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Analysis of Untargeted Organic Chemicals of Interest in Environmental Samples Using
GC×GC-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Eunha HohGraduate School of Public Health
San Diego State University
� Background: how I became interested in untargeted analytical method
� Challenges for environmental chemists
� What is untargeted analytical approach?
� Findings in dietary fish oil supplements
� Marine mammal exposure to mixtures of anthropogenic contaminants and foreign naturally occurring chemicals
� Impact of environmental tobacco smoke on PAHs in house dust
� Current & future works
Fate of Organic Contaminants (toxaphene, organochlorine pesticides, PBDEs) in atmosphere
Air Sampling
Chemical Analysis(GC/MS with SIM mode)
Atmospheric Behavior
Concentration Comparison
Temporal/Spatial Trend
Source finding/Backward air trajectories
Binational Atmospheric Monitoring: Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites (US EPA and Environment Canada)
Unknown chromatographic peaks were detected during chemical analysis
Detection of unknown peaksin GC/MS chromatograms (air samples)
Full-scan mass spectra (EI & ECNI/Search for potential chemicals)
Confirmation with authentic chemicals
Analysis in environmental samples(air, sediment cores, and fish)
O
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
O
Br
Br
BrBr
Br
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane
Pentabromoethylbenzene
Dechlorane Plus
Br4Cl
Discovery of Dechlorane Plus in Environment
Air
min 13 14 15 16
Cl-
ECNIM-
648
[M-Cl+H]-
614anti
syn[M-2Cl+2H]-
580
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Dechlorane Plus (DP)
• Two unknown chlorinated compound GC peaks found in air samples around the Great Lakes during brominated flame retardant analysis
• Verified by GC and EI and ECNI mass spectra using the commercial product (C18H12Cl12, OxyChem)
Introduction of Dechlorane Plus
• DP is a flame retardant that has been used for a long time, sometimes with Sb2O3, in several plastics
• Made by OxyChem (formerly Hooker Chemical manufactured Mirex called Dechlorane)
• Diels-Alder reaction: two stereoisomers (anti- and syn-)
• Two isomers are separated by thin layer chromatography and are identified by 1H-NMR and reference NMR data (Garcia et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 1991), anti: syn = 4:1 in commercial product
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
ClClCl
Cl
Cl
ClClCl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
anti syn
Dechlorane Plus in the Atmosphere of Great Lakes
• Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) sites(urban, rural, and remote sites)
• High-volume air sampler (filter for particulates and XAD for vapor) during April – December in 2004
• Samples collected every 12 days• Soxhlet extraction, and then GC/MS analysis
Atmospheric Dechlorane Plus (pg/m3)C
oncentr
ation (
pg/m
3)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Sleeping Bear Dunes(17/22)
Sturgeon Point
(21/21)
Eagle Harbor(18/19)
Chicago(22/22)
Cleveland(21/21)
PointPetre
(12/12)
Dechlorane Plus
(number of samples above detection limit/number of samples for analysis)
west east
Comparison with Decabromodiphenyl EtherC
once
ntr
ation
(pg
/m3)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Sleeping Bear Dunes
(17/22)
Sturgeon Point
(21/21)
Eagle Harbor(18/19, 13/19)
Chicago(22/22)
Cleveland(21/21)
Point Petre(12/12)
Dechlorane PlusDecaBDE
* 2600 pg/m
3
west east
Manufacturing Plants of Dechlorane Plus
MI47
ER15
MI18
Hot Spot of Dechlorane Plus in Great Lakes: Lake Ontario
MI47
ER15
MI18
DP and other BFRs in a Sediment Core from Lake Ontario
Source: Qiu et al., ES&T 2007, 41, 6014-6019
Introduced in ES&T News: DP was detected in the environment for the first time >20 years later after its introduction
Old toxic flame retardant came back…
Monitoring
Samples for
Targeted
Compounds
Regulation
Identification of
sources
Discovery
& Identification
of Unknown
Compounds
Typical Monitoring Regulating Chemicals
� Newly identified previously unrecognized chemicals had been added to the list of the chemicals to monitor in IADN (PBDEs, Dechlorane Plus, TBE, HBCD etc).
