Ecography ECOG-01656Meachen, J. A., Dunn, R. H. and Werdelin, L. 2015. Carnivoran postcranial adaptations and their relationships to climate. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.01656

Supplementary material

Appendix 1: Species measured for analyses, ecological classifications, where they are located, and functional index values. Species sample sizes range from 2-5 specimens. Family Species Locomotor

Category Continents BI SMI GTH CI

Ailuridae Ailurus fulgens arboreal EA 0.7608 0.658 0.1688 0.9347 Canidae Alopex lagopus generalist EA, NA 0.957 0.414 0.216 1.1535 Canidae Atelocynus

microtis generalist SA

0.9291 0.453 0.1962 0.902 Canidae Canis adustus generalist AF 1.0627 0.3522 0.1789 1.0584 Canidae Canis latrans cursorial NA 1.0446 0.3902 0.2423 1.0483 Canidae Canis lupus cursorial EA, NA 1.0147 0.4348 0.255 1.0183 Canidae Canis

mesomelas cursorial AF

1.0268 0.3911 0.1777 1.058 Canidae Canis rufus cursorial NA 1.0215 0.3836 0.1983 1.0327 Canidae Cerdocyon thous generalist SA 0.9133 0.4126 0.2741 1.029 Canidae Chrysocyon

brachyurus generalist SA

1.0442 0.4087 0.1524 1.0916 Canidae Cuon alpinus cursorial EA 0.9396 0.3806 0.2396 0.9629 Canidae Lycaon pictus cursorial AF 1.049 0.3733 0.2294 1.0257 Canidae Nyctereutes

procyonoides generalist EA

0.8741 0.5003 0.2642 1.0262 Canidae Otocyon

megalotis generalist AF

1.0309 0.3917 0.1902 1.0731 Canidae Pseudalopex

gymnocerus generalist SA

0.9396 0.4147 0.2656 1.0682 Canidae Speothos

venaticus semi-fossorial

SA 0.7948 0.5248 0.2541 0.9055

Canidae Urocyon cinereoargenteus

generalist NA, SA 0.8797 0.4303 0.1045 1.0542

Canidae Urocyon littoralis

cursorial NA 0.8726 0.3838 0.1163 1.0549

Canidae Vulpes zerda cursorial AF, EA 0.9322 0.3578 0.1167 1.2144 Canidae Vulpes chama cursorial AF 0.9522 0.3484 0.1872 1.1073 Canidae Vulpes rueppeli cursorial AF, EA 0.9741 0.3847 0.1899 1.1326 Canidae Vulpes velox cursorial NA 0.9268 0.327 0.1874 1.1058 Canidae Vulpes vulpes cursorial AF, EA,

NA 0.9749 0.3766 0.1154 1.0998 Eupleridae Cryptoprocta

ferox arboreal AF

(Madagascar only) 0.7269 0.4542 0.3258 0.9145

Eupleridae Fossa fossana generalist AF (Madagascar only) 0.9836 0.3592 0.2179 1.0875

Felidae Acinonyx jubatus cursorial AF, EA 1.1885 0.7033 0.1348 1.0101 Felidae Caracal caracal generalist AF, EA 0.952 0.3178 0.261 1.0155 Felidae Felis chaus generalist AF, EA 0.9522 0.2959 0.2111 1.0274

Felidae Felis silvestris scansorial AF, EA 1.0034 0.4767 0.1421 1.0514 Felidae Herpailurus

yaguarondi scansorial NA, SA

0.8052 0.3025 0.2656 0.9461 Felidae Leopardus

colocolo generalist SA

0.9462 0.3735 0.185 1.084 Felidae Leopardus

wiedii arboreal NA, SA

0.8946 0.3102 0.152 0.9821 Felidae Leptailurus

serval generalist AF

1.0171 0.4565 0.1639 1.0332 Felidae Lynx canadensis generalist NA 0.9829 0.4367 0.1332 1.0241 Felidae Lynx pardinus generalist EA 0.9943 0.385 0.2136 0.9997 Felidae Lynx rufus scansorial NA 0.931 0.4304 0.117 1.0037 Felidae Neofelis

