EclecticBioInstitute(1)

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Southwest School of Botanical Medicine

http://www.swsbm.com
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passed, That this Society deem it expedient to establish an additionalschool in some town on the Ohio River, or some of its navigabletr ibuta ries, in order t ha t people of the West ma y a va il t hemselves of thea dva nt a ges resulting from a scient ific know ledge of B ota nic Medicine.

An offer was made the Society to establish the proposed school in thethen young and aspiring village of Worthington, Ohio. A strong effortw a s being made to consti tut e tha t t ow n the Ca pita l City of Ohio, but i tsnear neighbor Columbus won out. In Worthington there had beenestablished in 1808 a literary and scientific school known as theWorthington Academy. This was successfully conducted until 1819,when a new char t er wa s grant ed it , wi th t i t le Wor th i ngton Col l ege. Oneof Dr. Beach's appeals (for the Society) for a college site having reachedWort hingt on C ollege, the tru stees, at th e inst a nce of Colonel J a mesKilbourne, offered the protection of the charter and the use of the

college building for th e proposed Medica l School in t he West .

The tr a in of emigra tion w a s ra pidly moving w estw a rd in 1830; prospectsfor expansion were bright, and the offer was thankfully accepted.Doctor Steele came on to examine the place and approved of it. TheReform ed M edi cal Coll ege of Oh io, better known as the Medi calDepar tm ent of Wort hi ngton Col l ege, was insti tuted, and Doctor Steelewas made President . The lat ter proved wanting and was asked tovacate , when a s t a lwa r t young Kentuckia n,3 full of vigor, r esource, a ndabil i ty , and fresh from the New York Insti tution, was installed at the

head of the venture.

Under his presidency the school grew rapidly and proved immenselysuccessful for a few y ear s, w hen it w a s killed by t he defection of some ofits m en a nd t he ma china tions of its enemies of th e regular school. Tha twhich has wrecked so many medical colleges, of whatevercreedjealousyand particularly a resurrection war, proved the fatalstr okes to t his new a nd un protected school. The institu tion wa s closedand subsequently moved to Cincinnati , where i t was to struggle for ayear or two and then have a renewal of life such as is seldom

experienced by a new a nd once crushed inst itut ion.

Not hing da unt ed by t he fa ilure of th e college a t Wort hingt on, P rofessorMorrow decided to carry on the work of medical reform in a moreauspicious locality. Cincinnati was determined upon for the center ofoperations, and accordingly, in the winter of 1842-3, limited

3 Dr. Thomas Vaugha n Morrow.

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accommodations were secured in the old Hay Scales House, corner ofSixth and Vine Streets , and a series of lectures was given to a smallclass.

In t his vent ure Doctor Morrow w a s a ssisted by a Worth ington gra dua te

(of 1832), Professor Alexander H. Baldridge, and by a Professor Ca rr. In 1843 ca me Doctor Lorenzo E. J ones to assist in th e work. Hebrought both zea l and business qua lif ica tions tha t m a de him a va luablea cquisition. La stly, D octor J a mes Kilbourne, J r. , son of ColonelKilbourne, th e sta nch friend of Doctor Morrow a nd m edica l reform, w a sa dded t o the fa culty, in 1843. H e ha d sca rcely completed his first courseof lectures, however, before consumption claimed him, and whatpromised a useful a nd brillia nt ca reer w a s brought to an a brupt close.

The school thus reorganized, was known as the REFORMED

MEDICAL SCHOOL OF CINCINNATI and was the nucleus aroundwhich gathered the forces that ultimately established the EclecticMedica l Inst itut e. The next r emova l wa s from t he Ha y Sca les House to ahouse on Third Street. In 1845 the large and spacious lecture roomknown as the Fourth Street Hall , with adjoining rooms, was securedand accommodations were thus provided for from two hundred to threehundred students. The Wester n M edi cal Reform er(1845, Vol. V, p. 15)announced that in the course of the ensuing spring and summer theIn st itut e will most proba bly ha ve am ple college buildings of its own .

The school as then constituted was not yet a college in the sense of alega lly char tered insti tution, th a t part of th e cha rter of the Worth ingtoncollege permitting the conferring of the Medical Degree having beenannulled when the college at Worthington was forced to close.Therefore, in 1843, efforts were made to secure a charter giving theCincinnati school the dignity and privileges of a medical college.Petitions were circulated among the people, in 1845, asking theirsignatures to a memorial to the Legislature. This was signed by elevenhundred (1100) of the foremost citizens of Cincinnati, including themayor and members of the City Council. In this movement Dr. T. V.

Morrow t ook the lea d, a nd w a s a bly assist ed by Doct ors L. E. J ones, A.H . Ba ldridge, B . L. H ill, J ohn White, an d oth ers. The petit ion w ent t oColumbus, but it did not go alone. Some sixty odd physicians of theallopathic branch of the profession, conceiving a dreadful antipathy toth e esta blishment of such a school a s t he competitor of the Ohio Medica lCollege, sent in a counter-petition. Doctor O'Ferrall, of Piqua, Ohio,cha irma n of t he Commit t ee on Medica l Colleges an d S ocieties, voiced th e



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views of the opposition in the extravagant statement that the medicalprofession had reached the summitthe very acme of medicalsciencea nd t ha t m edicine does not need, nor is it su sceptible of furt herimprovement or reform. The reform petitioners were represented bySenator Ephraim Eckley, chairman of the Committee on Corporations,

who in a masterly , i f less grandiloquent, report than that of theSena tor-Doctor from P iqua , recommended t he passa ge of th e measur e.

