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Ecological Levels of Ecological Levels of Organization - BIOMESOrganization - BIOMES
Earth’sBiomes
Tropical & Temperate Rain Forest
Desert
Grassland / Savanna / Steppe / Prairie
(Temperate) Deciduous Forest
Taiga / Coniferous Forest
Tundra
Water Biomes
Earth’s BiomesEarth’s BiomesAreas with similar abiotic factors
(soil, water & climate) usually have similar biotic factors (plants & animals).
Climate – average weather pattern in an area over a long period of time.◦Precipitation & temperature
Biome – a group of ecosystems with similar climates & organisms◦Contains related ecosystems
Terrestrial Biomes – Terrestrial Biomes – Graphic OrganizerGraphic Organizer
Climate: Plants: Animals:
Illustration of biome. Distinguishing characteristics:
(distinguishes it from other biomes)
-Temperature-Precipitation
-Examples-Adaptations
-Examples-Adaptations
Terrestrial or Land BiomesTerrestrial or Land BiomesTundraTaiga / Coniferous (Boreal) ForestTemperate Deciduous ForestGrasslands (Savanna, Steppe,
Prairie)DesertsTropical Rain ForestTemperate Rain Forest
TundraTundraCold, dry region; cold desertClimate:
◦Precipitation – 30 – 50 cm of rain/yr.◦Avg. temperature – summer 12˚C; winter -
26˚C Slow decomposition due to cold temperatures.
Polar tundras – found near the North Pole◦permafrost – layer of soil that stays frozen
all the time; only the surface thaws◦Plants: shallow-rooted plants (grasses &
small shrubs); mosses; lichens; no trees◦Animals: insects, migratory birds (ducks,
geese, shorebirds & songbirds); hawks; owls; arctic hares; musk oxen; wolves; caribou; reindeer
Tundra (continued)Tundra (continued)Alpine tundra – top of tall
mountains◦Also has permafrost◦Found above the “tree line”◦Gets plenty of sunlight &
precipitation
Coniferous ForestsConiferous Forestsaka: the taiga or boreal forestsConifers – trees that produce seeds in
cones; needles; aka: evergreen treesClimate:
◦ Precipitation - 35 – 75 cm of rain or snow/yr.◦ Average temperature – summer 14˚ C, winter
-10˚ CPlants: coniferous trees (Douglas fir,
spruce); few large plantsAnimals: squirrels; insects; birds
(finches, chickadees, jays); herbivores (porcupines, elk, moose, ); bears; foxes; lynx◦ Migration & hibernation
Taiga/Coniferous (Boreal) Taiga/Coniferous (Boreal) ForestForest
Temperate Deciduous Temperate Deciduous ForestsForestsDeciduous – “to fall off” – trees that
shed their leaves to save water during the winter or during the dry season
Have 4 distinct seasons in a year (fall, winter, spring, summer)
Climate:◦ Precipitation – 75 – 125 cm of rain/yr.◦ Average temperature – summer 28˚ C,
winter 6 ˚ CPlants: deciduous trees (oaks, maples);
ferns; mossesAnimals: deer, bears, snakes,
woodpeckers, chipmunks, opossums, mice, skunks
Temperate Deciduous Temperate Deciduous ForestForest
GrasslandsGrasslands aka: steppes, prairies, savannas, pampas Found on every continent except Antarctica Temperate Grassland
◦ Climate: Precipitation – 25 – 75 cm of rain/yr. Average temperature – summer 30˚C; winter 0˚C
◦ Plants: grasses; flowering plants; few trees; crops – wheat, rye, barley, corn
◦ Animals: small, seed-eating animals (prairie dogs & mice); large grass-eaters (bison); kangaroos; cattle & sheep
Savannas (Africa)◦ Climate:
Precipitation – 50 - 130 cm rain/yr. Average temperature – dry season 34˚C; wet season 16˚C
◦ Plants: scattered clumps of trees; grasses◦ Animals: large herbivores (elephants, giraffes,
zebras, wildebeests)
GrasslandsGrasslands
DesertsDesertsDriest biome on EarthClimate:
◦ Precipitation – less than 25 cm of rain/yr.◦ Avg. temperature – summer 38˚C; winter 7˚C
Temperature shifts from day to night Ex: Gobi desert in Asia – freezing temperatures in the
winterPlants: cacti
◦ Adaptations – grow far apart; shallow roots; store water; waxy-coated leaves
Animals: toads, tortoises, kangaroo rat, scorpions, few large animals; reptiles◦ Adaptations – nocturnal (active at night);
dormant during dry season; store water; big ears
DesertsDeserts
Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain ForestsHave more biological diversity that any
other place on EarthClimate:
◦ Precipitation – 200 – 600 cm of rain/yr.◦ Average temperature – daytime 34˚ C;
nighttime 20˚ C Warmer than temperate rain forests due to
location near the equatorPlants: ferns, orchids, tall trees; low
growing plants that don’t need much light
Animals: birds (parrots); insects; snakes; frogs; monkeys; lizards◦ canopy – tree tops
Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain Forests
Temperate Rain ForestsTemperate Rain ForestsFound in New Zealand, southern Chile,
& the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.Climate:
◦Precipitation – 200 cm – 400 cm of rainfall/yr.