nebulosa arboreal EA

0.7994 0.4731 0.1784 0.9439 Felidae Otocolobus

manul generalist EA

0.8919 0.4649 0.1898 1.0621 Felidae Panthera leo generalist AF, EA 0.8797 0.5689 0.139 0.8958 Felidae Panthera uncia scansorial EA 0.8743 0.6905 0.2035 0.9977 Felidae Pardofelis

marmorata arboreal EA

0.8494 0.4909 0.1762 1.036 Felidae Prionailurus

planiceps generalist EA

0.9276 0.3128 0.201 1.1137 Felidae Puma concolor scansorial NA, SA 0.8328 0.4395 0.1385 0.8825 Herpestidae Atilax

paludinosus semiaquatic AF

0.8889 0.4412 0.2504 1.0909 Herpestidae Bdeogale

jacksoni generalist AF

0.858 0.5204 0.217 1.0169 Herpestidae Crossarchus

obscurus generalist AF

0.7861 0.5482 0.1803 0.9911 Herpestidae Cynictis

penicillata semifossorial AF

0.8744 0.3267 0.0884 1.1072 Herpestidae Galerella

sanguinea generalist AF

0.7454 0.4566 0.2705 1.0347 Herpestidae Galerella

pulverulenta generalist AF

0.8285 0.3836 0.2207 1.0082 Herpestidae Helogale

parvula semifossorial AF

0.7631 0.4187 0.246 1.0649 Herpestidae Herpestes

brachyurus generalist EA

0.9223 0.4595 0.2072 1.0111 Herpestidae Herpestes

ichneumon generalist AF, EA

0.9156 0.365 0.1619 1.0034 Herpestidae Herpestes

javanicus generalist EA

0.7549 0.3845 0.2581 0.9857 Herpestidae Ichneumia

albicauda generalist AF, EA

1.0312 0.3882 0.1804 1.0095 Herpestidae Liberiictis kuhni generalist AF 0.8161 0.3861 0.2475 1.0189 Herpestidae Mungos mungo generalist AF 0.9057 0.5034 0.1827 1.0724 Herpestidae Suricata

suricatta semifossorial AF

0.9051 0.5873 0.2211 1.0749

Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta cursorial AF 1.056 0.5814 0.1744 0.8044 Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena cursorial AF, EA 1.1207 0.5031 0.2508 0.8865 Hyaenidae Parahyaena

brunnea cursorial AF

1.1022 0.589 0.1599 0.8173 Hyaenidae Proteles

cristatus generalist AF

1.0785 0.3944 0.1112 1.018 Mephitidae Conepatus

mesoleucus semifossorial NA

0.8173 0.4678 0.2125 1.0085 Mephitidae Mephitis

macroura semifossorial NA

0.8628 0.384 0.1103 1.085 Mephitidae Mephitis

mephitis semifossorial NA

0.8171 0.6223 0.2625 1.0329 Mephitidae Spilogale

putorius semifossorial NA

0.7912 0.43 0.2274 0.984 Mustelidae Amblonyx

cinereus semiaquatic EA

0.8283 0.5931 0.2103 1.119 Mustelidae Arctonyx collaris semifossorial EA 0.8326 0.6595 0.2292 0.8405 Mustelidae Eira Barbara arboreal NA, SA 0.7371 0.3476 0.1806 0.942 Mustelidae Enhydra lutris semiaquatic EA, NA 0.749 0.6165 0.2653 1.2977 Mustelidae Galictis cuja generalist SA 0.6901 0.4845 0.2429 0.8934 Mustelidae Galictis vittata generalist NA, SA 0.7165 0.6749 0.2399 0.9184 Mustelidae Gulo gulo generalist EA, NA 0.833 0.55 0.2323 0.9681 Mustelidae Ictonyx libyca generalist AF 0.8023 0.441 0.2323 1.1186 Mustelidae Ictonyx striatus generalist AF 0.767 0.4467 0.2072 1.0932 Mustelidae Lontra