On March 10, 1845, the bill incorporating THE ECLECTIC MEDICALINSTITUTE was passed. The intolerant and illiberal spirit of medicalmonopoly w a s m ost signa lly rebuked. C olonel Kilbourne, w ho ha d beenthe fr iend of the School a t Worth ington, w a s t he lea der in this ma tt er ,a nd to his wa tchful interest w a s due the passa ge of the act . For him a ndfor t he new school and i ts faculty i t w a s the hour of tr iumph, an d i t w a sappropriately celebrated.

Medical Reform was now fairly launched. Announcing the good news,t he Wester n M edi cal Reform erissued the following manifesto: Ourcollege w ill be strictly w ha t its na me indicat es E clecticexcluding a llsuch medicines and such remedies as, under ordinary circumstances oftheir judicious use, are liable to produce evil consequences or endangerthe future health of the pat ient.

A faculty was organizedthe first under the charterconstituted asfollows: On Anatomy, Benjamin Lord Hill, M. D.; on Physiology,

P a th ology, Theory, a nd P ra ctice of Medicine, Thoma s Vaug ha n Morrow,M. D. , Dea n; on S urgery a nd Medica l J urisprudence, Hiram Cox, M. D. ;on Ma teria Medica , Thera peut ics, an d B ot a ny, Lorenzo E lbridge J ones,M. D. ; on Chemistry a nd P ha rma cy, J a mes Ha rvey Oliver, M. D. ; onObstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, Alexander HolmesB a ldridge, M. D., Lect ures on C linica l Medicine an d S urgery, by D octorsMorrow a nd C ox. A session w a s immedia tely begun, an d cont inued unt ilJ uly 1st . The fees w ere $5 per cour se for ea ch professor.

The provisions of the charter making it obligatory upon the corporation

to possess property in its own right to the fair value of ten thousanddollars ($10,000) before diplomas could be granted, enforced theproviding of a building and thus the corporation was spurred toredoubled a ctivity . Among others. D octors L. E . J ones, Morrow,B a ldridge, a nd H ill, but especia lly Doctor J ones, cont ributed libera lly,

and a college building was erected on a lot 90 x 461/2 feet, on the

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The edifice was completed in 1846, and first occupied November 7th, bythe faculty and graduating class of 1847. Doctor Wooster Beach, thefounder of Medical Reform, and now well along in years, came on fromthe East to take charge of the clinique and his text-book The

Amer ican Pr acti cewas the only book on reformed medicine thenavailable. Text-books of the regular school were still used, but thelectures on practice were carefully revised and presented according tothe views of the reformed physicians. The new school was prosperousand had, in i ts f irst year , 81 students and 22 graduates; and in thefollow ing year , 127 students a nd 31 gradua tes.

The first year of the embryo institution passed off successfully, havinghad a good enrollment and a fair sized graduating class. Thus farDoctor Morrow had kept his hand on the helm. Being broad, tolerant,

and liberal-minded, however, he was tempted, by the desire to spreadreform and enlarge the school, to recognize and aidhomeopa t hyunw isely for t he pea ce a nd prosperity of t he new college.

He with others looked favorably upon the efforts of the homeopaths togain a foothold, and inclined strongly toward the establishment of achair of homeopathy in the Institutea purpose duly announced in thecollege journ a l. This inn ovat ion, t o be referred t o herea ft er, proved t o beone of the first disturbing procedures in the progress of the infantschool. Another was the addition to the faculty of one who for the next

deca de provoked cont inua l unea siness a mong t he corps of tea chers. OnMarch 25, 1846, there was taken into the faculty a brilliant scholar andlecturer, who, though not deeply versed in medical knowledge, hadrecognized the justice of the cause of Eclecticism and had cast his lotw ith t he reformers. He w a s a f luent a nd persua sive speaker, ready w iththe pen, and could grace the occasion when a convincing orator wasneeded t o appear before t he people. It w a s, th erefore, considered a grea tstr oke of policy w hen Doctor J oseph Rhodes B ucha na n w a s a dded to thefaculty .

P rofessor B ucha na n rema ined w ith t he school some ten yea rs, a nd w ell-meaning though he undoubtedly was, he proved as visionary andunpractica l as h e wa s ta lented a nd eloquent. So tena cious w a s he of hisfa vorite su bject of cerebra l phys iology (closely a llied t o phrenology) a ndso insistent was he to display it on all occasions, that there soon arosedissensions in the faculty which resulted in the withdrawal of some ofth e most a ble professors from t he t ea ching force.



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In accordance with the liberal policy previously referred to, aninvitation was sent to a body of Homeopathic physicians who hadsett led in t he West a nd w ere cont empla ting t he orga niza tion of a collegeof Homeopathists at Cleveland, to select a representative to occupy a

chair of Homeopathy in the Institute. At a convention held by theHomeopathists at Cleveland, Professor Hill was present to urge theinnovation.

