Ecodesign Preparatory Studies Lot 25: Non-Tertiary Coffee ...€¦ · Perrine Lavelle Ian Kuwahara Lorcan Lyons ENER Lot 25 team ARTS ... Identify barriers and restrictions to possible

Ecodesign Preparatory Studies

Lot 25: Non-Tertiary Coffee Machines

1st Stakeholder Meeting1st Stakeholder Meeting

Paris – June 23rd 2010

A study being conducted for DG ENER by BIO Intelligence Service

and ARTS

Agenda of the meeting

10:00 – 10:30Welcome, “Tour de table”, Introduction to the Ecodesign

Directive, schedule update

10:30 – 11:15 Task 1 - Definition: Presentation and discussion

11:15 – 11:30 COFFEE BREAK

11:15 – 12:00Task 2 – Economic and Market Analysis: Presentation and

discussion

2

discussion

12:15 – 13:00Task 3 – Consumer Behaviour: Presentation and

discussion

13:00 – 14:00 LUNCH BREAK

14:00 – 14:30 Task 4 – Technical Analysis: Presentation and discussion

14:30 – 15:00 Task 5 – Base Case Analysis: Preliminary discussion

15:00 – 15:30 Next Steps – Tasks 6, 7 and 8 and Conclusion

BIO Intelligence Service:

� (Shailendra Mudgal)

� Benoît Tinetti

� Perrine Lavelle

� Ian Kuwahara

� Lorcan Lyons

ENER Lot 25 team

ARTS:

� (Alain Cornier)

� Charlotte Sannier

� Marie-Aude Jean-Jean

Commission project officer:

� Villö Lelkes

3

BIO Intelligence Service

Pioneer in quantification tools and support for decision-making

Specialists in the measurement environmental and health quality of products and

services in France and Europe

At the interface of the environment and products, a large range of services for public

and private decisions makers

Energy

Agri-food

Construction

Retail

Industry

Transport

Waste

Services

and private decisions makers

4

Life cycle assessment

Environmental labelling of products

Eco-design of products

Assessment of public policies

Greening the supply chain

BIO’s activities

Since 1989, our references include:

5

ARTS

� ARTS is a Research & Technological Organization.

� ARTS is a non profit organization, created in 1973, whose

aim is to develop strong relationships between the

industrial world and Arts&Métiers ParisTech.

6

� Some key figures:

• Annual turnover : 10 M€

• 130 employees associated with more than 350 Arts&Métiers

ParisTech’s teachers and research staff.

• Over 600 industrial contracts per year.

Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament, Framework

Directive for the setting of ecodesign requirements for Energy-

related Products (ErP)

� Promotion of sustainable development through free movement of

energy using products, environmental protection and increased

security of energy supply

Ecodesign Directive (1/4)

security of energy supply

� Better regulation: efficient decision making, consultation and self

regulation

“Energy-related product means any good that has an impact on energy

consumption during use which is placed on the market and/or put into

service”

This Directive supersedes the former EuP Directive (2005/32/EC)

which covered only Energy-using Products.

7

Scope of the Directive:

� All Energy-related Products (except transport)

� Specific product categories for ecodesign requirements


Measures of action:

� Setting of ecodesign requirements (Implementing Measures)

8

Implementing Measures

�could be proposed for product categories which:

� represent a significant volume of products placed on the EU

market (> 200.000 units/year),

� involve a significant environmental impact, and

� present a significant potential for improvement


� present a significant potential for improvement

�are to be based on

� environmental assessments / relevant product characteristics

and functionality

� products and technologies available on the market should be

taken as reference

� IM should preserve the interests of industry, consumers and

other stakeholders9

From a Preparatory Study to Implementing Measures


European Commission

Consultation ForumImpact

assessment

Working Plan1

3

Draft

Implementing

Measure

10

Eco-design

Preparatory Study

Stakeholder Consultation

Regulatory Committee

2

4

EU Parliament5

Working

Document

Adoption

Consultants

Ecodesign preparatory

studies

2006: 14 lots DG ENER (completed)

lot 1 boilers and combi-boilers

lot 2 water heaters

lot 3 personal computers

lot 4 imaging equipment

lot 5 consumer electronics (TV) *

lot 6 standby and off-mode losses *

lot 7 battery chargers and external power supplies *

lot 8 office lighting *

2007: 5+1 lots DG ENER (completed)

lot 15 solid fuel small

combustion installations

lot 16 laundry dryers

lot 17 vacuum cleaners

lot 18 complex set-top boxes

lot 19 domestic lighting *

+ simple set-top boxes *

2008: 8 lots DG ENERlot 8 office lighting *

lot 9 (public) street lighting *

lot 10 residential room conditioning appliances

lot 11 electric motors 1-150 kW, pumps, circulators, fans *

lot 12 commercial refrigerators and freezers

lot 13 domestic refrigerators and freezers *

lot 14 domestic dishwashers and washing machines

2008: 8 lots DG ENER

lot 20 individual room heating

lot 21 central heating (hot air)

lot 22 ovens

lot 23 hobs and grills

lot 24 washing machines, etc. PRO

lot 25 coffee machines

lot 26 network standby

2008: 3 lots DG ENTR

lot 1 commercial refrigerators and freezers

lot 2 transformers (power and distribution)

lot 3 DVD players, video projectors, etc.11

2009: 3 lots DG ENTR

lot 4 industrial furnaces and ovens

lot 5 machine tools

lot 6 air-co and ventilation systems

* Implementing Measures already in place

A uniform approach adopted for all the lots, Methodology for Eco-

design of Energy-using Products - MEEuP:

Methodology

(1/2)

Present Tasks 1 to 5

Tasks 6 to 8

Present

situation

Improvement

potential

12

Consumer Behaviour

Econ. and Market Analysis

Definition

Technical Analysis

Methodology

(2/2)

13

BAT – BNAT analysis

Improvement Potential

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8

Assessment of Base-case

Macro Analyses (Policy, Impact,...)