◦Avg. temperature – 9˚C – 12˚CPlants: trees with needlelike leaves
(Douglas fir, cedar, spruce)Animals: black bear; cougar; bobcat;
northern spotted owl; amphibians
Temperate Rain ForestsTemperate Rain Forests
Mountains & IceMountains & IceMountains can contain many
different biomes.◦Temperature & precipitation change
with elevationIce
◦Usually fits in with the tundra biome
Mountains
Water Biomes…Water Biomes…
1. Examples of freshwater biomes:
2. Why is shallow water important to plant life?
3. Producers:4. Consumers:5. Examples of
adaptations:
1. Oceans contain many habitats. These habitat differ in…
2. Adaptations organisms have to live in:1. Intertidal
zone2. Neritic zone3. Surface zone4. Deep zone
1. Define estuary –2. Why is an
estuary a rich habitat for living things?
3. Producers:4. Consumers:
Illustration of Freshwater
Biome (Pond Life)
Illustration of Marine Biome
(Ocean)
Illustration of Estuary
Aquatic CommunitiesAquatic CommunitiesFreshwaterMarineEstuary
Aquatic CommunitiesAquatic Communities
Important Abiotic Factors:Land biomes – climate
Aquatic communities◦water depth◦water temperature◦amount of sunlight◦amounts of dissolved oxygen & salt
in water
FreshwaterFreshwater
Examples of Freshwater Biomes◦Rivers & streams◦Lakes & ponds◦Wetlands (marshes, swamps, bogs)
Freshwater (continued)Freshwater (continued)
Why is shallow water important to plant life?◦It permits sunlight to shine through
for photosynthesis.◦This will provide more food for
consumers.
Freshwater (continued)Freshwater (continued)Examples of Producers:
◦Algae◦Plants
Examples of Consumers:◦Fish◦Frogs◦Insects (along shoreline)◦Snails◦Salamanders
Freshwater (continued)Freshwater (continued)Adaptations:
◦ Still water: insects, snails, frogs, salamanders
◦ Moving water: Trout = streamlined bodies Frogs = suction cups to hold onto rocks
Marine Biomes Marine Biomes (Saltwater (Saltwater Ecosystems)Ecosystems)About 95% of the water on the
surface of Earth contains high concentrations of salt.
Examples:OceansSeasInland saltwater lakes
MarineMarine Oceans contain many habitats.
These habitats differ in:◦ Sunlight amount◦ Water temperature◦ Wave action◦ Water pressure
MarineMarine Adaptations:
◦ Intertidal zone Need to withstand the pounding action
of waves, sudden changes in temperature, & being covered with water & then exposed to air
Barnacles & sea stars cling to rocks Clams & crabs burrow in the sand
Marine (for foldable) - Marine (for foldable) - AdaptationsAdaptations
◦ Neritic zone Shallow water permits photosynthesis
for producers Schools of fish feed on algae Coral reefs in warm waters
Marine (for foldable) - Marine (for foldable) - AdaptationsAdaptations
◦ Surface zone (open ocean) Algae photosynthesis Larger fish (tuna, swordfish) and whales
depend directly or indirectly on algae for food
Marine (for foldable) - Marine (for foldable) - AdaptationsAdaptations
◦ Deep zone Dark! Some organisms produce light (glowing
squid & the angler fish)
EstuaryEstuaryEstuary = found where freshwater of a river meets salt water of the ocean.An estuary is a rich habitat for living things because the shallow water for
photosynthesis and large supply of nutrients carried by the river.Producers: marsh grasses & algaeConsumers: crabs, worms, oysters & fish
EstuaryEstuary