canadensis semiaquatic NA

0.7486 0.6308 0.2455 1.2053 Mustelidae Lontra felina semiaquatic SA 0.7203 0.6126 0.209 1.091 Mustelidae Lutra lutra semiaquatic AF, EA 0.7141 0.6185 0.2308 1.0568 Mustelidae Martes

americana scansorial NA

0.7603 0.4406 0.1798 1.0727 Mustelidae Martes flavigula scansorial EA 0.7762 0.5521 0.1918 1.017 Mustelidae Martes pennanti scansorial NA 0.788 0.4878 0.2027 1.045 Mustelidae Meles meles semifossorial EA 0.8179 0.6414 0.2244 0.8422 Mustelidae Mellivora

capensis semifossorial AF, EA

0.8367 0.5391 0.2376 0.8487 Mustelidae Melogale

moschata scansorial EA

0.7957 0.5813 0.2365 0.942 Mustelidae Melogale

personata generalist EA

0.8672 0.4793 0.2614 1.0297 Mustelidae Mustela altaica generalist EA 0.6953 0.3817 0.2004 1.0608 Mustelidae Mustela erminea generalist EA, NA 0.6711 0.4493 0.1636 1.0891 Mustelidae Mustela kathiah generalist EA 0.7075 0.3584 0.2181 1.0352 Mustelidae Mustela nigripes semi-

fossorial NA

0.7386 0.473 0.2276 1.0332 Mustelidae Mustela nudipes generalist EA 0.6759 0.3994 0.2021 1.0383 Mustelidae Mustela putorius generalist EA 0.7455 0.4734 0.2356 1.0806 Mustelidae Mustela sibirica generalist EA 0.7222 0.3789 0.2009 1.0142

Mustelidae Neovison frenata generalist NA, SA 0.6711 0.4795 0.1976 1.0702 Mustelidae Neovison vison semiaquatic NA 0.6804 0.4536 0.2109 1.0835 Mustelidae Pteronura

brasiliensis semiaquatic SA

0.7556 0.6304 0.2452 1.1902 Mustelidae Taxidea taxus semifossorial NA 0.8168 0.5713 0.2298 0.8342 Nandiniidae Nandinia

binotata arboreal AF

0.7615 0.5303 0.2172 0.9754 Prionodontidae Prionodon

linsang scansorial EA

0.7999 0.4316 0.2174 0.9996 Procyonidae Bassaricyon

gabbi arboreal SA

0.7575 0.4734 0.1953 1.0309 Procyonidae Bassariscus

astutus arboreal NA

0.8103 0.517 0.1859 1.0047 Procyonidae Nasua narica scansorial NA, SA 0.8881 0.6048 0.1946 0.9371 Procyonidae Potos flavus arboreal NA, SA 0.7692 0.5532 0.2053 1.0007 Procyonidae Procyon

cancrivorus generalist NA, SA

0.9551 0.4595 0.2143 0.9705 Procyonidae Procyon lotor generalist NA 0.9885 0.4885 0.2093 1.0345 Ursidae Ailuropoda

melanoleuca generalist EA

0.7705 0.6821 0.2458 0.7617 Ursidae Helarctos

malayanus scansorial EA

0.8995 0.5216 0.2142 0.7627 Ursidae Melursus ursinus generalist EA 0.8891 0.648 0.2432 0.7395 Ursidae Tremarctos

ornatus scansorial SA

0.8592 0.6375 0.263 0.8041 Ursidae Ursus thibetanus scansorial EA 0.8514 0.6184 0.2104 0.7546 Ursidae Ursus

americanus scansorial NA

0.8858 0.6924 0.2247 0.6328 Ursidae Ursus arctos generalist EA, NA 0.8394 0.6861 0.2291 0.7522 Ursidae Ursus maritimus