On J une 26, 1849, the invita tion wa s a ccepted a nd D octor St orm Rosa ,of Painesville, Ohio, was unanimously chosen to fill the position, andDoct or D a vid Sheppar d, of B a inbridge, Ohio, wa s select ed a s editor of aHomeopat hic Depart ment in t he Eclecti c M edi cal J our nal, th e successorof th e Wester n M edi cal Reformer.

During the following session of the Institute, Professor Rosa lecturedwith dignity upon the principles of Homeopathy as was declared bythe whole class, notwithstanding the many embarrassmentsappendaged thereunto. As a result , a few students were won over toH omeopa th y, th ough t he ma jority of the cla ss rema ined Eclectic. At t heComm encement , held Ma rch 6, 1850, six stu dent s received bot h E clect ica nd H omeopa th ic diploma s. Thus w a s th e Eclectic Medica l Inst itut e thefirst institution in the West to give Homeopathic instruction, and thefirst in the West to graduate a class in Homeopathy. In this class wasthe distinguished Homeopathic historian. Doctor David H. Beckwith, of

Clevela nd, w ho died in 1910.

The large-hearted liberality of Doctor Morrow and others interested inproviding from the teaching of Homeopathy, proved but indiscretion, forw ithin a year the college w a s a s eager t o r id i tself of Homeopat hy a s i tha d been eager t o invite it. The cha ir w a s, th erefore, a bolished, August22, 1850. This a t tem pt, a s one of t he pa rt icipan t s expressed it , to mix oiland water proved a disturbing circumstance of far-reaching effect, andupon its inception the veteran reformer. Doctor A. H. Baldridge, andDoctor J a ms H. Oliver, whose sympat hy a nd tra ining wa s strongly

regular, promptly resigned. Other changes were also made in thepersonnel of the faculty. Doctor Beach, now infirm and with the pall ofment a l deca y fa lling upon him (ow ing to th e dea th of his favorite son bydrowning), resigned active work and was made an emeritus professor.Doctor Horatio Page Gatchell, who had been selected to succeedP rofessor B a ldridge, a nd w ho gave prelimina ry lectu res to Doctor Rosa'scourse, resigned short ly a fterw a rd. Doctor G a tchell w a s a schola rly a nd



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cultur ed gent lema n, litt le in sympa th y w ith E clecticism, for he wa s firstand last a Homeopathist . In the place vacated by Professor Oliver wasplaced a young teacher and author of school-books, who, after teachingchemistry, resigned to study law and subsequently became one of thedistinguished jurists of the West, J ohn B . St a llo.

The attempted affiliation of Eclecticism and Homeopathy having failed,and the college now purged of the latter, renewed activity, betterha rmony, a nd success a t tended t he school. The t eaching w a s up-to-da te,and a demand arose for Eclectic text-books. The first to be issued was,singularly, The Am er i can Ecl ecti c System of Su r ger y, by P rofessor B . L.Hill , of the faculty . I t was a work of great merit and for many yearsremained the popular Eclectic text-book on surgery, though the authorbeca me a H omeopat hist a nd t eacher in a H omeopa th ic college.

The college was now well-established and growing in strength andnumbers. Matriculates to the number of 145 were enrolled. A sad andunexpect ed cala mity now seriously ha mpered th e progress of the schoola nd t he ca use. On J uly 16, 1850, the crushing blow ca me in th e dea th(caused by dysentery), of the father of the Institute, Doctor T. Y.Morrow, then but 46 years of age. The school turned instinctively to hislife-long friend and associate at Worthington, Doctor Ichabod GibsonJ ones, of Columbus, to guide th e institut ion. H e accepted t he lea dership.Doct or Morrow ha d begun t he prepa ra tion of a t ext-book upon pra ct ice.The ta sk of complet ing t his fell upon Doct or J ones, w hich he did in a n

eminently satisfactory manner, and the resulting two-volume J onesand Morrow's Practice was for many years the guide for Eclecticphysicians.

Doctor J ones w a s an a ble scholar , a uthor, a nd tea cher. Ha rd w ork a nda consti tutional disease had made sad inroads upon his health, and hefa iled t o rea lize th e hopes t ha t he might fill the place of th e lost lea der.The college was therefore in sore straits. Professor Buchanan lackedfinancial capacity and was too insistent upon having his own way tosuccessfully lead his colleagues. The only man of sound business

qualif ications, but one whose turbulent nature made him unpopularw ith his a ssociat e teachers, wa s Doctor L. E. J ones. B esides he a ndDoctor Buchanan were ever at swords' points. Hopeless financialembarrassment threatened, and something must be done and donequickly.

Those whose money was invested in the school and building then



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invited P rofessor Robert Sa fford New ton, M. D., of th e Memphis Medica lInsti tute, to come to Cincinnati and take charge of the Insti tute. Hecame and brought with him from the Memphis faculty . ProfessorsWillia m B yrd P ow ell , Zoheth F reema n, J . Milton S a nders, LL. D. , andJ ohn King , 1851. These, wit h t he exception of King a nd P owell, unit ed

w ith t he unresigned port ion of th e faculty (Doct ors I . G . J ones, L. E .J ones , J . E . B ucha na n, and B . L . Hi ll) a nd formed a new , and perha psthe str ongest faculty th e college ha d ha d, wit h D octor New ton a s Dea n.

Again prosperity seemed assured, when resignations reduced thefaculty to four members. Professor Hill resigned to enter . the faculty ofth e Clevela nd H omeopat hic College. He w a s succeeded by D oct or J ohnKing, who was then preparing his great work, The EclecticDispensatory. Doctor I . G . J ones return ed to Columbus, to recuperat ehis health. Doctor Beach's name was dropped from the faculty , and

P rofessors Freema n a nd Sa nders withdrew . Only L. E. J ones, E. S.New ton, J ohn King, and J . E . B ucha na n remained a s teachers . Now[1852] appeared that eventful publication by King and Newton, TheE clectic D ispensat ory, a fterwa rd, America n Dispensa tory.

Buchanan, ever resourceful, but always visionary, conceived a scheme(in 1858) of instituting a great Free College of America, in which amedical education would be practically free and within the grasp of allmedica l a spira nt s. A costly building w a s to be erected w ith a hospita l of1,000 beds a tt a ched thereto, a nd a large l ibrar y a nd a n a na tomica l and

physiological museum were proposed. The professional fees ($60) wereto be abolished, and only matriculation ($10), dissection ($5), andgra dua t ion ($20) fees were t o be exa ct ed. This U t opia n d rea m, conceivedno doubt with purely philanthropic motives, but wholly suicidal toEclectic interests, was strongly opposed by Professors Freeman andSanders, hence their resignations. The venture failed to materialize,how ever , a nd a nother rearra ngement of the facul ty w a s a l l tha t came ofit. At no time, from the proposed free educational scheme until 1856,was the college in a safe, settled, and sound condition, and changes inth e personnel of th e faculty w ere numerous.

During this period there came into the faculty Doctors George W. L.Bicldey, a scholar and adventurer (whose romantic career reminds oneof that of Aaron Burr), William Sherwood, Daniel Vaughn, the mostprofound scient ist C incinna ti ha s ever know n, a nd J ohn Wesley Hoyt,since distinguished in public life a nd still a mong t he living. F or t he foursucceeding years harmony was out of the question, for the dislike of



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P rofessors B uchan a n a nd L. E. J ones for each oth er kept foreversmoldering the embers of a species of internecine strife that had adecidedly d epressing in fluence upon t he school.

This, too, was the period when the integrity of Eclectic Medicines was

threatened by the resinoid distraction, with which dishonestmanufacturers came near disrupting Eclecticism. Finally, there arose afierce w a r a ga inst P rofessor L. E . J ones (conducted most la rgely uponpaper) which displayed to full advantage the ridiculous frailties of allconcerned. Another disturber was to come. Professor Bickley, havingresigned on account of ill-health, there was appointed in his place aphysician of scholarly attainments, but educated in the regular schoola nd consequent ly one not a ble to a pprecia te t he position, or the virt ues,of t he E clect ic S yst em of medicine.

A man of native intelligence and shrewdness, and of good businesstra ining. Doctor Cha rles Ha rley Cleaveland m ight ha ve rendered signa lservice had he not proved tactless and turbulent and disposed tocontroversialism. He knew little concerning Eclectic medicines, andthrough his conduct in the matter of the resinoids he became the mostpotent factor in bringing about the imbroglio which disrupted thecollege an d led t o the inst itu t ion of a riva l school in 1856.

From the foregoing it might appear that the college had accomplishednothing in the first years of its existence, because of the frequent

involvement of men and methods. But the ordinary mortal, howeverseriously he views h is ow n importa nce, seldom cut s a w ide swa th in life'sharvest. While he may hamper a good work he seldom succeeds incrushing it. There is always some one to supply the place of thedisa ffected, a nd th e w orld's w ork m oves on. Most of the m en w ho servedon the faculties were capable and qualif ied, but many aspired toleadership which rightfully belonged to others, and there werecontinual bickerings and back-biting which would have wrecked a lessdeserving ca use.

Yet, in spite of all, the school and the cause progressed and prosperedand the college waxed in power and numbers up to the very verge ofthe civil wa r. Tha t money ma kes the ma re go w a s a s true th en as now,a nd ever w ill be. Wha t w a s most needed in the college w a s a lea der w ithMorrow's ha rmonizing a nd orga nizing qua lifica tions, plus good businesssense and finan cial integrity . Notw ithsta nding the ma ny a nd seeminglyneedless embarrassments, we find that up to 1855 the college had



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matriculated 2,145 students and graduated 593 doctorsa decidedlygood showing for a cause not yet three decades old, and a college butt en year s esta blished. The follow ing ta ble shows it s yea rly progress:

Yea rs, Ma t ric, G ra d., Yea rs, Ma t ric., G ra d.

1845-46, 81, 22, 1850-51, 211, 451846-47, 127, 31, 1851-52, 212, 581847-48, 220, 48, 1852-53, 308, 701848-49, 191, 47, 1853-54, 292, 1261849-50, 224, 65, 1854-55, 279, 81

Thus, during the first ten years of its existence, the Eclectic MedicalInstitute had been a tremendous success and had thrived vigorouslyindependent of the patronage of the State, and without any aid frompecuniary endowment; independent of all subservience to medical

cliques, societies or combinations; claiming and exercising the right ofindependent progress in the improvement of medical science; extendinga liberal and courteous professional recognition to all other schools;proscribing none, an d cla iming for itself an honora ble independence.

The great crisis in the history of the college came in the spring of 1856.Instead of taking refuge in resignations as before, the faculty becamehopelessly divided into two factions, each of which sought to obtaincontrol of the building and college management. Doctors Newton andFreeman led one group, and Doctors Cleaveland and Buchanan the

oth er. The ca use of the disa ffection w a s ba d finan cial ma na gement a ndth e th irst for cont rol. Sa lar ies ha d long been left unpa id. The result w a sopen hostilities, threatening actual bloodshed. The college stockbecame the bone of contention, and the Cleaveland party soughtsurr eptit iously t o contr ol t he B oa rd of Trust ees, in order t o expel Doct orsNewton and Freeman from the faculty . Tinkering with the stock wasalso resorted to. The matter was finally taken to the Superior Court,where an injunction was obtained by Doctor Newton restraining theseceding members of the faculty, or other persons assuming to act astrustees, from the performance of al l and every act but that of

lecturing, and a writ was issued to bring the illegal stock into court tobe cancelled. The injunction was subsequently dissolved and the warwent on. The trustees then expelled Doctors Buchanan, Sherwood,King, Cleaveland, and Hoyt. The seceders elected a rival Board ofTrustees.

To the faculty of the Eclectic Medical Institute, now under control of the



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Newt on pa rt y, were appointed D octors Willia m B yrd P ow ell, L. E. J ones,a nd J . Milton S a nders, in pla ce of t hose expelled. The next y ear DoctorsA. H. Baldridge and G. W. L. Bickley returned into the faculty, but themost important accessions made up to this time were those of DoctorsEdw in Freema n a nd J ohn Milton Scudder, both but r ecently gradua ted.

The summer of 1856 was consumed in disputation and legalmaneuvering, and quo-warranto proceedings were resorted to todetermine which was the legal Board of Trustees. The matter wasdecided by the Court in favor of the Newton party, with Robert S.Newton as the lawful treasurer, and the bogus stock was cancelled byorder of the Court. Thus ended the legal controversy. An oppositioncollege was organized by the seceders. After a career of nearly threeyears, peace was declared and the rival college merged with the oldInstitute. The rival college had, if anything, the most brilliant faculty,and into it had come one who was destined to become the foremost

E clect ic S urg eon of his da yD oct or And rew J a ckson H owe. In 1858,Doctor Herod D. Garrison entered the faculty of the reunited colleges,a nd in 1859 D octors Ch a rles T. Ha rt a nd Andrew J a ckson H ow e.

In t he first t hirt een yea rs of its existence th e Eclectic Medica l Inst itut e,with al l i ts upheavals , enrolled a greater number of matriculants thanany medical school west of the Alleghanies during a similar period ofestablishment.

One more sha dow w a s t o fa ll upon t he college. The civil w a r w ith a ll its

horrors and hardships was about to disrupt the North and the South.The South had sent many students to the college, and these withdrewfor loyal reasons, and from necessity. Two schools could not besuccessfully conducted, and this led to the merger as recorded. Thebeginning yea rs of t he civil wa r, w hile reducing th e number of stud entsand the income, coupled with bad financial manipulations threateningthe very existence of the school, did not seem to dishearten themanagement. But the year 1862 brought its full measure of gloom anddiscouragement. Hope was almost lost, and the classes were feeble innumbers. It was the darkness before dawn. The college organ had died

for w a nt of subscriptions six mont hs before. E clect ics w ere discrimina tedagainst in the army service, and every effort was made by thea dherent s of regula rism in m edicine to crush E clect icism.

A lea der now a rose in th e person of J ohn Milton Scudder, w horelinquished a large and lucrative practice to save Eclecticism and thecollege. Once more th e sun shone upon E clect icism. A renew a l of life a nd



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courage was felt, and business methods were applied to themanagement of the school. Doctor Scudder also purchased the defunctJou rna l, put new life into it, and made it a successful college organ.Belying upon the loyalty of Eclectic graduates, he threw his powerfulpersonality into the work before him; he got everybody else to working,

and he carefully chose his teaching force from men true and tried inEclecticism. The result was that the college had, in 1862, the largestclasses of any medical college in the city (though all classes in the citywere now small), and it had graduated, up to 1868, 1,002 physiciansa nd ma tr icula ted 3,286 student s.

Notwithstanding the small graduating class of nine in 1863, and theprospects of draft into the army, the class of 1864 numbered 119, andgreater numbers marked the closing year of the war. The college wasout of debt, thoroughly equipped, owned its own building, had

furnished nearly all Eclectic text-books that had been published, andhad a strong and veteran faculty. Scudders splendid Eclectic MedicalPractice appeared in 1864, and gave new life to the cause. From 1864on the career of the college has been a succession of successes. Duringthe night of November 20, 1870, a fire partially destroyed the collegebuilding, yet but one hour of lectures was lost. The ever resourcefuldean secured a ha ll so th a t lectu res were resumed in t he morning.

A new and elegant stone-front building was erected in 1871, anddedica t ed w ith impressive ceremonies. The la rgest ga t hering of E clectic

physicians that had ever convened at one time was present, and anAlumni Association was formed.

This building served until 1910, and in its halls most of the presentAlumni received t heir m edica l educat ion.

The fut ure of Eclecticism in medicine w a s a ssured w hen D octor S cuddertook control of the college and rehabilitated the Eclecti c M edi calJou rna l. B ut more beneficial t ha n a ll, perha ps, wa s his ma ster-strokein giving to the world the system of specific medication upon which he

had worked since 1859. In 1868 he announced his intention to publishresults of his studies, which he did, in 1869 and through 1870, in thecolumns of the Jou rna l. Subsequently these studies were put into bookform a s Speci fi c Medi cati on and Speci fi c Medi ci nes.

This book made a profound impression and gave a distinctive-ness toEclectic Medicine such as it had not possessed since its earliest years.



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Two years previously he put out Pr i ncipl es of M edi ci ne and Kingpublished his encyclopedic Ch roni c D i seases. In 1870 Professor Howepublished Fractures and Dislocations Thus a substantial Eclecticl itera ture grew up a nd ma de Eclecticism independent in so far a s text-books w ere concerned. P ra ctically a ll of t he t ext-book litera tu re ha d t hus

fa r been prepa red by t he members of the fa culty of t he college.

From 1871, when the new building was dedicated, the story of thecollege is a history of healt hy growt hin influence, numbers, a nd w ork.There were added to the faculty, now small in size but large in caliber,J erome P . Mar vin, M. D., in 1871, a nd Thoma s C. H a nna h, M. D., in1873. In 1874 the important accession was the gifted scholar, linguist,a nd scient ist. Doctor J ohn Alla rd J ean con.

In 1874 Professor Scudders greatest work, in the estimation of the

w riter Speci fi c D i agnosi sw a s published, and th is production a loneis an imperishable monument to its author. Howes Ar t and Sci ence ofSurgery ca me out in 1876, a befitt ing gift for t he Cent ennia l year .

A Womans Hospital was established in connection with the college in1877, but it r a n t he sa nds of life quickly. In 1879 J ohn U ri Lloyd, apra ctical chemist, w a s m a de professor of chemistr ya n a ccession g ivingstrength to the school and eminent satisfaction to the students. Therequirements were now gradually heightened and the fees increasedcommensurately. Harmony prevailed, and the faculty had become a

sta ble body. Scudder, King, E. Freema n, Locke, H ow e, J ean con, a ndLloyd constituted one of the ablest faculties ever possessed by anymedical institution in this country, and they served uninterruptedly formany years. The yearly term rose to two sessions of twenty weeks eachin 1879, or 1,368 lect ur es per y ea r.

In 1880 the Suppl ement to the Amer i can D i spensator y, King andLloyd, a ppeared, a nd J eancon published a n elabora te AnatomicalAt las. Lloyd's Chem istr y of M edi ci nes appeared in 1881. In 1882Scudder's Mater ia M edi ca a condensed but fully revised edition of

J ones' a nd S cudder's Ma teria Medica , wa s issued, an d in 1884Pathological Anat omy by D octor J ean con. This w a s follow ed by a nelaborate conception in drug study, titled Drugs and M edi ci nes ofN or th Ameri ca by J . U. a nd C. G . Lloyd, which, how ever, w a s butpar tia lly completed.

In 1887 age and ill-health were beginning to tell upon the old faculty.



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New blood was infused and Doctors Rolla L. Thomas and William E.B loyer were a dded to the tea ching force, a nd J udge Fa yette Smit h w a sma de lectu rer on J urisprudence. In 1888 th e first dist inct d epa rt ment ofEye and Ear instruction was established, and Doctor Eli MelvinMcP heron pla ced in cha rge. In 1890 D octor Lym a n Wa .tkins w a s placed

in charge of the new Histology department. Doctor Robert G.Wint ermut e took up P rofessor King's w ork in t he fa cult y, a nd Willia m L.Dickson (now J udge Dickson) w a s given J udge Sm ith's position on th estaf f .

In 1891 Doctors William Byrd Scudder and Harvey Wickes Felter wereadded to the faculty. The same year the Institute received the diplomaof the Exposition Universelle, held at Paris, Prance, in 1889, for itsshowing of ca ta logues, publica tions, a nd eight een t ext-books w ritt en bythe faculty. These were deposited permanently in the Bibl iotheque

Medicale, th e request for th e displa y ha ving come, unsolicited, from t heDepart ment of Educat ion of Fra nce.

The death angel appeared frequently in the early 90s. FormerP rofessors G a rrison a nd J udge passed aw a y in 1891. On J a nua ry 16,1892, th e grea t H ow e w a s st ricken; on J une 19, 1893, D octor K ing, th ebeloved teacher, was called; and on February 17, 1894, the suddendeat h of Doctor Scudder w a s a nnounced.

Immediately after the death of Professor Scudder a rearrangement of

the faculty was made, with Doctor Locke as Dean. A new clinic wasesta blished, an d a n a mphitheat er wa s f it t ed up for t he increased dutiesof the professors. A corps of lecturers and clinicians was appointed,under t he lea d of D octor Willia m N. Mundy , wh o had now come into th efaculty. Among those who came into the faculty, in one position ora noth er, at th is time w ere Doctors B ishop McMillen, J ohn K . Scudder, E.T. B ehymer, Cha rles G . Smith , G . W. B row n, W. W. B a rber, a nd G ra ntVa n H orn. D octors L. E . Russell a nd J ohn E . Spencer entered in 1895.Emerson Venable and Doctor H. Ford Scudder were added in 1897.D oct or K ent O. Foltz bega n service in 1898, an d died in 1908.