• Pro-active screening approaches have recently been suggested and studied. For example, environmental fate models have been used to screen hundreds of thousands of chemicals registered in a chemical database for their potential to act like POPs (Muir et al., ES&T 2006; Brown and Wania, ES&T 2008).
• This approach requires new analytical methods to cover such a wide range of chemicals (Muir et al., ES&T 2006).
• Furthermore, the ability to detect metabolites and environmental degradation products that do not appear in the database is critical.
The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems: Schwarzebach et al., Science 2006
The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems: Schwarzebach et al., Science 2006
Scientific progress in aquatic micropollutant management clearly depends on interdisciplinary collaboration. Chemists and biologists must work together to harness the potential of new screening techniques for assessing the environmental impact of micropollutants; environmental chemists and engineers must strive to develop synergies between pathogen removal and the oxidation of micropollutants in water-treatment technologies. Furthermore, given the importance of chemicals in modern societies, sustainable solutions can only be found through active involvement of all stakeholders, including consumers, chemical manufacturers, politicians, and public authorities. This cooperation requires that pertinent topics in environmental chemistry, toxicology, and engineering be accorded a more prominent status in future curricula in chemistry, engineering, and the life sciences. With this article we hope to increase awareness of the urgency and global scale of the water-quality problems arising from micropollutants.
new compounds and other substances are constantly being incorporated into modern technology and hence into the environment, with insufficient thought being given to the implications of these actions. All of these issues assume added importance in urban areas, which concentrate flows of resources, generation of residues, and environmental impacts within spatially constrained areas. From a policy standpoint, reliable predictive models of material cycles could be invaluable in guiding decisions about . . . topics relating to human-environment interactions. . . .This grand challenge centrally encompasses questions about societal-level consumption patterns, since consumption is the primary force driving human perturbations of material cycles. (NRC 2001, p. 55)
The chemical sea in which an organism develops, matures, and subsists comprises substances essential to life (nutrients) as well as those adverse to life-both naturally occurring xenobiotics and anthropogenic pollutants. The latter includes substances purposefully designed and synthesized (sometimes with the intent to adversely affect organisms, e.g., pesticides, antimicrobials) and those that are inadvertent (and sometimes hidden) by-products of manufacture, consumption, metabolism, and environmental transformation. This partial accounting of the potential chemical-exposure universe is immense, possibly comprising millions of substances. (DaughtonJASM 2001)
Source: C.G. Daughton, Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 (2003), 757.
Limitations and complexities of environmental chemical analysis
More informative
More sensitive,
More selective,
Faster
Monitoring
Samples for
Targeted
Compounds
Regulation
Identification of
sources
Discovery
& Identification
of Unknown
Compounds
GCxGC-TOF MS
with Direct Sample
Introduction (DSI)
Targeted/Untargeted Approach
Untargeted Analytical Approach for Organic Chemical Contaminants
• Develop an efficient method using 2-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography – time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS) with direct sample introduction (DSI) that is able to identify and quantify many known, targeted persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fish oils, and that also can identify unknown chemicals of interest.
• Use this approach to analyze dietary cod liver oil supplement products and fish/dolphin oils from environmental samples.
• Obtain information for human and environmental exposure assessments.
Objectives
second column
2nd stage
cold
I
II
III
IV
1st stage
cold
hot
cold
cold
cold
hot
cold
modulator1st column 2nd column
Ref: www.leco.com
2-D Comprehensive GC (GCxGC)
Features of Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MS)
�Automated peak findFind compounds buried beneath matrixLocate non-target compounds spectral deconvolution
�Produce quality, library searchable mass spectra from coeluting peaks
�Full mass spectrum acquiredPowerful confirmation of compound in sample�Full mass range sensitivityLow pg range for most compounds (GCxGC peaks)�Fast acquisition ratesUp to hundreds of spectra/secDefines narrow peaks from GCxGCRange from 50-200 ms wide
http://www.leco.com/resources/application_note_subs/pdf/separation_science/-258.pdf
1) 10 µL of the sample placed in a microvial in a DSI liner:
2) The DSI liner is placed in the injection port
3) solvent evaporation (PTV)
4) analytes transferred to the GC column
5) The DSI liner removed together with non-volatile matrix components
Large volume injection up to 20 µL
Originally invented by Amirav and colleagues
Direct Sample Introduction (DSI)
Higher tolerance to dirty extractsReduces sample preparation Expands analytical scopeEnables large volume injection
Split/splitless
DSI
Full mass spectra withimproved sensitivity
Faster data acquisition Mass spectral deconvolution
QuadrupoleTOF
Better resolution and sensitivity
GCGC×GC
DSI-GC×GC/TOF-MS advantages over conventional GC/MS
Instruments:(a) LECO Pegasus 4D GCxGC/TOF-MS(b) GL Science/ATAS/Leap Linex DSI(d) J2 Scientific Automated Gel Permeation
Chromatography
Materials: Three kinds of commercial dietary cod liver oil supplements (stored as liquid in bottles) and a dietary salmon oil (capsule type).