Task 4

Technical Analysis

13

Task 1 - Definition:

� Define the product category and define the system boundaries of the

‘playing field’ for eco-design

� Identify the harmonised test standards and additional sector-specific

Task 1

procedures for product-testing

� Identify the existing relevant legislation, voluntary agreements, and

labelling initiatives at the EU and MS level, as well as outside Europe

1.1 Product category and performance assessment

1.2 Test Standards

1.3 Existing legislation (including labelling and voluntary programs)

14

Task 2 – Economic & market analysis:

� Place the product group within the total of EU industry and trade policy

� Provide market and cost inputs for the EU-wide environmental impact

of the product group

Task 2

� Provide insight in the latest market trends

� Provide a practical dataset of prices and rates to be used in a Life Cycle

Cost (LCC) calculation

2.1 Generic economic data

2.2 Market and stock data

2.3 Market trends

2.4 Consumer expenditure base data

15

Task 3 – Consumer Behaviour and Local Infrastructure:

� Quantify relevant user-parameters that influence the environmental

impact during product-life and that are different from Standard test

conditions

� Identify barriers and restrictions to possible eco-design measures, due

Task 3

� Identify barriers and restrictions to possible eco-design measures, due

to social, cultural or infra-structural factors

3.1 Real life efficiency

3.2 End-of-life behaviour

3.3 Local infra-structure

16

Task 4 – Technical Analysis Existing Products:

� General technical analysis of current products on the EU market during

the whole life cycle

� Objective is to capture the market on the whole, both “good” and “bad”

products

Task 4

products

� Functional analysis of the system to which the product belongs (e.g.

heating/ventilation), including a rough estimate of the overall impacts

4.1 Production phase

4.2 Distribution phase

4.3 Use phase (product)

4.4 Use phase (system)

4.5 End-of-life phase

4.6 Recommendations on mandates for measurement standards 17

Task 5 – Base-Cases:

� Building on the results of Tasks 1 – 4,

“one or two average EU product(s)” or product category(ies) have to be

defined as the “Base-case” for the whole of the EU-27

� On these Base-Cases most of the environmental and Life Cycle Cost

Task 5

(1/9)

� On these Base-Cases most of the environmental and Life Cycle Cost

analyses will be built throughout the rest of the study

� The Base-Case is a conscious abstraction of reality

(5.0 Base case definition)

5.1 Product-specific inputs

5.2 Base-Case Environmental Impact Assessment

5.3 Base-Case Life Cycle Costs

5.4 EU Totals

5.5 EU-27 Total System Impact18


� Base-Cases analysed using EcoReport Tool

� Input from previous tasks:

(1) Bill of materials (BOM)

Task 5

(2/9)

Example BOM: “Imaginary product”

Nr Date

27/02/2008

Pos MATERIALS Extraction & Production Weight Category Mate rial or Processnr Description of component in g Click &select select Category first !

1

2 Iron structure 200000.0 3-Ferro 23-Cast iron

3 Front "window" 1000.0 7-Misc. 54-Glass for lamps

4

Product name

Imaginary average stove

Author

BIO

19



(2) Manufacturing phase inputs – Percentage of sheetmetal scrap

Example: “Imaginary product”

Task 5

(3/9)

P o s MANUFACTURING Weight PercentageP o s MANUFACTURING Weight Percentagenr Description in g A djust

201 OEM Plastics Manufacturing (fixed) 0

202 Foundries Fe/Cu/Zn (fixed) 0

203 Foundries Al/Mg (fixed) 0

204 Sheetmetal Manufacturing (fixed) 1

205 PWB Manufacturing (fixed) 0

206 Other materials (Manufacturing already included) 20

207 Sheetmetal Scrap (Please adjust percentage only) 0 20%



(3) Use phase inputs - Energy consumption

Example: “Imaginary product”Pos USE PHASE unit Subtotals

nr Description

Task 5

(4/9)

211 Product Life in years 15 years

Electricity

212 On-mode: Consumption per hour, cycle, setting, etc . 0 kWh 0

213 On-mode: No. Of hours, cycles, settings, etc. / yea r 0 #

214 Standby-mode: Consumption per hour 0 kWh 0

215 Standby-mode: No. Of hours / year 0 #

216 Off-mode: Consumption per hour 0 kWh 0

217 Off-mode: No. Of hours / year 0 #

TOTAL over Product Life 0.00 MWh (=000 kWh) 65

Heat

218 Avg. Heat Power Output 15 kW

219 No. Of hours / year 730 hrs.

220 Type and efficiency (Click & select) 78.0% 16 77-Wood logs, higher eff. 74

TOTAL over Product Life 591.32 GJ



(4) End-of-life


Pos DISPOSAL & RECYCLING unit Subtotals

Task 5

(5/9)

nr Description

Substances released during Product Life and Landfil lDisposal: Environmental Costs perkg final product

231 Landfill (fraction products not recovered) in g en % 10050 5% 88-fixed

232 Incineration (plastics & PWB not re-used/recycle d) 0 g 91-fixed

233 Plastics: Re-use & Recycling ("cost"-side) 0 g 92-fixed

Re-use, Recycling Benefit in g% of plastics

fraction

234 Plastics: Re-use, Closed Loop Recycling (please edi t%) 0 1% 4

235 Plastics: Materials Recycling (please edit% only) 0 9% 4

236 Plastics: Thermal Recycling (please edit% only) 0 90% 72

237 Electronics: PWB Easy to Disassemble ? (Click&selec t) 0 YES 98

238 Metals & TV Glass & Misc. ( 95% Recycling) 190950 fixed

22



(5) Economic / market inputs


INPUTS FOR EU-Totals & economic Life Cycle Costs uni tnr Description

A Product Life 15 years

Task 5

(6/9)