In 1901 the College formed an alliance with the Seton Hospital, anexcellently equipped institution, thus adding to the prestige andfacilities of the Institute. This building was abandoned when themanagement purchased the building now occupied by the SetonHospital, which adjoins the present home of the College. During aport ion of th e last deca de. Doctors B yron Va n H orn, C ha rles S. Amidon,



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and Herbert E. Sloan served satisfactorily aa teachers. In 1909 wasbegun the construction of the present College building, a six-story,modern structure, fire-proof, and completely equipped for didactic andclinica l instr uction.

Up to 1910 and since 1845, the College had passed under the nameECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE. For substantial reasons, the ti t lew a s cha nged, in 1910, to the E CLE CTIC ME DI CAL COLLE G E .

Of those who have served on the various faculties of the EclecticMedical Insti tute there are some who may be said to have achieveddistinction: Wooster B each w a s t he founder of E clecticism, a n a ut hor ofrenown, a nd w a s honored on severa l occasions by royal r ecognit ion fromthe ruling princes of the Old World; T. V. Morrow was the promoter ofE clecticism in t he West, a nd t he founder of th e Inst itut e; B . L. Hill wrote

the first distinctly Eclectic textbook, The Ecl ecti c Practi ce of Su r ger y,was a member of the Ohio and Michigan Legislatures, and Consul toNica ra gua under P resident Lincoln; J oseph Rodes Buchana n w a s amedical philosopher, investigator, scientist, and general scholar; StormRosa was the first Homeopathic professor in the West, and president ofthe first gathering of Homeopathists in the West (at Burton, Ohio, in1847); J ohn B . St a llo beca me a distinguished law yer, aut hor, a nddiplomat, and was Minister to I taly under President Cleveland; DanielVaughn is conceded to have been the most profound scholar Cincinnatiha s ever produced; J ohn Wesley H oyt beca me fa mous in public life a nd

as an educator, was Governor of Wyoming, and originator of themovement to establish a National University at Washington, D. C. ; G.W. L. Bickley, historian and adventurer, and Chief of the Order of theGolden Circle, was under the ban of President Lincoln during the CivilWa r; J ohn K ing w a s th e founder of America n Ma teria Medica , a prolificauthor, and taught obstetrics for upward of forty years; Will iam ByrdPowell was an ethnologist distinguished for his peculiar views,. and theauthor of a novel work entitled The History of the HumanTemperaments; J ohn Milton S cudder, aut hor a nd distinguishedjournalist , saved the Insti tute at a crucial period in i ts career and

immortalized himself by originating the doctrine of specific medication;Edw in Freema n w a s a distinguished tea cher of ana tomy for a third of acentury; Herod D. Garrison, scholar, philosopher, and public lecturer,w a s one of th e founders of B ennett Medica l College; Andrew J . Howebeca me t he best know n E clect ic surg eon of his t ime; Frederick J . Locketa ught m a teria medica in the Insti tut e for thr eescore yea rs; J ohn U riLloyd, chemist, pharmacist , and author, has written many scientif ic



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works, as well as Et idorhpa and the Stringtown novels, has beensignally honored by pharmacal societies and is an ex-president of theAmerica n P ha rma ceutica l Associat ion; J ohn A. J eancon w a s adistinguished scientist and linguist; William E. Bloyer was president ofth e Na tiona l Associa tion; Rolla L. Thoma s, a ut hor of Thomas' Practi ce

of M edi ci ne was also a president of the National; L. E. Russell is asurgeon of national repute and an ex-president of the National; andJ ohn K ing Scudder ha s served on t he Ohio Sta te B oa rd of Medica lRegistration, has been secretary of Eclectic Medical Institute for abouttwenty years, and is also an ex-president of the National EclecticMedical Association.

The College, as now managed, has no stock nor stockholders, and isunder the control of fifteen trustees representing the graduates. Theproperty is valued at $57,500 (ground, $7,500; six-story brick and stone

building, $45,000; equipment and furniture, $5,000). Up to 1910,inclusive, th e number of gra dua t es wa s 3,978. When t he present cla ss of1911 graduates the total will have exceeded 4,000. Of this number, atlea st 1,842 a re known to be living a nd in a ctive pra ctice.

B riefly , an d necessa rily fra gmenta rily , we ha ve tra ced the an na ls of theEclectic Medical Institute. The most stress has been put upon theformative period, for after the Civil War and under the leadership ofJ ohn M. S cudder, her course wa s fa ir ly smooth a nd la rgely undisturbedby internal dissensions. The College has stood, and stands to-day, the

foremost exponent of t he principles a nd pra ct ice of America n E clect icismin medicine. It is fort ified w ith a str ong t eaching force, a nd fostered by aloyal Alumnal body. It advocates and teaches the use of kindly curativeremedies a nd t he a voida nce of depressing or depletive medica t ion. Itadvocates liberality of thought, the higher medical education, and thecultiva tion of professiona l honor a nd dignity.

The College has taught and has been the pioneer in the study ofindigenous ma t eria medica , w ith specia l reference to specific select ion ofremedies in the treatment of diseases. It has contended for the best

pharmacy possible, that the minimum amount of medicine maya ccomplish th e ma ximum of good. H a rmfu l medica t ion, a s exemplified inexcessive drugging, has been consistently opposed, heroic overdrugginghaving been one of the causes leading to the necessity for and theesta blishment of the E clect ic school.