Instrument Conditions:(a) GCxGC: 1D Restek Rtx-5Sil-MS (15 m, 0.25 mm
i.d., 0.25 µm), 2D DB-17MS (2 m, 0.18 mm i.d., 0.18 µm), and 5-m guard column (0.25 mm i.d.).3.5 sec modulation with 0.9 sec hot pulse
(b) TOF-MS: EI, 100 spectra/s in full scan(d) DSI: 10 µL in automated DSI
METHOD
Cod liver oil (1g)
in CyHex/EtOAc
GPC
A. Silica SPE
(fractions)B. Second GPC
C. Acidification
(H2SO4)
Final Method
Fewer compounds detected
Largest number of untargeted
halogenated compounds detected
Multiple injections required
Fewer compounds detected
Interferences from hydrocarbon
breakdown products
One injection for the multiple groups of
POPs
Cleaner but requires multiple injections
Sample Cleanup Assessment
Chemical separations were helpful to identify unknowns
DSI-GCxGC-TOF MS
Peak find & NIST MS library search
PCBs, PBDEs,
Toxaphene, OCPs
(Chlordanes,DDTs, Mirex etc)
Hexabromobenzene
Tetrabromophthalic anhydride
Di/tri bromoindole
Unknown peaks of
halogenated hydrocarbons
using full MS & literature
followed by confirmation
with standards.
Identification of unknown peaks.
Simultaneous analysis of
multiple classes of POPsUntargeted Analysis
Injection of the final cod liver oil extract after sample preparation
�Confirmation = two analyses agree with GC-MS identification vs. reference standards
�Identification = GC-MS match vs. ref. stds.
�Presumptive Identification = MS match vs. NIST spectral database
�Pretty Good Idea = MS match vs. description in the literature.
�Educated Guess = MW and isotope pattern?
�No Idea = gives a GC peak and MS
Degrees of Qualitative Analysis
O
CH3
CH3
Br
Br
H
CH2Br
Br
Cl
Cl
Br Cl
Br
CH3
O
Br
Br
OMe Br
Br
N
N
X
X
X
CH3X
X
X X
X=Br, Cl
O
Br Br
Br Br
BDE-47
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
CB153
CCl2
Cl Cl
DDE
PBHDs
MHC-1
MBP
DMBP
Br
Br
Br
Br
OMe
MeO
N
N
CH3
X
X
XX
X
X CH3
X=Br, Cl, H
2,2’-diMeO-BB80MeO-BDE
Some unknown peaks were identified to be halogenated natural products (HNPs) by comparing with authentic standards.
Some Known POPs
OH
O
OH
OBr
Br
Br
Br
Log BCF=0.5
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
200
400
600
800
1000 72
91
151 117 232
420
464 196
392 313
266
Peak True - sample "1g cod GPC once silica Hx/DCM:1", peak 22, at 1644 , 0.470 sec , sec
Br
Br
Br
Br
O
O
O
Log BCF=3.9
O
O
Br
Br
Br
Br
O
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Br
Br
Br
Br
O
O
O
O
OC8H17
Br
Br
Br
Br
O
O
Br
Br
Br
Br
O
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
Br4
Its Sources and Their Degradation Pathways
Major compounds in Firemaster 550 (flame retardant)
bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-
tetrabromophthalate
2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-
tetrabromobenzoate
Source: GPC parts?
NIST library search suggests
But its source
Unexpected Compounds
(bioconcentration factor)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
500
1000 151
227 77
105
184
Peak True - sample "no treatment 0.265g:3", peak 21, at 1416.5 , 1.929 sec , sec
OOH
OCH3
• Common sunscreen agent (toxic)
• Also called Benzophenone-3
• Possible source may be from packaging material containing oxybenzone as a UV stabilizer.
Oxybenzone
Unexpected Compounds
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
200
400
600
800
1000 388
114
194 87
548
309 227
154 467
174 274 341
Peak True - sample "2g oil 2-f3:1", peak 71, at 3732 , 1.610 sec , sec
C13H8O4Br4
Br Br
Br
OH
OHOH
HO
Br
PBHD
OHHO
HO
Br Br
OH
+
OHHO
HO
Br Br
OH
+ +
-Br2
m/z 388
m/z 194
Some unknown peaks are presumptively identified based on their mass spectra.
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
200
400
600
800
1000 342
132 377
97 272 76 181 210 301
Peak True - sample "1 g 12.5-22.5 reinj 12.5-22.5:1", peak 35, at 1591.5 , 1.841 sec , sec
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
200
400
600
800
1000 195
159 83
109
125
63 231 305 99
377 267 341
Peak True - sample "1 g 12.5-22.5 reinj 12.5-22.5:1", peak 36, at 1591.5 , 2.124 sec , sec
Toxaphene:
B8-2229
Unknown: Cl6
Some unknown peaks are presumptively identified based on their mass spectra.
Separation by 2nd GC
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
200
400
600
800
1000 91
165 225
405 484 324
Caliper - sample "2g oil 2-f3:1", 1956 , 2.161 sec , sec to 1956 , 2.161 sec , sec
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
200
400
600
800
1000 405
165 484 86
368 324
254 141 290
449
Peak True - sample "2g oil 2-f3:1", peak 22, at 1956 , 2.161 sec , sec
GCxGC-TOF MS
GC-MS
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52, 512-518 (2007)
-Cl
-Br
-Cl
Br3Cl3: C9H2Br3Cl3N2C9H14Br3Cl3O C10H2Br3Cl3O
PCB interference
Br4Cl:
C9H5Br4ClO C10H9Br4Cl
Deconvoluted MS of Unknown Compounds
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
200
400
600
800
1000 290
130 406 87 369 195 325
209 165
246 115
275 310
Peak True - sample "2g oil 2-f3:1", peak 11, at 1776 , 1.820 sec , sec
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
200
400
600
800
1000 405
165 484 86
368 324
254 141 290
449
Peak True - sample "2g oil 2-f3:1", peak 22, at 1956 , 2.161 sec , sec
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
200
400
600
800
1000 141
165
245
564 222 404 265 310 483
448 355
527
Peak True - sample "2g oil 2-f3:1", peak 33, at 2100 , 2.578 sec , sec
Br4Cl
+Br
-Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
O Cl
Possible chemical structures
Br
Br
Br
O
Cl
Br
Br
Br
O
+
C9H4Br5ClO
Its Related Compounds
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
200 300 400 500 600 700
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
Cod liver oil (sample 2)
Cod liver oil (sample 3)
BAABrand
nd690 ng/g370 ng/gOxybenzone
Liquid in amber glass bottle Liquid in amber plastic bottleLiquid in amber plastic bottleStorage
Arctic cod liver oilNorwegian cod liver oil Norwegian cod liver oil Origin
Moleculary distilledPCB and metal freeNo informationTreatment
Cod liver oil 3Cod liver oil 2Cod liver oil 1
Processing of Cod Liver Oil Supplements
oxybenzone
Rela
tive c
onc.
vs. unpro
cesssed
oil
�The commercial molecular distillation treatment used for removal of organic/inorganic toxic contaminants is only effective for the lighter organic contaminants.
�Oxybenzone might originate from its usage in the container as a UV stabilizer.
Human intake amount of POPs and HNPs per serving size (5 mL) of the cod liver oils
879152174959Total HNPs
779138103250MBPs, DMBPs, methoxy-BDEs, BB-80, PBHDs
12.8nd1.7214.8Q1 (MBP-Cl7)
8714.769.9695Dibromodimethoxybenzene, anisole, bromoindole, MHC-1
8431713411250Total POPs
1150.341.0342.1HCB, octachlorostyrene, hexabromobenzene
nd34.932.650.9PBDEs
39444130556OCPs
33492177602PCBs
Wild Alaskan sockeyeArctic cod liver oil
Norwegian cod liver oil
Norwegian cod liver oil Origin
No informationMoleculary
distilledPCB and metal
freeNo informationTreatment
Salmon oilCod liver oil 3Cod liver oil 2Cod liver oil 1
Human intake: ~ 2.2 ug/serving size
Dolphin exposure to these mixture of contaminants?
� Dolphin is one of sentinel marine species.� Oil extract from a blubber of a common dolphin (Delphinus
delphis) which was fatally stranded in January 2006 in Orleans, Massachusetts, USA
Untargeted Analysis
DSI-GCxGC-TOF MS
Peak finding of halogenated compounds & NIST MS library search
Well known POPs such as PCBs, DDTs, Toxaphene, Chlordanes, Heptachlor and Heptachloro epoxide, Mirex, and PBDEs were detected and confirmed
with their authentic compounds.
Other anthropogenic halogenated organic compounds and halogenated natural products were identified.
Injection of the final dolphin oil extract after GPC cleanup
Octachlorostyrene and its related compounds
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
200
400
600
800
1000 245
308
343 154
83 380
95
118 280
193
Peak True - sample "dolphin oil 1g GPC twice:1", peak 46, at 1420 , 0.920 sec , sec
-Cl
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
200
400
600
800
1000 85
274
309 344
132 239 204 120 155 61
Peak True - sample "dolphin oil 1g GPC twice:1", peak 30, at 1346.5 , 0.830 sec , sec
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
200
400
600
800
1000 70
91
124 60
149
204 241 276
Peak True - sample "dolphin oil 1g GPC twice:1", peak 4, at 1129.5 , 0.617 sec , sec
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
200
400
600
800
1000 159
74 99 123 207 278 243
Peak True - sample "dolphin oil 1g GPC twice:1", peak 11, at 1178.5 , 0.779 sec , sec
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
-Cl3
Hydrogenation?
Some unknown peaks were identified to be polychlorostyrenes (trichloro – octachloro).
“Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers” are identified based on their mass spectra (hexa-octa: 12 congeners detected) and separated from PCBs
ClyClx
Clx
O
Cly
Polychlorinated biphenyl
Polychlorinated diphenylether
O
CH3
CH3
Br
Br
H
CH2Br
Br
O
Br
Br
OMe Br
Br
N
N
X
X
X
CH3X
X
X X
X=Br, Cl
O
Br Br
Br Br
BDE-47
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
CB153
CCl2
Cl Cl
DDE
PBHDs
MBP
DMBP
Br
Br
Br
Br
OMe
MeO
N
N
CH3
X
X
XX
X
X CH3
X=Br, Cl, H
2,2’-diMeO-BB80MeO-BDE
Some unknown peaks were identified to be halogenated natural products (HNPs) by comparing with authentic standards.
Some Known POPs
Chromatogram of ions related to MBPs
N
N
X
X
X
CH3X
X
X X
X=Br, Cl
Chromatogram of ions related to
MeO-BDEs, PBDEs, and PBBs
In the middle of quantitation of the contaminants: Accumulation of PBDEs and HNPs in the dolphin blubber
Extracted from blubber
Dietary supplement
Dietary supplement
Dietary supplementType
1508.92.013Methoxy PBDEs (ng/g)
130.290.0310.152,2’-diMeO BB-80 (ng/g)
2.6
160
0.52
2.8
1.7*
Wild Alaskan sockeye
No information
Salmon oil
270
170
4900
85
1300
Massachusetts, USA
No treatment
Dolphin oil
2841PBHDs (ng/g)
nd0.23DMBPs (ng/g)
0.0630.51MBPs (ng/g)
nd3.9Q1 (MBP-Cl7) (ng/g)
7.611PBDEs (ng/g)
Arctic cod liver oilNorwegian cod
liver oil Origin
MolecularydistilledNo informationTreatment
Cod liver oilCod liver oil
*Similar to blank level
� Bioaccumulation� Biomagnification� Pathways of
exposure� Regional effect� Temporal trend� Sources� Toxicological
effect� Ecological effect� Human exposure� Human health
What do we know about these halogenated natural products?
O
CH3
CH3
Br
Br
H
CH2Br
Br
O
Br
Br
OMe Br
Br
N
N
X
X
X
CH3X
X
X X
X=Br, Cl
PBHDs
MBP
DMBP
Br
Br
Br
Br
OMe
MeO
N
N
CH3
X
X
XX
X
X CH3
X=Br, Cl, H
2,2’-diMeO-BB80MeO-BDE
� The novel approach using DSI-GC×GC/TOF-MS and a simple GPC clean up enables analysis of multiple groups of POPs simultaneously in fish oils.
� Several groups of halogenated natural products (HNPs) were identified in dietary cod liver oil by this approach as untargeted chemicals.
� Tetrabromophthalic anhydride and oxybenzone were surprisingly detected in the cod liver oil, but they probably did not originate from the environment.
� Further investigation for identification of the unknown halogenated compounds is required.
� Availability of HNP standards and update of NIST MS library for POPs and HNPs would be helpful.
� We found that the dolphin oil contained multiple classes of man-made and naturally occurring halogenated compounds. This suggests that the dolphin was exposed to the several groups of halogenated compounds not a single or few groups of chemicals.
Summary
� Our analytical approach was effective to detect and identify untargeted chemical contaminants (>200 compounds) in the dolphinoil extract in a single analysis.
� Octachlorostyrene and its related compounds (dechlorinated) were detected, and their peak intensities were comparable to well known organochlorinated pesticides.
� Due to GC×GC’s better separation capacity, polychlorinated diphenylethers were separated from PCBs.
� Multiple classes of halogenated natural products (MBPs, DBPs, MeO-PBDEs, Dimethoxy BB-80, and PBHD) and their numerous congeners were detected, and their peak intensities were higher or comparable to PBDEs.
� Identifications of unknown peaks are in progress, and authentic standards are required for confirmation.
� Quantification of these multiple classes of halogenated compounds in the dolphin blubber is in progress.
Summary
Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Household Dust
http://www.babiestoday.com/articles/immunizations-and-health/third-hand-smoke-and-babies-6353/
� Environmental Tobacco Smoke:
sidestream smoke plus mainstream exhaled smoke (called secondhand smoke)
>4000 chemicals
� Tobacco smoke pollutants remaining in an indoor environment after a cigarette has been extinguished has been referred to as “residual tobacco smoke”, or more popularly “thirdhand smoke (THS)”
� THS consists of a combination of semi-volatile compounds found in SHS that have sorbed on surfaces and dust or has become trapped in carpets, upholstery, fabrics, and other porous materials commonly found in indoor environments.
� PAHs are a part of environmental tobacco smoke and semi-volatile, so they are likely to be THS.
STUDY DESIGN of HEALTHY HOME PROJECT for STUDY DESIGN of HEALTHY HOME PROJECT for Investigation of Residential THSInvestigation of Residential THS
by Measurement and Evaluation Research Group in SDSU: by Measurement and Evaluation Research Group in SDSU:
PI/CoPI/Co--PI: Dr. Georg Matt/Dr. Jenny QuintanaPI: Dr. Georg Matt/Dr. Jenny Quintana
Part 1: smokers and non-smokers with at least a child under 12 years old who had lived in their current home for at least 6 months and planned to move within the next month (smoker homes, n=94, non-smoker homes, n=50)
*criteria: “smoker homes”, where residents had smoked 7 or more cigarettes/week inside the home during the week prior to study measures and smoked inside the home during at least 5 of the past 6 months including the current and most recent month, or “nonsmoker homes”, where no cigarette smoking occurred inside the home.
Part 2:new residents were eligible if they were age 18 or older, spoke English or Spanish, had not smoked any cigarettes since they moved into the home, and if no visitors had smoked inside the home since the new residents moved in (25 former smoker homes and 16 former nonsmoker homes).