B Annual sales 1.5 mln. Units/yearC EU Stock 13 mln. Units

D Product price 2400 Euro/unitE Installation/acquisition costs (if any) 1000 Euro/ unitF Fuel rate (gas, oil, wood) 11.1 Euro/GJG Electricity rate Euro/kWhH Water rate Euro/m3I Aux. 1: None Euro/kgJ Aux. 2 :None Euro/kgK Aux. 3: None Euro/kgL Repair & maintenance costs 420 Euro/ unit

M Discount rate (interest minus inflation) 5.0% %N Present Worth Factor (PWF) (calculated automatically) 10.38 (years)

O Overall Improvement Ratio STOCK vs. NEW, Use Phase 1.00

23

Task 5:

� Results per

product: “Imaginary

product”

Nr

0

Life Cycle phases --> DISTRI- USE TOTAL

Resources Use and Emissions Material Manuf. Total BUTION Disposal Recycl. Total

Materials unit1 Bulk Plastics g 0 0 0 0 02 TecPlastics g 0 0 0 0 03 Ferro g 200000 10000 190000 200000 04 Non-ferro g 0 0 0 0 05 Coating g 0 0 0 0 06 Electronics g 0 0 0 0 07 Misc. g 1000 50 950 1000 0

Total weight g 201000 10050 190950 201000 0

Author

BIO

Life cycle Impact per product:

PRODUCTION

Date

27/02/2008Imaginary example stove

END-OF-LIFE*

Task 5

(7/9)

see note!

Other Resources & Waste debet credit8 Total Energy (GER) MJ 2016 439 2455 607 780649 687 -11 697 7844089 of which, electricity (in primary MJ) MJ 40 264 304 1 3 0 0 0 309

10 Water (process) ltr 269 4 272 0 3 0 0 0 27511 Water (cooling) ltr 732 125 857 0 9 0 0 0 86512 Waste, non-haz./ landfill g 63085 1376 64461 278 243772 12321 0 12321 32083113 Waste, hazardous/ incinerated g 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6

Emissions (Air)14 Greenhouse Gases in GWP100 kg CO2 eq. 212 24 237 37 8005 51 -1 52 8331

15 Ozone Depletion, emissions mg R-11 eq.

16 Acidification, emissions g SO2 eq. 649 105 754 112 62636 101 -1 102 6360417 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) g 24 0 24 10 175148 3 0 3 17518518 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) ng i-Teq 1200 0 1200 2 996 85 0 85 228319 Heavy Metals mg Ni eq. 397 0 397 14 12 201 0 201 624

PAHs mg Ni eq. 3 0 3 25 24086 0 0 0 2411320 Particulate Matter (PM, dust) g 2800 16 2816 1709 43120 894 0 894 48540

Emissions (Water)21 Heavy Metals mg Hg/20 182 0 182 0 2 57 0 57 24122 Eutrophication g PO4 5 0 6 0 0 3 0 3 9

23 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) ng i-Teq negligible

negligible

24

Allows to identify the most significant phases of the life-cycle and

components/functionalities in terms of environmental impacts

� Split up of the impacts per life cycle

phase is nearly the same for all base-

cases = Materials acquisition, use,

and end-of-life are all of relevancy.

Task 5

(8/9)

25

and end-of-life are all of relevancy.

� Regarding the modes both, on-mode

and active standby need further

attention, whereas off-mode is of

minor relevancy.

25

Task 5:

� Example Life Cycle Cost results per product and per product stock:

“Imaginary product”

Table . Life Cycle Costs per product and Total ann ual expenditure (2005) in the EU-25

LCC new productImaginary average stove total annual consumer

Task 5

(9/9)

D € mln.€

E € mln.€

F € mln.€

F € mln.€

G € mln.€

H € mln.€

I € mln.€

J € mln.€

K € mln.€

€ mln.€

Item

Fuel (gas, oil, wood) 5728

12639

LCC new product

3600

1500

0

0

1000

0

expenditure in EU25

9419Total

0

364

0

291Repair & maintenance costs

2400

0

Product price

Installation/ acquisition costs (if any)

Electricity

Water 0

Aux. 3: None

00

0

Aux. 1: None

Aux. 2 :None

7175

26

Task 6 – Technical Analysis BAT:

� Technical analysis of advanced technologies (“BAT candidates”)

� Provides part of the input for Task 7 (identification of BAT)

Task 6

6.1 State of the art in applied research for the product

(prototype level)

6.2 State of the art at component level

(prototype, test and field trial level)

6.3 State of the art of best existing product technology outside the EU

27

Task 7 – Improvement potential:

� Identify design options, their monetary consequences in terms of Life

Cycle Cost for the consumer and their environmental costs and benefits

Life Cycle Costs: indicate whether design solutions might negatively or

positively impact the total EU consumer’s expenditure over the total product

life (purchase, running costs, etc.)

Task 7

(1/2)

life (purchase, running costs, etc.)

� Pinpoint the solution with the Least Life Cycle Costs (LLCC) and

the Best Available Technology (BAT)

7.1 Options

7.2 Impacts

7.3 Costs

7.4 Analysis LLCC and BAT

7.5 Long-term targets (BNAT) and systems analysis

28

Task 7 – Improvement potential:

Example of options analysis considering a key environmental indicator & LCC:

2200

2400

2600

50

60

70

LifePrimary

Task 7

(2/2)

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

BaseCase

1 2 2+3 4 2+4 2+3+4 6 2+6 7

0

10

20

30

40

Options

LifeCycleCosts

[€]

PrimaryEnergy

Consumption[MJ]

29

LLCC BAT

Task 8 – Scenario, Policy, Impact and Sensitivity analysis:

� Summarise and total the outcomes of all previous tasks

� Look at suitable policy means to achieve the potential e.g. implementing

LLCC as a minimum and BAT as a promotional target, using legislative or

voluntary agreements, labeling and promotion

� Scenarios 1990 – 2020 quantifying the improvements that can be achieved

Task 8

(1/2)

� Scenarios 1990 – 2020 quantifying the improvements that can be achieved

vs. a Business-as-Usual scenario

� Impacts on consumers and industry

� Robustness of the outcome

8.1 Policy and scenario analysis

8.2 Impact analysis industry and consumers

8.3 Sensitivity analysis of the main parameters

30

Task 8 – Scenario, Policy, Impact and Sensitivity analysis:

Example scenarios:

50

60 BAU

Option: LLCC

Task 8

(2/2)

20

30

40

50

2005 2010 2015 2020

PJ

.

Option: BAT

Total energy

consumption

31

Consumer Behaviour

Econ. and Market Analysis

Definition

Technical Analysis

Schedule for Lot 25

1st Stakeholder meeting

32

BAT – BNAT analysis

Improvement Potential

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8

Assessment of Base-case

Macro Analyses (Policy, Impact,...)

Task 4

Technical Analysis

32







33


discussion


discussion





1.1. Product Definition

� PRODCOM code 29.71.24.30

Task 1.1 – Findings Lot 25

In this study coffee machines are defined as machines that heat water, with

or without an independent source of energy, and pass it through the

coffee, so as to produce a hot drink. This coffee can be dispensed in various

containers, such as cups, pots or in the machine itself.

� PRODCOM code 29.71.24.30

Domestic electric coffee or tea makers (including percolators)

� Modes of use

� Ready mode

� Standby mode

� Off mode

� Other functions

� Auto-power down (auto-off) / auto-power-down delay (switch-off delay)

� Energy saving mode 34


� Functional Unit

The functional unit of a coffee machine is basically the part which produces

the coffee. Life Cycle Analyses found in literature propose functional units

which are structured following three main aspects:

� Coffee production


� Coffee production

e.g. to produce a 20cL cup of coffee

� Keeping warm function

e.g. to maintain a cup of coffee at a serving temperature (55°C)

for one hour

� Stand-by function

e.g. maintaining stand-by functionality for one hour

In this study, the warming function has been distinguished from the stand-by

function because appliances do not present both functions. 35

1.1. Product Definition� In the scope

The following product types are considered to be within the scope of the

Lot 25 study:


36

�Drip / filter coffee machines

� Zero, or very little steam pressure to extract flavors from

coffee beans

� Percolation typically induced with steam entrainment, no

mechanical pressure action



Lot 25 study:


37

� Espresso machines

�High pressure flavor extraction (~15 bars)

�Mechanical pump pressure



Lot 25 study:


38

� Low pressure pod / pad machines

�Low pressure coffee flavor extraction (~3 bars)

�Typically mechanically driven pressure



Lot 25 study:


39

� Electric or traditional percolator, moka pot, vacuum coffee

machine, Neapolitan flip coffee pot

�Low to medium pressure with steam or buoyant forces driving

the flavor extraction

�Independent heat source not necessary at this point in the

study to be included


Overview of the main product groups to be covered in Lot 25


LOT 25 – Non-tertiary Coffee machines

Drip/filter coffee machinesTraditional coffee machinesPod filter coffee

machinesEspresso coffee machines

40

Traditional filter coffee

maker, using ground coffee

Insulated

container

1 insulated

cup

Insulated

carafe

2 insulated

cups

Non insulated

container

1 non-insulated

cup

Non-insulated

carafe

2 non-insulated

cups

Combo filter

coffee maker

Steam/non-pump coffee

espresso machines

Single boiler, heat

exchanger machines

Single boiler, dual

use machines

Dual boiler

machines

Automatic

espresso machines

Pump espresso

machine,

automatic

Pump espresso

machine, fully

automatic

Capsule

espresso

machines

Pump espresso

machine, semi

automatic

Manual

versions

Manual

moka pot

Manual

percolator

Manual

vacuum coffee

machine

Electric

versions

Electric moka

pot

Electric

percolator

Electric vacuum

coffee machine


� Out of the scope

The following product types are considered NOT to be within the scope

of the Lot 25 study:


41

�Manual coffee machines,

without any independent

heat source or direct heat

application

�Tertiary coffee machines

�Kettles


� Questions

� Any complementary items to mention in/out of the scope of

the study?

Task 1.1 – Comments

42

the study?

� Products in use that are non-compliant with public safety

standards should be in scope of study?

� Are there any other parameters which should be considered

for classification?

� Any comments?

1.2. Test Standards

� Standards at international level

�International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC):

� IEC 60661 - Methods for measuring the performance of electric

household coffee makers


43

household coffee makers

� IEC 62301 - Household electrical appliances - Measurement of

standby power

1.2. Test Standards

� Standards at European Community level

�EN 13248:2002 - Coffee makers for domestic use with an independent

heat source - Definitions, requirements and test methods

� Standards at Member State level

�Germany: RAL-UZ 136 – Espresso machines


44

�Germany: RAL-UZ 136 – Espresso machines

�Germany: DIN 10764 – 10768 - Analysis of coffee and coffee products

� Third Country Standards

�Switzerland: CECED / FEA

�Switzerland: S.A.F.E. – Topten

�USA: ANSI / AHAM; CM-1-2007

�Russia: Gosudarstvennyy Standart – State Standards; GOST 20888-81

� TC59X/WG15 is currently working to mandate a new performance standard

for coffee machines

1.2. Test Standards

� Focus: Calculation method CECED / FEA


Criteria assessment tool energy label Espresso machines Version: 11 May 2009

Declaration for energy use of Coffee Machines

Machine brand: Date:

Type number: Prepared by:

Results reflect energy consumption in Wh over 24 hr use. Signature:

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45

Ref Task Procedure We

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4.1 Heating up from "off" One time heating up 1 20 20 20 0 0%

4.2 Brewing coffee Sum of 1xsingle and 1x doubles of

40g and same for 120g. 1 55,8 55,8 55,8 0 0%

4.3 Steaming Avrg of 3 measurements 1 15 15 1 15 0 0%

4.4 Ready to use time 60 min measurement5 15 75 75 0 0%

4.5 Standby time According to IEC 6230111 2 22 22 0 0%

Calibration inputs:

4.6 Heating up after

standby

One time heating up2 16 32 32 0 0%

Tcoffee = 76 °C

4.7 "off" mode time According to IEC 62301 8 1 8 8 0 0% Avrg Cup= 80 g

Corrections Twater,brewing 23 °C

(Automatic) rinsing Measured as part of heating up 1 3 3 1 3 0 DeltaTsteam 40 K

Grinding Minor impact, no measurement 1 2 2 1 2 0

Total consumption233 0 0%

Tolerances shall not exceed limits as given in the implementing directive 2005/32/EC on standby energy

Tolerances shall not exceed 10% in case not covered by this directive.

Tolerances include testlab inaccuracy and production tolerances

1.2. Test Standards

� Focus: Calculation method for standard coffee machine use by S.A.F.E -

Topten International Group


46

1.2. Test Standards

� Main test standards relevant for coffee machines


Reference Title

EN 13248

"Cookware - Coffee makers for domestic use with an independent heat source - Definitions,

requirements and test methods"

Contents: Scope, Normative references, Terms and definitions, Requirements, Tests, Marking and

labelling, Instructions for use and maintenance

47

labelling, Instructions for use and maintenance

EN 60661 (IEC )

“Methods for measuring the performance of electric household coffee makers”

Defines the main performance characteristics which are of interest to the user and describes the

standard methods for measuring these characteristics.

ANSI/AHAM CM-

1-2007

“Method for Measuring Performance of Household Coffee Makers”

Establishes a uniform, repeatable procedure for measuring specified product characteristics of

household electric coffee makers.

CECED/FEA

“Measurement method for the determination of the energy consumption of Espresso machines”

Applicable to all manual and automatic espresso and multipurpose hot beverage machines

characterized by the fact that they are based on high pressure (> 5 bar maximum working

pressure) espresso technology and on a cup by cup system.

S.A.F.E. and

Topten

“Electrical Consumption of Coffee Machines: Measuring Method”

Suggests a measuring method for several operating modes: ready, standby, etc.

1.3. Test Standards

� Questions

� Do you agree with this main list of test standards related to

energy performance?

� Is the CECED/FEA measurement method representative of


48

� Is the CECED/FEA measurement method representative of

the real use of high pressure espresso machines and

applicable at EU level?

� Is the CECED/FEA measurement method applicable to other

types of coffee machines (low pressure and drip filter)?

� Any comments?

1.3. Existing Legislation

At EU level:

Scope Legislation

Environmental Legislation

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

2002/96/EC (category 2. Small household appliances)

Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in


49

Entire Product Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in

electric and electronic equipment Directive 2002/95/EC

(category 2. Small household appliances)

REACH Regulation No 1907/2006

Energy Legislation

Standby and off mode

power consumption

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008

of 17 December 2008

Legislation related to Safety

Entire product

General Product Safety Directive 2001/95/EC

Low Voltage Equipment Directive 73/23/EEC

Materials and articles intended to come into contact with

foodstuffs – Directive 89/109/EEC

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive 89/336/EEC


� Legislation and Agreements at Member State level

�France - NF Environnement - NF 397 – Electric Filter Coffee Machines

for Domestic Use

�Germany - Blue Angel (for automatic single-serve coffee makers)


50

�Finland, Norway and Sweden - Nordic Swan scheme (for coffee filters)

� Third Country Legislation and Initiatives

�Switzerland – L’EtiquetteEnergie (Energy Label)

�Australia’s Standby Power Strategy 2002-2012

�Korea - The “e-Standby Program”

�Korea - Eco-Label (for domestic electric coffee makers)

�Russia - GOST 20888-81 Standard (for electric household coffee makers)


� Focus – Switzerland (CECED / FEA voluntary initiative)


51


� Questions

� Do you agree with this list?

� Any complementary legislation to integrate?


52

� Any complementary legislation to integrate?

� Any comments?







discussion

53

11:15 – 12:00discussion


discussion





Task 2 – Economic and market analysis

2.1 Generic economic data

� EU-27 Production

� Extra-EU Trade

Task 2.1 – Data required

54

� Intra-EU Trade

� Apparent EU-consumption = Production + Imports – Exports

Ideally, data should be in physical volume and in money units,

including estimations per country divided on coffee machine type

(drip/filter or espresso, etc.)


2.2 Market and stock data

� Current stock

� Past and estimation of future stock

� Current sales


55

� Current sales

� Annual sales growth rate

� Replacement sales / New sales (derived from annual sales)

� Average product life (both in standard and real life conditions)

Ideally, data should be in physical volume and in money units (for

sales data), including estimations per Member State.


2.3 Market trends

� Distribution structure (directly from the manufacturer to the

end-user, via a distributor, other)

Market structure (number of major manufacturers, and their


56

� Market structure (number of major manufacturers, and their

share of the EU-27 sales)

� Production structure (major EU-27 countries of production,

number of manufacturers in these countries)

� General trends in product-design and product-features (from a

marketing point of view)

� Duration of the product redesign cycle


2.4 Consumer expenditure base data

� Average consumer (end-user) price

� Installation costs, if any


57

� Repair and maintenance costs, if any

� Consumable costs

� Disposal costs

Task 2.1

General Economic Data

Domestic electric coffee

or tea makers (including

percolators)

Production

Quantity

Imports

Quantity

Exports

Quantity

Apparent Consumption

Quantity

(Prod + Imp - Exp)

Prodcom 2007 data:

Units sales totals for EU-27:

percolators) (Prod + Imp - Exp)

EU27 TOTALS 7 364 594 22 732 962 2 199 948 27 897 608

Domestic electric coffee

or tea makers (including

percolators)

Production

Value

Imports

Value

Exports

Value

Apparent Consumption

Value

(Prod + Imp - Exp)

EU27 TOTALS 369 328 860 563 559 550 182 463 230 750 425 180

Value totals for EU-27:

58

Task 2.2

Market Analysis - Sales

59Source: Topten (www.topten.info), Gfk 2007

Task 2.2


60Source: Topten (www.topten.info), Gfk 2007

Task 2.2


Source: Topten (www.topten.info), Gfk 200761

Task 2.2


Prices of electric coffee machines in France

62

(Source: GfK Retail and Technology Conférence PEM GIFAM Benoit LEHUT-Julie KUNLIN, 16 September 2008, Petit Electroménager;

Objectif : Création de Valeur)

Task 2.2


Proportions of units sold by categorization in Task 1:

Source: Topten (www.topten.info), Gfk 200763

Task 2.2

Market Analysis - Lifetime

Lot 25 Product Category Lifetime

Filter/drip 10

First proposal for lifetimes:

Pod / pad 6

Espresso capsules 6

Espresso trad. steam / pump / semi auto 10

Espresso full-auto 10

64

Task 2.2

Market Analysis - Lifetime

Lot 25 Product Category Lifetime

Filter/drip 6

New proposal for lifetimes based on the industry’s feedback:

Pod / pad 6

Espresso capsules 5

Espresso trad. steam / pump / semi auto 7


65

Task 2.2

Market Analysis – Sales

66

Task 2.2

Market Analysis - Stock

Lot 25 Product CategoryStock 2010

(units)

Filter/drip 58 800 000Filter/drip 58 800 000

Pod / pad 20 300 000

Espresso capsules 11 500 000

Espresso trad. steam / pump / semi auto 9 000 000

Espresso full-auto 5 500 000

67

Task 2.3

Market Analysis – Sales Trends

68

Lot 25 Product CategorySales

2010 2012 2015 2020

Filter drip 9 240 000 9 260 000 8 630 000 6 480 000

Task 2.3


Soft pad 3 530 000 3 750 000 4 090 000 4 750 000

Hard capsule espresso 3 010 000 3 770 000 5 110 000 7 510 000

Espresso (trad and semi) 1 160 000 1 040 000 900 000 900 000

Espresso (fully-auto) 810 000 900 000 1 040 000 1 140 000

69

Task 2.3


70

Lot 25 Product CategoryStock

2010 2012 2015 2020

Filter drip 58 820 000 57 120 000 54 500 000 45 710 000

Task 2.3

Market Analysis – Stock Trends

Soft pad 20 320 000 21 420 000 22 840 000 26 480 000

Hard capsule espresso 11 450 000 15 240 000 21 220 000 32 390 000

Espresso (trad and semi) 9 010 000 8 290 000 7 320 000 6 310 000

Espresso (fully-auto) 5 550 000 5 820 000 6 360 000 7 520 000

71

Task 2.3

Market Analysis – Stock Trends

72

Task 2.4

Consumer Expenditures

Lot 25 Product CategoryAverage

Price (EUR)

Filter/drip 35

Pod / pad 80

Purchase prices:

73

Pod / pad 80

Espresso capsules 150

Espresso trad. steam / pump / semi

auto300


Category Cost items Units Value for Lot 25 Study

Purchase Purchase price PP €/product 35 - 600

Use Electricity rate €/kWh 0.166

Use Water rates €/m3 2.64

Task 2.4

Consumer Expenditures

74

Use Water rates €/m 2.64

Use Ground coffee €/cup of coffee 0.07 – 0.11

Use Coffee filter €/product 0.03

Use Coffee pods – soft €/product 0.15

Use Coffee pods – hard €/product 0.30

UseInterest-inflation

rate% 4.0

2. Economic and market analysis

� Questions

� Are lifetime estimates more accurate?

� Market data (past and future trends) have significant impact

Task 2 – Comments

75

� Market data (past and future trends) have significant impact

� Are there new technology trends foreseeable in the range of

years of this study?

� Any comments?







discussion

76



discussion





Task 3: Consumer Behaviour

and Local infrastructure

Objectives

Quantify relevant user-parameters influencing the use phase of the coffee

machine

77

machine

Identify actual consumer behaviour in maintenance and end-of-life

Identify barriers and restrictions to possible eco-design measures



Switching behaviour at home:

78



Switching behaviour at home according to the type of machine:

An

y e

lect

ric

esp

ress

o

ma

chin

e

Au

to c

up

by

cu

p

Ma

nu

al

cup

by

cu

p

Re

ad

y m

ad

e d

ose

s

An

y o

the

r co

ffe

e

ma

chin

e

Low

pre

ssu

re c

up

-by

-

Jug

ty

pe

79

An

y e

lect

ric

esp

ress

o

ma

chin

e

Au

to c

up

by

cu

p

Ma

nu

al

cup

by

cu

p

Re

ad

y m

ad

e d

ose

s

An

y o

the

r co

ffe

e

ma

chin

e

Low

pre

ssu

re c

up

cup

Jug

ty

pe

ALL 2902 845 951 1106 1173 471 702

Switches off automatically 19% 38% 10% 12% 17% 14% 19%

In the evening 8% 11% 5% 8% 2% 3% 1%

After 'coffee times' 12% 18% 8% 11% 5% 6% 4%

After each use 55% 27% 73% 60% 70% 72% 69%

Never 6% 5% 4% 8% 5% 5% 6%

Don't know 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1%



Switching behaviour at work:

80



Switching behaviour at work according to the type of machine:

An

y e

lect

ric

esp

ress

o

ma

chin

e

Au

to c

up

by

cu

p

Ma

nu

al

cup

by

cu

p

Re

ad

y m

ad

e d

ose

s

An

y o

the

r co

ffe

e

ma

chin

e

Low

pre

ssu

re c

up

-by

-

Jug

ty

pe

81

An

y e

lect

ric

esp

ress

o

ma

chin

e

Au

to c

up

by

cu

p

Ma

nu

al

cup

by

cu

p

Re

ad

y m

ad

e d

ose

s

An

y o

the

r co

ffe

e

ma

chin

e

Low

pre

ssu

re c

up

cup

Jug

ty

pe

ALL 596 244 86 266 607 180 427

Switches off automatically 21% 31% 20% 12% 15% 26% 10%

In the evening 39% 32% 38% 47% 17% 18% 16%

After 'coffee times' 4% 3% 7% 4% 15% 7% 19%

After each use 11% 5% 23% 13% 45% 39% 47%

Never 20% 21% 8% 22% 5% 8% 4%

Don't know 5% 8% 3% 2% 3% 2% 4%

Assumed use pattern of the coffee machine over the whole product

lifetime



82



End-of-life management

All producers of coffee machines are obliged by the WEEE directive

to take responsibility for the collection and treatment of their

product for a fee. The customer might give his coffee machine to the

83

product for a fee. The customer might give his coffee machine to the

municipal recycling authority or take it back to the reseller.

Possible barriers to Ecodesign

Buying decision: focus on first price

Lack of available information

3. Consumer Behaviour and Local Infrastructure

� Questions

� Consensus on user behaviour patterns for performance

testing

Task 3 – Comments

84

testing

� Any comments?







discussion

85



discussion





Task 4: Technical Analysis of

Existing Products

Objectives

Technical analysis of existing coffee machines on the EU-market

Key parameters : Bill of materials and resources consumption during

86

Key parameters : Bill of materials and resources consumption during

product life

General inputs for the definition of the base cases in Task 5


Existing Products

Base case selection

A different base case for major product categories sold on the

market is the main driving factor for selecting base cases

The base cases selected must best represent the broadest categories

87

The base cases selected must best represent the broadest categories

of the non-tertiary coffee maker market

Technical differences can justify the distinction of a new base case

such as significant differences in the energy use, materials used, and

process for making coffee


Existing Products

Base case selection

1. Drip filter coffee machine

2. Soft pad coffee machine (low pressure, e.g. Senseo)

88

3. Hard cap coffee machine (high pressure, e.g. Nespresso)

4. Espresso coffee maker

5. Fully automatic espresso machine


Existing Products

Base case selection

The improvement potential of the product’s environmental impacts

is also a consideration that must be used to distinguish a base case.

� Moka pots and other products not directly consuming energy

themselves do not have a base case

89

themselves do not have a base case

� Electric percolators and electric moka pots were not selected as

their stock at EU-27 level is very low compared to other non-

tertiary coffee machine types (80 000 machines in 2008).

Other functionalities such as automatic on/off options will be

modelled through base cases as they are important, however they

will not justify the distinction of base cases.

• Filter drip machine

– Housing

– Plate unit

– Electric circuit

– Water circuit


Existing Products

• Soft pad machine

– Housing

– Percolation system

– Button system

– Electric circuit and resistance

– Pump system

90

• Hard cap espresso machine

– Housing

– Percolator capsule system

– Electric and resistance system

– Pump system


Existing Products

• Espresso maker

– Housing

– Percolation system

– Pump system

– Control system

– Resistance system

– Steam system

– Filter holder system91

Energy Consumption (based on EN 60661)


Existing Products

92

Maintenance

Ave. Number

coffee per

week

Soft water

(<19°th)

Hard water

(<19-30°th)

Very hard

water (<30°th)

Less than 7 Once a year Every 8 months Every 6 months

From 7 to 20 Every 4 months Every 3 months Every 2 months


Existing Products

From 7 to 20 Every 4 months Every 3 months Every 2 months

Over 20 Every 4 months Every 2 months Every month

Power (W) Time for one

descaling (h)

Consumption

for one

descaling (Wh)

Filter drip 1340 0,17 227,8

Soft pad 1120 0,17 190,4

Espresso maker 1380 0,21 289,8

93


Existing Products

End-of-Life (1/2)

WEEE status-quo

In 2005, 40% of WEEE arising in the EU 27 (consumer electronics

only) has been collected and treated (WEEE Review Study, UNU

2007)

94

It is not known, where the remaining 60% end up: Some of the

appliances will be stored at home (which just shifts disposal to a

later point in time), some might go for second hand use in

countries outside the EU 27. Assuming that the remaining 60% end

up (sooner or later, inside EU 27 or outside) in the municipal

household waste

In the EU 27 47% of municipal household waste is landfilled.

Pos DISPOSAL & RECYCLING unit Subtotals

nr Description

Substances released during Product Life and Landfil l

227 Refrigerant in the product (Click & select) 0 g 1-none

228 Percentage of fugitive & dumped refrigerant 0%

229 Mercury (Hg) in the product 0 g Hg

WEEE status-quo


Existing Products

End-of-Life (2/2)

229 Mercury (Hg) in the product 0 g Hg

230 Percentage of fugitive & dumped mercury 0%

Disposal: Environmental Costs perkg final product

231 Landfill (fraction products not recovered) in g en % 149 5% 88-fixed

232 Incineration (plastics & PWB not re-used/recycled) 1342 g 91-fixed

233 Plastics: Re-use & Recycling ("cost"-side) 149 g 92-fixed

Re-use, Recycling Benefit in g % of plastics

fraction

234 Plastics: Re-use, Closed Loop Recycling (please edit%) 15 1% 4

235 Plastics: Materials Recycling (please edit% only) 134 9% 4

236 Plastics: Thermal Recycling (please edit% only) 1342 90% 72

237 Electronics: PWB Easy to Disassemble ? (Click&select) 0 YES 98

238 Metals & TV Glass & Misc. ( 95% Recycling) 1409 fixed

95


Existing Products

� Questions

� Are there further best practices for maintenance of coffee

machines?

� How do older machines perform in performance tests verses

new machines?

96

new machines?