maritimus semiaquatic EA, NA

0.8743 0.6926 0.2292 0.743 Viverridae Arctictis

binturong arboreal EA

0.8067 0.5423 0.2204 0.9255 Viverridae Civettictis

civetta generalist AF

0.9453 0.5193 0.2835 0.9589 Viverridae Cynogale

bennettii semiaquatic EA

0.832 0.5241 0.2453 0.9977 Viverridae Genetta genetta scansorial AF 0.878 0.4989 0.1755 1.094 Viverridae Hemigalus

derbyanus scansorial EA

0.8691 0.4598 0.2322 0.995 Viverridae Paguma larvata arboreal EA 0.8015 0.3995 0.1104 0.9091 Viverridae Paradoxurus

hemaphroditus arboreal EA

0.8005 0.5005 0.2811 0.9628 Viverridae Viverra

tangalunga generalist EA

0.8841 0.4708 0.2263 0.9982 Viverridae Viverra zibetha generalist EA 0.7791 0.364 0.119 0.9617 Viverridae Viverricula

indica generalist EA

0.7659 0.3375 0.2157 0.9814

Continent abbreviations: AF: Africa, EA: Eurasia, NA: North America, SA: South America

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1    

Figure A1: A map of all of the localities used in this study. Each dot represents a separate

location in the WorldClim database where MAT and MAP values were taken and where at least

one (or more) species measured in this analysis are found within their native range.

Figure A2: The phylogeny used in this study for PGLS analysis. This phylogeny was created

using (Nyakatura and Bininda-Emonds 2012) and molecular phylogenies from each family, see

supplementary information for a complete bibliographical list.

Figure A3: PGLS plots for each functional index (BI, SMI, CI, and GTH) versus mean annual

temperature (°C) or mean annual precipitation (mm), showing both phylogenetic least squares

(PGLS) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression lines.

 

Urocyon cinereoargenteusUrocyon littoralisOtocyon megalotisNyctereutes procyonoidesVulpes zerdaVulpes chamaVulpes vulpesVulpes rueppelliVulpes lagopusLycalopex gymnocercusCerdocyon thousAtelocynus microtisSpeothos venaticusLupulella adustusLycaon pictusCuon alpinusCanis latransCanis lupusUrsus arctosUrsus maritimusUrsus americanusUrsus thibetanusHelarctos malayanusMelursus ursinusTremarctos ornatusAiluropoda melanoleucaConepatus leuconotusSpilogale putoriusMephitis mephitisMephitis macrouraAilurus fulgensPotos flavusProcyon cancrivorousProcyon lotorBassariscus astutusNasua naricaBassaricyon gabbiTaxidea taxusArctonyx collarisMeles melesMustela putoriusMustela sibiricaMustela altaicaMustela ermineaMustela kathiahMustela nudipesNeovison visonLontra canadensisEnhydra lutrisLutra lutraIctonyx libycaIctonyx striatusGalictis cujaGalictis vittataMellivora capensisMartes americanaMartes flavigulaGulo guloMartes pennantiMelogale moschataNandinia binotataPrionodon linsangNeofelis nebulosaPanthera leoPardofelis marmorataLeptailurus servalCaracal caracalLeopardus wiediiLynx rufusLynx canadensisLynx pardinusAcinonyx jubatusPuma yagouaroundiPuma concolorPrionailurus planicepsOtocolobus manulFelis lybicaFelis chausGenetta genettaViverricula indicaCivettictis civettaViverra zibethaViverra tangalungaParadoxurus hermaphroditicusPaguma larvataHemigalus derbyanusParahyaena brunneaHyaena hyaenaCrocuta crocutaProteles cristatusCryptoprocta feroxFossa fossanaSuricata suricattaMungos mungoLiberiictis kuhniHelogale parvulaCrossarchus obscurusBdeogale crassicaudaCynictis penicillataHerpestes ichneumonGalerella sanguineaGalerella pulverulentaAtilax paludinosusUrva brachyurusUrva javanicus

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-0.6

AVG_Precip..mm.

logG

TH

PGLS

PGLS

PGLS

PGLS

PGLS

PGLS PGLS PGLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS