 1 hawk at the top?

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QuickTime an d adecompressorare needed to see this picture.

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Application Question

Turn to your neighborand each of you

give an example tothe other of how anabiotic factor caneffect a biotic factor

Now, can youreverse that??

give an example ofhow a biotic factorcan effect abioticfactors

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Niche

An organisms role

in its ecosystem

What it eats

Who eats it

Where it lives How it affects its

environment

Interrelationships

**No two species can occupy the same niche at the

same time in the same place.

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Niche, cont

Ex:

Antelope and African deer:same niche: different place=okay

Hares and kangaroos:

Same niche, same place &same time = in competitionfor food & space

Galapagos finches: same place

& time, diff niches - feeding,nesting sites, habitat allvaried based on feet andbeak adaptations

Fisher and eaglehttp://www.txtwriter.com/Backgrounders/graphics/evolution/page5.jpg

http://www.travellerspoint.com/photos/17864/australia,..arri%20gate.jpg

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Interrelationships - Symbiosis

Predation: (+/-)

Only one benefits;one harmed. (canbe +/+ to population-how?)

Mutualism: (+/+)Both benefit-

examples?

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Commensalism & Parasitism

Commensalism: (+/0)

One benefits; one neutral

Parasitism: (+/-) or (-/-)-

why?

ttp://ruina.tam.cornell.edu/Personal%20photos/KonMin A2 MacroSamples/originals/mosquito.JPG

http://www.oceanfootage.com/oceans/search?screen=search&savesearch=1&keyword_sorter=cat&cat_keyword_sorter=and&keywords=shark+remora&search_rights=ALLhttp://www.oceanfootage.com/oceans/search?screen=search&savesearch=1&keyword_sorter=cat&cat_keyword_sorter=and&keywords=shark+remora&search_rights=ALL