� Any comments?







discussion

97



discussion





Task 5: Definition of Base

Case

Objectives

Assessment of average EU products, the so called “base cases”

� A base case is “a conscious abstraction of reality”

The description of the Base Cases is the synthesis of the results of Tasks

98

The description of the Base Cases is the synthesis of the results of Tasks

1 to 4

Most of the environmental and life cycle cost analysis are built on these

Base Cases throughout the rest of the study and it serves as the point-

of-reference for Task 6 (technical analysis of BAT), Task 7 (improvement

potential), and Task 8 (policy analyses)


Case

Methodology (1/2)

EcoReport tool

material Bulk Plastics

1 LDPE 2 HDPE 3 LLDPE 4 PP

Ferro metals 21 St sheet galv. 22 St tube/profile 23 Cast iron

41 Au/Pt/Pd Electronics

42 LCD per m2 scrn 43 CRT per m2 scrn 44 big caps & coils

99

4 PP 5 PS 6 EPS 7 HI-PS 8 PVC 9 SAN

10 ABS TecPlastics (incl. Fillers, reinforcement, additive s)

11 PA 6 12 PC 13 PMMA 14 Epoxy 15 Rigid PUR 16 Flex PUR 17 Talcum filler 18 E-glass fibre 19 Aramid fibre

Ferro metals

23 Cast iron 24 Ferrite 25 Stainless 18/8 coil

Non ferro metals 26 Al sheet/extrusion 27 Al diecast 28 Cu winding wire 29 Cu wire 30 Cu tube/sheet 31 CuZn38 cast 32 ZnAl4 cast 33 MgZn5 cast

Coating / plating (per g coating) 38 pre-coating coil 39 powder coating 40 Cu/Ni/Cr plating 41 Au/Pt/Pd

44 big caps & coils 45 slots / ext. ports 46 large IC 47 small IC 48 SMD/ LED's avg. 49 PWB 1/2 lay 3.75kg/m2 50 PWB 6 lay 4.5 kg/m2 51 PWB 6 lay 2 kg/m2 52 Solder SnAg4Cu0.5

Miscellaneous 54 Glass for lamps 55 Bitumen 56 Cardboard 57 Office paper 58 Concrete


Case

Methodology (2/2)


Case

Example base case 1: Drip filter coffee machine

Preliminary inputs:

6 year lifetime (10 year previous)

Electricity consumption: 2000 cups per year, (0.125L)

Electricity consumption: 1000 cups kept warm for 2 hours per year

101

Electricity consumption: 1000 cups kept warm for 2 hours per year

Electricity consumption: 7300 hours of off mode consumption per year

276 L water per year

13.8kg coffee beans per year

0.35kg coffee filter material per year

35 EUR installation cost

BOM for production inputs


Case

Life cycle cost inputs:INPUTS FOR EU-Totals & economic Life Cycle Costs uni t

nr Description

A Product Life 6 yearsB Annual sales 9,24 mln. Units/yearC EU Stock 58,82 mln. Units

D Product price 35 Euro/unitE Installation/acquisition costs (if any) 0 Euro/ unit

102

E Installation/acquisition costs (if any) 0 Euro/ unitF Fuel rate (gas, oil, w ood) 0 Euro/GJG Electricity rate 0,166 Euro/kWhH Water rate 2,64 Euro/m3I Aux. 1: None 12 Euro/kgJ Aux. 2 :None 33 Euro/kgK Aux. 3: None Euro/kgL Repair & maintenance costs Euro/ unit

M Discount rate (interest minus inf lation) 4,0% %N Present Worth Factor (PWF) (calculated automatically) 5,24 (years)

O Overall Improvement Ratio STOCK vs. NEW, Use Phase 1,00


Case

Env. Imp. Assessment (1/5)

Base Case 1: Drip Filter coffee machine

103


Case


Base Case 1

Materials acquisition is clearly dominating the total environmental impacts in

the categories:

� Waste, non-hazardous / landfill

Heavy metals emissions to air and to water (mainly from)

104

� Heavy metals emissions to air and to water (mainly from)

� Eutrophication

Manufacturing is not dominating any of the categories.

Distribution is dominating :

� Particulate Matter emissions to air


Case


Base Case 1

The use phase is dominating (>70%) :

� Total Energy, and electricity

� Water (process)

� Waste, non haz.

105

� Waste, non haz.

� VOC / POP / PAHs

� Greenhouse Gases

� Acidification

End-of-life impacts are dominating in categories :

� Waste, hazardous / incinerated

� Particulate Matter emissions to air


Case


Base Cases: Comparison

Correlations are stable

106

but absolute values differ…


Case


Base Cases : Comparison

Global Warming Potential, whole life cycle

(1) Drip filter coffee machine 193 kg CO2-eq.

107

(1) Drip filter coffee machine 193 kg CO2-eq.

(2) Soft pad coffee machine 234 kg CO2-eq.

(3) Hard cap espresso machine 136 kg CO2-eq.

(4) Espresso maker 201 kg CO2-eq.


Case

Life cycle costs

Base Case 1

Life cycle cost results:

D € mln.€

Products total annual consumer expenditure in EU25

Item

35Product price 323

LCC new product

108

D € mln.€

E € mln.€

F € mln.€

F € mln.€

G € mln.€

H € mln.€

I € mln.€

J € mln.€

K € mln.€

€ mln.€

0

32

4

0

00

355

11141

Fuel (gas, oil, w ood) 0

43

999Total

Repair & maintenance costs

35

868

Product price

Installation/ acquisition costs (if any)

Electricity

Water

Aux. 1: None

61

0

Aux. 2 :None

Aux. 3: None

679

9741

323

0

0

Aux. 1: coffee; Aux. 2: filters


case

� Questions

� Are the 5 base-cases representative of the current EU market?

� According to which measurement method the electricity

109

� According to which measurement method the electricity

consumption should be specified?

� What maintenance costs should be taken into consideration for

the calculation of the LCC?

� Any comments?







discussion

110



discussion





Revise the Task reports 1-3

� Standards and Legislation (Task 1)

� Sales and Stocks until 2020 (Task 2)

� User patterns (Task 3)

Agreement on base-cases and energy consumption per base-case based

on measurement method agreed

Next actions

on measurement method agreed

2nd stakeholder meeting date to be defined

111

Documents

Ecodesign Preparatory Studies Lot 25: Non-Tertiary Coffee ...€¦ · Perrine Lavelle Ian Kuwahara Lorcan Lyons ENER Lot 25 team ARTS ... Identify barriers and restrictions to possible