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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Objectives – Basic ecological principles that are important
for understanding natural resources and their management
• Plant and ecosystem focus
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Definitions – Natural resources – Natural resource management
• Renewable vs. nonrenewable • Sustainable vs. non-sustainable
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Definitions – Ecology – Ecological Hierarchy
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• Ecological Hierarchy
Organisms (Individuals)
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Landscapes
Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
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• Ecological Hierarchy
Landscapes
(Individuals)
Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Definitions – Ecosystem ecology – Ecosystem
• Biotic components • Abiotic components • Ecosystem Attributes
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Spatial scales of Ecosystems
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Ecosystem (& Soil) Development & Processes
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
•Earth’s solar energy budget
•Over a year, Inputs ≈ Outputs
• Climate - Solar Radiation
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Climate - Solar Radiation
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Climate - Solar Radiation
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Climate - Solar Radiation
Hadley Cell Circulation Coriolis Effect
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Where is productivity highest? Lowest? What are the latitudinal patterns? Other patterns?
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How do temperature patterns compare with those of NPP?
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How do precipitation patterns compare with those of NPP?
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Is temperature or precipitation a better predictor of NPP?
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Climate - Ecosystem Types
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Climate - Global Biome Types
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Regional Climate - Orographic Effect – Oahu
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Regional Climate - Orographic Effect – Hawaii
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Leeward
• Regional Climate - Orographic Effect
Windward
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Local Climate - Elevation & Aspect
Elevation
N Aspect S
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy <--> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Solar Radiation - Photosynthesis
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Photosynthesis
Light Temperature
H2O Nutrients
Nitrogen Content (g m-2)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Inputs - Outputs = DStorage
• Ecosystem Water Budget
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
CO2 H2O
Sunlight
Transpiration Hydraulic Lift
• Water Budget - Transpiration
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Soils - So much more than dirt!
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Carbon Cycling - Energy cycling
Decomposers
Nutrient Uptake
Consumption
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Carbon Cycling - Trophic Chains
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Carbon Cycling - Trophic Pyramid
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Nutrient Cycling & Uptake
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Nutrient Cycling & Uptake
Inputs - Outputs = DS
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Nutrient Cycling & Uptake
Table 7.1. Major Sources of Nutrients that Are Absorbed by Plantsa. Source of plant nutrient (% of total) Nutrient Deposition/fixation Weathering Recycling Temperate forest (Hubbard Brook) Nitrogen 7 0 93 Phosphorus 1 < 10 > 89 Potassium 2 10 88 Calcium 4 31 65 Tundra (Barrow) Nitrogen 4 0 96 Phosphorus 4 < 1 96 a Data from (Whittaker et al. 1979, Chapin et al. 1980b)
Inputs - Outputs = DS
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• Ecological Hierarchy - Populations
Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Landscapes
(Individuals)
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• Populations - Size
Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Populations - Size
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• Populations - Growth Rate
Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Populations - Distribution
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Populations - Structure
Single Species Mixed Species
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• Ecological Hierarchy - Communities
Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Landscapes
(Individuals)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Interspecific Interactions
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
N-fixation (root nodule) Mycorrizhae
Lichens
• Communities - Mutualism (+ , +)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Epiphyte Facilitation
• Communities - Commensalism (+ , 0)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Parasitism (+ , -)
Korthalsella sp. (HI Mistletoe)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Predation (+ , -)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Competition (- , -)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Competition (Niche)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Species A Species B
• Communities - Competitive Exclusion
Species A Species B
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Species A Species B
• Communities - Competitive Exclusion
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Resource Partitioning
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Ecological Succession
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Primary Succession
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
Secondary Succession
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Disturbances (Fire)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Disturbances (Wind)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Disturbances (DIPs)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Disturbances (Humans)
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Ecological Succession
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Communities - Ecological Succession
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Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management
• Ecology Matters – Natural resource management = the
application of ecological principles to the management of natural resources
– To manage biota, you have to understand ecology