The Eclectic Medical College has contended for the best preliminary



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training, the most advanced medical education, for the simplest andpurest of remedies, for exactness in medication, and for the ethics thatgovern gentlemen.

The present fa cult y of the C ollege is const itu t ed a s follow s:

Arra nged by depart ments: B ishop McMillen, M. D., Shepard , O., Emeritus P rofessor

of Ment a l a nd N ervous Disea ses; Rolla L . Thoma s, A. M., M. D., 792 E . McMillan St .,

Cincinnat i, O., P rofessor of the P ra ctice of Medicine, Dean of th e Fa culty; J ohn K.

Scudder, A. M., M. D., 630 W. Sixth St., Cincinnati, O., Secretary of the Faculty;

Edw in R. Freema n, M. D., Sevent h a nd J ohn Sts. , Cincinna ti, O., Pr ofessor of

Dermatology and Venereal Diseases; George E. Dash, M. D., 1634 Westwood Ave.,

Cin cinn a ti, O., Associa te P rofessor of Ph ysical D ia gnosis an d Clinical Medicine; Louis

C. Wottring, M. D., 3534 Montgomery Ave., Evanston, Cincinnati, O., Associate

Professor of Specific Diagnosis and Clinical Medicine; Wilbur E. Postle, M. D.,

Sh epa rd, O., P rofessor of Ment a l a nd N ervous Disea ses; Victor P . Wilson, M. D ., 1612

Western Ave., Cincinnat i, O., Lecturer on H ygiene and Sa nita tion.

L. E. Russel, A. M., M. D., The Groton, Cincinnati, O., Professor of Clinical Surgery

a nd G ynecology; E ben B . Sh ewma n, M. D., 618 W. Sixth St . , Cincinna ti, O., Associat e

P rofessor of Surgery a nd G ynecology; J . St ewa rt Ha gen, M. D., 1506 Ha rrison Ave.,

Cincinnati, O., Associate Professor of Surgery and Gynecology; Victor P. Wilson, M.

D., 1612 Western Ave., Cincinna ti, O., Clinical In str uctor in Sur gery;

Eben B. Shewman, M. D., 618 W. Sixth St. , Cincinnati, O., Professor of Anatomy;J ohn L. P a yne, M. D., 918 W. Eight h S t. , Cincinna ti, O., Associat e P rofessor of

Embryology and Histology; Howard C. Von Dahm, M. D., Madison Road, Oakley,

Cin cinna t i, O., Associat e P rofessor of Ana tomy . _____

Lyman Watkins, M. D., Blanchester, O., Professor of Pathology and Physiology; F.

B rown e Gr osvenor, B . S., M. D., 630 W. Sixth St ., Cincinna ti, O., Associa te P rofessor

of P a th ology, B a cteriology, an d P hysiology.

Harvey W. Felter, M. D., Chase and Pitts Sts. , Cincinnati, O., Professor of Materia

Medica, Therapeutics, and Medical History; Louis C. Wottring, M. D., 3534

Montgomery Ave., E va nst on, Cincinna ti, O., Lectu rer on Specific Medica tion; Cha rles

E. E ha , M. D., Hy de P a rk, Cincinna ti, O., Instr uctor in E lectro-Thera peutics.

J ohn R. Spencer, M. D., 952 W. Eight h S t., Cincinna ti, O., Pr ofessor of Obstetr ics.



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J ohn U ri Lloyd, P hr. M., Court a nd P lum St s. , Cincinna ti, O., Emeritus P rofessor of

Chemistry and Pharmacy; Charles Gregory Smith, M. D., 224 Dorchester Ave.,

Cincinnati, O., Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Charles Apmeyer, Ph. G.,

Ma dison a nd Wa llace Aves., Covingt on, K y., Associat e P rofessor of Chemistr y.

William N. Mundy, M. D ., Forest, O., Pr ofessor of P ediatr ics; Cha rles W. B eama n, M.

D., 286 W. McMicken Ave., Cincinna ti, O., Associa te P rofessor of P ediat rics; J ohn

Sw a nson, M. D., 705 Commercial Tribune B idg. , Cincinna ti, O., Clinica l In structor in

Pediatrics.

Thomas B ow les, M. D., Ha rrison, O., P rofessor of Medica l G ynecology; J . St ewa rt

Hagen, M. D., 1505 Harrison Ave., Cincinnati, O., Associate Professor of Surgical

G ynecology; J ohn L. P a yne, M. D., 918 W. Eight h S t. , Cincinna ti, O., Clinica l

In str uctor in G ynecology.

Robert C. Heflebower, M. D., 22 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati, O., Professor of

Ophtha lmology, Otology, Rhinology, a nd La ryngology; Edw a rd J . B uten, M. D., 936

York St . , New port, K y., Clinica l Inst ructor in Ophth a lmology; J ohn P . Ha rbert, A. M.,

M. D., B eliefonta ine, O., Associa te P rofessor of Opht ha lmology.

J udge William L. D ickson, LL. D., Union Trust B idg., Cincinna ti, O., Lecturer on

Medica l J urisprudence.

Harry T. Davidson, M. D., 618 W. Sixth St. , Cincinnati, Resident Interne, Seton

Hospital.


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