Eco- yemen

7/31/2019 Eco- yemen

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Economy

Yemen is one of the poorest and least developed countries in theArab World,

with a formal 65%employmentrate, dwindlingnatural resources, a young population and

increasingpopulation growth. Yemen's economy is weak compared to most countries in the

Middle-East, mainly because Yemen has very small oil reserves. Yemen's economy depends

heavily on theoilit produces,[7]

and its government receives the vast majority of its revenue

from oil taxes. But Yemen'soil reservesare expected to be depleted by 2017, possibly bringing

on economic collapse.[8]

Yemen does have large proven reserves ofnatural gas.[9]

Yemen's first

liquified natural gas (LNG) plantbegan production in October 2009.

Rampantcorruptionis a prime obstacle to development in the country, limiting local

reinvestments and driving away regional and international capital. Foreign investments remain

largely concentrated around the nation's hydrocarbon industry.

Beginning in the mid-1950s, theSoviet UnionandChinaprovided large-scale assistance. For

example, China is involved with the expansion of theSana'a International Airport. In the south,

pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city ofAden.

The seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with the closure of theSuez

Canaland Britain's withdrawal from Aden in 1967.

Since unification in 1990,[10]

the government has worked to integrate two relatively disparate

economic systems. However, severe shocks, including the return in 1990 of approximately

850,000 Yemenis from the Persian Gulf states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and

internal political disputes culminating in the1994 civil warhampered economic growth.

In the late 20th centurySana'as population grew rapidly, from roughly 55,000 in 1978 to more

than 1 million in the early 21st century.[11]

Sana'a may be the first capital city in the world to run

out of water.[12]
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Since the conclusion of the war, the government made an agreement with theInternational

Monetary Fund(IMF) to implement a structural adjustment program. Phase one of the program

included major financial and monetary reforms, including floating the currency, reducing the

budget deficit, and cutting subsidies. Phase two will address structural issues such as civil

service reform.

In early 1995, the government of Yemen launched an economic, financial, and administrative

reform program (EFARP) with the support of the World Bank and the IMF, as well as

international donors. The First Five-Year Plan (FFYP) for the years 1996 to 2000 was introduced

in 1996. The World Bank has focused on public sector management, including civil service

reform, budget reform, and privatization. Additional priorities for the programs have become

attracting diversified private investment, water management, and poverty-oriented social

sector improvements. These programs had a positive impact on Yemens economy and led to

the reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3% ofgross domestic product(GDP) during theperiod 1995-1999 and the correction of macro-financial imbalances.

[13]

In 1997, IMF and the Yemeni government began medium-term economic reform programs

under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This

program aimed to reduce dependence on the oil sector and to establish a market environment

for real non-oil GDP growth and investment in the non-oil sector. Increasing the growth rate in

the non-oil sector was one of the government's most important objectives. Programs also

focused on reducing unemployment, strengthening the social safety net, and increasing

financial stability. To achieve these reforms, the government and IMF implementedcontainment of government wages, improvements in revenue collection with the introduction

of reforms in tax administration, and a sharp reduction in subsidies bills through increased

prices on subsidized goods. As a result, the fiscal cash deficit was reduced from 16% of GDP in

1994 to 0.9% in 1997. This was supported by aid from oil-exporting countries, despite the wide-

ranging fluctuations in world oil prices. The real growth rate in the non-oil sector rose by 5.6%

from 1995 to 1997.[14]

Government

Main article:Politics of Yemen

Yemen is apresidential republicwith abicamerallegislature. Under the constitution, an elected

President, an elected 301-seatAssembly of Representatives, and an appointed 111-

memberShura Councilshare power. ThePresidentis thehead of state, and thePrime

Ministeris thehead of government.
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The constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least two

candidates endorsed by at least fifteen members of the Parliament. The prime minister, in turn,

is appointed by the president and must be approved by two thirds of the Parliament. The

presidential term of office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six

years.Suffrageis universal for people age 18 and older, but only Muslims may hold elected

office.[15]

PresidentAli Abdullah Salehbecame the first elected President in reunified Yemen in 1999

(though he had been President of unified Yemen since 1990 and President of North Yemen

since 1978). He was re-elected to office in September 2006. Saleh's victory was marked by an

election that international observers judged to be "partly free", though the election was

accompanied by violence, violations of press freedoms, and allegations of fraud.[16]

Parliamentary elections were held in April 2003, and theGeneral People's Congress(GPC)

maintained an absolute majority.

The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and southern legal

codes have been unified. The legal system includes separate commercial courts and a Supreme

Court based inSana'a.Shariais the main source of laws, with many court cases being debated

according to the religious basis of law and many judges being religious scholars as well as legal

authorities.

Beginning in February and March 2011, anuprisingagainst the government occurred, and

clashes with police and pro-government supporters have steadily intensified. Many protestors

demand the immediate resignation of the current leadership, and in particular that of President

Saleh.

Administrative divisions

Main article:Administrative divisions of Yemen

As of February 2004, Yemen is divided into twentygovernorates(muhafazat) and one

municipality called "Amanat Al-Asemah" (the latter containing the capital, Sana'a)[17]

The governors are subdivided into 333districts(muderiah), which are subdivided into 2,210

sub-districts, and then into 38,284 villages (as of 2001).

Foreign relations Economy

Main article:Economy of Yemen
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Further information:Telecommunications in Yemen,Transportation in

Yemen, andInternet usage in Yemen

Yemen is one of the poorest and least developed countries in theArab

World, with a formal 65%employmentrate, dwindlingnatural resources, a

young population and increasingpopulation growth. Yemen's economy is

weak compared to most countries in the Middle-East, mainly because

Yemen has very small oil reserves. Yemen's economy depends heavily on

theoilit produces,[7]and its government receives the vast majority of its

revenue from oil taxes. But Yemen'soil reservesare expected to be

depleted by 2017, possibly bringing on economic collapse.[8]Yemen does

have large proven reserves ofnatural gas.[9]Yemen's first liquified natural

gas (LNG) plantbegan production in October 2009.

Rampantcorruptionis a prime obstacle to development in the country,limiting local reinvestments and driving away regional and international

capital. Foreign investments remain largely concentrated around the

nation's hydrocarbon industry.

Beginning in the mid-1950s, theSoviet UnionandChinaprovided large-

scale assistance. For example, China is involved with the expansion of

theSana'a International Airport. In the south, pre-independence economic

activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city ofAden. The

seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with theclosure of theSuez Canaland Britain's withdrawal from Aden in 1967.

Since unification in 1990,[10]the government has worked to integrate two

relatively disparate economic systems. However, severe shocks, including

the return in 1990 of approximately 850,000 Yemenis from the Persian Gulf

states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and internal political

disputes culminating in the1994 civil warhampered economic growth.
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5/26

In the late 20th centurySana'as population grew rapidly, from roughly 55,000 in 1978 to

more than 1 million in the early 21st century.[11]Sana'a may be the first capital city in the

world to run out of water.[12]

Since the conclusion of the war, the government made an agreement with

theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF) to implement a structural adjustment

program. Phase one of the program included major financial and monetary

reforms, including floating the currency, reducing the budget deficit, and

cutting subsidies. Phase two will address structural issues such as civil

service reform.

In early 1995, the government of Yemen launched an economic, financial,

and administrative reform program (EFARP) with the support of the World

Bank and the IMF, as well as international donors. The First Five-Year Plan

(FFYP) for the years 1996 to 2000 was introduced in 1996. The WorldBank has focused on public sector management, including civil service

reform, budget reform, and privatization. Additional priorities for the

programs have become attracting diversified private investment, water

management, and poverty-oriented social sector improvements. These

programs had a positive impact on Yemens economy and led to the

reduction of the budget deficit to less than 3% ofgross domestic

product(GDP) during the period 1995-1999 and the correction of macro-

financial imbalances.[13]

In 1997, IMF and the Yemeni government began medium-term economic

reform programs under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility

(ESAF) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This program aimed to reduce

dependence on the oil sector and to establish a market environment for

real non-oil GDP growth and investment in the non-oil sector. Increasing

the growth rate in the non-oil sector was one of the government's most

important objectives. Programs also focused on reducing unemployment,

strengthening the social safety net, and increasing financial stability. Toachieve these reforms, the government and IMF implemented containment

of government wages, improvements in revenue collection with the

introduction of reforms in tax administration, and a sharp reduction in

subsidies bills through increased prices on subsidized goods. As a result,

the fiscal cash deficit was reduced from 16% of GDP in 1994 to 0.9% in
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1997. This was supported by aid from oil-exporting countries, despite the

wide-ranging fluctuations in world oil prices. The real growth rate in the

non-oil sector rose by 5.6% from 1995 to 1997.[14]

GovernmentMain article:Politics of Yemen

Yemen is apresidential republicwith abicamerallegislature. Under the

constitution, an elected President, an elected 301-seatAssembly of

Representatives, and an appointed 111-memberShura Councilshare

power. ThePresidentis thehead of state, and thePrime Ministeris

thehead of government.

The constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from

at least two candidates endorsed by at least fifteen members of the

Parliament. The prime minister, in turn, is appointed by the president and

must be approved by two thirds of the Parliament. The presidential term of

office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six

years.Suffrageis universal for people age 18 and older, but only Muslims

may hold elected office.[15]

PresidentAli Abdullah Salehbecame the first elected President in reunified

Yemen in 1999 (though he had been President of unified Yemen since

1990 and President of North Yemen since 1978). He was re-elected to

office in September 2006. Saleh's victory was marked by an election that

international observers judged to be "partly free", though the election was

accompanied by violence, violations of press freedoms, and allegations of

fraud.[16]

Parliamentary elections were held in April 2003, and theGeneral People's

Congress(GPC) maintained an absolute majority.

The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and

southern legal codes have been unified. The legal system includes

separate commercial courts and a Supreme Court based

inSana'a.Shariais the main source of laws, with many court cases being

debated according to the religious basis of law and many judges being

religious scholars as well as legal authorities.
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Beginning in February and March 2011, anuprisingagainst the

government occurred, and clashes with police and pro-government

supporters have steadily intensified. Many protestors demand the

immediate resignation of the current leadership, and in particular that of

President Saleh.

Administrative divisionsMain article:Administrative divisions of Yemen

As of February 2004, Yemen is divided into

twentygovernorates(muhafazat) and one municipality called "Amanat Al-

Asemah" (the latter containing the capital, Sana'a)[17]

Division Capital CityPopulation

2004 Census[18] Population

2006 est.[19] Key

'Aden Aden 589,419 634,710 1

'Amran 'Amran 877,786 909,992 2

Abyan Zinjibar 433,819 454,535 3

Ad-Dali' Ad Dali' 470,564 504,533 4

Al-Bayda' Al-Bayda 577,369 605,303 5

Al Hudaydah Al-Hudaydah 2,157,552 2,300,179 6

Al Jawf Al-Jawf 443,797 465,737 7

Al-Mahrah Al-Ghaydah 88,594 96,768 8

Al-Mahwit Al-Mahweet 494,557 523,236 9

Amanat Al-Asemah Sana'a 1,747,834 1,947,139 10

Dhamar Dhamar 1,330,108 1,412,142 11

Hadhramaut Al-Mukalla 1,028,556 1,092,967 12

Hajjah Hajjah 1,479,568 1,570,872 13

Ibb Ibb 2,131,861 2,238,537 14

Lahij Lahij 722,694 761,160 15

Ma'rib Ma'rib 238,522 251,668 16
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Raymah Kosmah 394,448 418,659 17

Sa'dah Sa`dah 695,033 746,957 18

Sana'a Sana'a 919,215 957,798 19

Shabwah Ataq 470,440 494,638 20Taiz Taiz 1,121,000 2,513,003 21

Main article:Foreign relations of Yemen

A village onHajjaz Mountainsin Yemen

Before British rule,Adenwas occupied by thePortuguesebetween 1513

1538 and 15471548. It was ruled by theOttoman Empirebetween 1538

1547 and 15481645. After Ottoman rule, it was ruled by theSultanate of

Lahej, under suzerainty of theZaidi Imamsof Yemen. In 1838,

SultanMuhsin bin Fadlof the nearby state of Lahej ceded

194 km2 (75 sq mi) including Aden to theBritish. On 19 January 1839,

theBritish East India CompanylandedRoyal Marinesat Aden to occupythe territory and stop attacks bypiratesagainst British shipping toIndia.

The geography and ruling Imams ofNorth Yemenkept the country isolated

from foreign influence before 1962. The country's relations with Saudi

Arabia were defined by theTaif Agreementof 1934, which delineated the

northernmost part of the border between the two kingdoms and set the

framework for commercial and other intercourse. The Taif Agreement has

been renewed periodically in 20-year increments, and its validity was

reaffirmed in 1995. Relations with the British colonial authoritiesinAdenand the south were usually tense.

The Soviet and Chinese Aid Missions established in 1958 and 1959 were

the first important non-Muslim presence in North Yemen. Following the

September 1962 revolution, theYemen Arab Republicbecame closely

allied with and heavily dependent upon Egypt. Saudi Arabia aided the
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royalists in their attempt to defeat the Republicans and did not recognize

the Yemen Arab Republic until 1970. At the same time, Saudi Arabia

maintained direct contact with Yemeni tribes, which sometimes strained its

official relations with the Yemeni Government. Hundreds of thousands of

Yemenis found employment in Saudi Arabia during the late 1970s and1980s.

The old town ofAden, Yemen, situated in the crater of an extinctvolcano.

In February 1989, North Yemen joinedIraq,Jordan, andEgyptin forming

theArab Cooperation Council(ACC), an organization created partly in

response to the founding of theGulf Cooperation Counciland intended to

foster closer economic cooperation and integration among its members.

After unification, the Republic of Yemen was accepted as a member of the

ACC in place of its YAR predecessor. In the wake of the Persian Gulf crisis,

the ACC has remained inactive. Yemen is not a member of the GulfCooperation Council.

British authorities left southern Yemen in November 1967 in the wake of an

intense rebellion. ThePeople's Democratic Republic of Yemen, the

successor to British rule, had diplomatic relations with many states, but its

major links were with the Soviet Union and othercommunistcountries.

Relations between it and the conservative Arab states of the Arabian

Peninsula were strained. There were military clashes with Saudi Arabia in

1969 and 1973, and the PDRY provided active support fortheDhofarrebellion against the Sultanate of Oman. The PDRY was the

only Arab state to vote against admitting new Arab states from the Persian

Gulf area to the United Nations and the Arab League. The PDRY provided

sanctuary andmaterial supportto various insurgent groups around the

Middle East.[citation needed]
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Yemen is a member of theUnited Nations, theArab League, and

theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, and also participates in the

nonaligned movement. The Republic of Yemen accepted responsibility for

all treaties and debts of its predecessors, the YAR and the PDRY. Yemen

has acceded to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty.

The Persian Gulf crisis dramatically affected Yemen's foreign relations. A

long-time ally of Saddam Hussein, Yemen's President,Ali Abdullah

Salehwas quick to back Saddam Hussein's invasion ofKuwaitin

1990.[20]As a member of theUnited Nations Security Council(UNSC) for

1990 and 1991, Yemen continued to abstain on a number of UNSC

resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait[10]and voted against the "use of

force resolution." Western and Gulf Arab states reacted by curtailing or

canceling aid programs and diplomatic contacts. At least 850,000 Yemeniswere expelled from Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf Arab states. Saudi

Arabia has begun construction of aseparation barrierbetween its territory

and Yemen to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods

into and out of the kingdom.

Subsequent to the liberation ofKuwait, Yemen continued to maintain high-

level contacts with Iraq. This hampered its efforts to rejoin the Arab

mainstream and to mend fences with its immediate neighbors. In 1993,

Yemen launched an unsuccessful diplomatic offensive to restore relationswith its Gulf Arab neighbors. Some of its aggrieved neighbors actively

aided the south during the 1994 civil war. Since the end of that conflict,

tangible progress has been made on the diplomatic front in restoring

normal relations with Yemen's neighbors. The Omani-Yemeni border has

been officially demarcated. In the summer of 2000, Yemen and Saudi

Arabia signed an International Border Treaty settling a 50 year old dispute

over the location of the border between the two countries. Yemen settled its

dispute withEritreaover theHanish Islandsin 1998.

After the departure from the Gulf Arab states, as many as 15,000 Yemenis

migrated to the U.S. Many Yemenis can be found in the south ofDearborn,

Michigan. In the early 1990s, Yemenis went in search of manufacturing

jobs. They continue to work in the U.S. and routinely send money back to

their families.
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Kidnappingof foreign tourists by tribes has been an ongoing problem

throughout the modern period.[21]In many instances, the kidnappers

attempted to use hostage taking to gain leverage in negotiations with the

government. One victim of kidnapping was former German Secretary of

StateJrgen Chrobog, a man who himself had conducted negotiations withkidnappers while in office.[22]In June 2009, a group of nine foreign tourists

were kidnapped near the city of Saada. Seven were killed and two children

survived.[21]

Yemen has historically enjoyed good relations withSomalia, its neighbour

to the south and fellow Arab League member. EthnicSomalisfor the most

part blend in well with Yemeni society, as they share centuries of close

religious, commercial and social ties. Following the outbreak of thecivil

warin Somalia, Yemen unconditionally opened its borders to Somaliasylum seekers. The World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S.

Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, estimates that 110,600 Somali

refugees lived in Yemen in 2007,[23]which is a fraction of the estimated

700,000-strong Somali nationals already living and working in

Yemen.[24]There are also many Somalis who have received Yemeni

citizenship due to marriage with Yemenis as well as through service to the

nation over the years. In addition, Yemen and Somalia have a long history

of trade and inter-action, with many of Somalia'sSultans, such asYusuf Ali

KenadidandGerad Ali Dable, often being exiled to and recruiting troops

from Yemen'sHadhramautregion. Somalia has also over the centuries

seen successive waves of immigration from Yemen, with Hadhrami settlers

being instrumental in helping to consolidate theMuslimcommunity in the

coastalBenadirregion in particular.[25]During the colonial period,

disgruntled Yemenis from the Hadhrami wars additionally sought and

received asylum in various Somali towns.[26]

Yemen also maintains good relations withDjibouti, its other predominantly

Somali neighbor to the west across theRed Sea. With a rapidly expandingeconomy, a stable government, huge investments from fellow Persian Gulf

Arab states, and a strategic maritime location in the Red Sea and theGulf

of Aden, Djibouti stands as an important ally. While Djibouti is largely

inhabited by Somalis, it is separate from theSomali Republicand holds its

own seats in the United Nations and theLeague of Arab States. On
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12/26

February 22, 2008, the BBC reported that a company owned byTarek bin

Ladenwas planning to build abridgeacross theBab el Mandeb, linking

Yemen with Djibouti.[27][28]

Since 2004, acivil waris being fought in Northern Yemen between Yemeni

forces and ShiiteHouthirebels. In 2009, it spilled over into the neighboring

border region of Saudi Arabia. This conflict is increasingly becoming a

danger to regional stability, according to news reports byCNN[29]and

theBBC,[30]as various countries are said to be involved, e.g.Iran,Saudi

Arabia,Egypt, andJordan.[31]TheUnited Nations[32]andUNDP

Yemenreport a growing problem of civilians fleeing from the region. Yemen

is said to have more than 60 million guns.[33]The2009 South Yemen

insurgencyhas further destabilized the country.

Some news reports have suggested that, on orders from President BarackObama, US warplanes firedcruise missilesat what officials in Washington

claimed were Al Qaeda training camps in the provinces

ofSanaaandAbyanon December 17, 2009.[34]Other reports suggest that

the airstrikes were carried out by YemeniMig-29aircraft, probably helped

by US intelligence,[35]or that cruise missiles were launched from warships

offshore.[36]Officials in Yemen said that the attacks claimed the lives of

more than 60 civilians, 28 of them children. Another airstrike was carried

out on December 24.[37]

Embassy of Yemen inWashington, D.C.

On January 3, 2010, the U.S. and British embassies in Yemen closed for

security reasons after the failed plot to bomb a plane in Detroit and after

reports of eight individuals planning an attack on the embassy itself. One

was arrested with a suicide vest, while three others were killed. Four

remained at large as of January 4, 2010.[38]
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13/26

Despite these tensions between the US and Yemen, as well as increasing

worries about terrorism in Yemen, President Obama has stated that he has

no plans to introduce US military forces into the country, a sentiment that

was echoed by US GeneralDavid Petraeus. However, the terrorism

worries seemed justified as a foiled terroristplotwas apparently conceivedin Yemen. Instead of military intervention, the US government intends to

increase military aid to $140 million in 2010.[39]

Geopolitical significance of Yemen (primarily its straits and oil fields) keeps

this country in the sphere of U.S. strategic interests. Control over the Aden

port - the "gate to Asia" - brings huge benefits to the USA and opens infinite

possibilities for maneuvering in front of them. However, America is not the

only nation to be interested in Yemen. China is trying hard to expand its

influence in theIndian Oceanby tie-ups across the region includingYemen.

Demographics

Main article:Demographics of Yemen

High-rise architecture atShibam, WadiHadramawt

The population of Yemen was about 24 million according to June 2011

estimates, with 46% of the population being under 15 years old and 2.7%above 65 years. In 1950, it was 4.3 million.[40][41]By 2050, the population is

estimated to increase to about 60 million.[42]

Yemen has one of the world'shighest birth rates; the average Yemeni

woman bears five children. Although this is similar to the rate inSomaliato

the south, it is roughly twice as high as that of Saudi Arabia and nearly
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three times as high as those in the more modernizedPersian Gulfstates.

Yemen's population is increasing by 700,000 every year.

Yemenis are mainly ofAraborigin.[43]Arabic is the official language,

althoughEnglishis increasingly understood by citizens in major cities. In

theMahraarea (the extreme east) and the islandSoqotra, several ancient

south-Arabic Semitic languages are spoken.[44][45]When the former states

of north and south Yemen were established, most resident minority groups

departed.[46]Yemen is still a largelytribalsociety.[47]In the mountains of

northern Yemen live some 400Zayditribes.[48]TheAfrican-descended

group known asAl-Akhdamform a kind of hereditarycastein

Yemen.[49]Yemen officially abolishedslaveryin 1962.[50]Yemenite

Jewsonce formed a sizable Jewish minority in Yemen with a distinct

culture.[51]

They also occupied key industries including silversmiths, andtheir influence on Yemeni culture is still discussed within the souks.

However, most of them emigrated toIsraelin the mid 20th century,

following theJewish exodus from Arab landsandOperation Magic

Carpet.[52]In the early 20th century, they had numbered about 50,000; they

currently number only a few hundred individuals and reside largely in

Sana'a. The original Jewish village, popularly called Bait-baws, has since

been left abandoned.

Arab traders have long operated inSoutheast Asia, trading in spices,timber, and textiles. Most of the prominentIndonesians,Malaysians,

andSingaporeansofArabdescent areHadhrami peoplewith origins in

southern Yemen in theHadramawtcoastal region.[53]As many as 4

millionIndonesiansare ofHadramidescent.[citation needed] and today there are

almost 10,000 Hadramis inSingapore.[54]The Hadramis emigrated not only

to Southeast Asia but also toEast Africaand theIndian

subcontinent.[55]Maqilwere a collection of ArabBedouintribes of Yemeni

origin who migrated westwards viaEgypt. Several groups of Yemeni Arabs

turned south toMauritania, and by the end of the 17th century century, theydominated the entire country. They can also be found throughout Morocco

and in Algeria as well as in other North African Countries.[56]

According to theUS Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Yemen

hosted a population ofrefugeesand asylum seekers numbering

approximately 124,600 in 2007. Refugees and asylum seekers living in
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ia.org/wiki/Maqilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadramawthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhrami_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_landshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Akhdamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqotrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahra_Governoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen#cite_note-CIA-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf


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Yemen were predominantly fromSomalia(110,600),Iraq(11,000),

andEthiopia(2,000).[23]There are also about 70,000 Iraqis presently living

in Yemen.[57]United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)

estimates that in 2008 more than 50,000 Somalis reached

Yemen.[58]Yemen's civil warhas forced at least 175,000 Yemenis to fleetheir homes.[59]

TheYemeni diasporais largely concentrated in theUnited Kingdom, where

between70,000 and 80,000Yemenis reside; just over15,000 to

20,000Yemenis reside in theUnited States, and 2,000 live

inFrance.[60]Saudi Arabiaexpelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 to

punish Yemen for its opposition to theGulf WaragainstIraq.[61]

Religion

Main article:Religion in Yemen

Religion in Yemen consists primarily of two principalIslamicreligious

groups; 52% of the Muslim population is Sunni[62]and 46% is

Shi'a.[62][63]Sunnis are primarilyShafi'ibut also include significant groups

ofMalikisandHanbalis. Shi'is are primarilyZaidisand also have significant

minorities of Twelver Shias[64]and Musta'ali Western Isma'ili Shias

(seeShia Population of the Middle East).

The Sunnis are predominantly in the south and southeast. The Zaidis arepredominantly in the north and northwest whilst the Jafaris and Ismailis are

in the main centers such as Sana'a and Ma'rib. There are mixed

communities in the larger cities. Less than 1% of Yemenis are non-Muslim,

adhering toHinduism,Christianity,Judaism, andatheism.[65]

Health

Main article:Health in Yemen

According to 2009 estimates, life expectancy in Yemen is 63.27 years.[43]

Health care

Despite the significant progress Yemen has made to expand and improve

its health care system over the past decade, the system remains severely

underdeveloped. Total expenditures on health care in 2004 constituted 5%

of gross domestic product. In that same year, the per capita expenditure for
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Documents

Eco- yemen