*After Part 1 residents confirmed they had moved, research assistants delivered or mailed up to 12 recruitment letters and flyers to the same homes, requesting that new residents contact the research office by telephone for eligibility screening.
**All participants were recruited in San Diego County
STUDY DESIGN of HEALTHY HOME PROJECT for STUDY DESIGN of HEALTHY HOME PROJECT for Investigation of Residential THSInvestigation of Residential THS
by Measurement and Evaluation Research Group in SDSU: by Measurement and Evaluation Research Group in SDSU:
PI/CoPI/Co--PI: Dr. Georg Matt/Dr. Jenny QuintanaPI: Dr. Georg Matt/Dr. Jenny Quintana
Part 1.
Smoker homes (n=94),
non-smoker homes (n=50)
Part 2.
Formerly smoker homes (n=25),
Formerly non-smoker homes (n=16)
Environmental sampling and measurement:
House dust, surface wipe samples, air, finger wipe samples and urine
samples from the adult residents and their children
Extensive interviews with participants:
Collecting information about house features, lifestyles, and behaviors
STUDY DESIGN of HEALTHY HOME PROJECT for STUDY DESIGN of HEALTHY HOME PROJECT for Investigation of Residential THSInvestigation of Residential THS
by Measurement and Evaluation Research Group in SDSU: by Measurement and Evaluation Research Group in SDSU:
PI/CoPI/Co--PI: Dr. Georg Matt/Dr. Jenny QuintanaPI: Dr. Georg Matt/Dr. Jenny Quintana
Part 1.
Smoker homes (n=94),
non-smoker homes (n=50)
Part 2.
Formerly smoker homes (n=25),
Formerly non-smoker homes (n=16)
Environmental sampling and measurement:
House dust, surface wipe samples, air, finger wipe samples and urine
samples from the adult residents and their children
Extensive interviews with participants:
Collecting information about house features, lifestyles, and behaviors
16 PAHs in house dust samples in Part 1
Method: Method: PAHsPAHs in house dust samplesin house dust samples
• Dust CollectionVacuumed at least 1m2 of area using a High Volume Small Surface Sampler (CS3 Inc., Sandpoint, ID), size of the area was recorded, and sieved (150 µm)
• Extraction of PAHsAfter sonication extraction, the extract was centrifuged, filtered and concentrated
• Analysis via GC/MSSplitless injection, HP-5MS GC column, SIM mode
• QA/QCInternal and Recovery standardsCalibration and Performance standardsLab Blank and Matrix standards
• Data AnalysisSPSS 17.0 and Stata IC 10.0
PAH concentrations (ng/g) in household dust between smoker and non-smoker homes
PAH surface loading (ng/m2) in household dust between smoker and non-smoker homes
Concentration vs. surface loading:Concentration: micro or nanogram of toxin per gram of dust
» Does not take into account the amount of pollution in the home
» May not adequately predict exposure
Dust Loading: micro or nanogram of toxin per cubic meter of area
» Allows calculation of the amount of pollution in the home
» More predictive of exposure
Dust loading comparison non-smoker homes vs. smoker homes
Dust loading was significantly higher in the smoker homes (p=0.07). Smoker homes are dustier-> smoking contributes dust or smokers do less cleaning?
Significant positive association between PAH surface loading in dust, nicotine surface loading in dust.
Significant positive association between PAH surface loading in dust from living rooms and baby’s rooms of smoking homes.
62.398.1162.7161.9531.2321.9723.4871.2921.0730.862Total PAHs
29.064.3401.2810.7640.6060.8431.4210.5830.4690.463B2 PAHs
3.5350.6280.1860.1160.0910.1020.2120.0340.1000.109Benzo [ghi]
perylene
1.0920.1950.0710.0290.0260.0280.0720.0180.0400.008Dibenz [ah]
anthracene
3.9960.5790.1790.1240.0990.0770.1800.0340.0960.042Indeno [123-cd]
pyrene
5.2840.6990.1640.1190.0660.0810.1970.1390.0760.033Benzo(a) pyrene
9.0311.4510.4350.2320.2160.3000.4690.1140.0980.154Benzo(b &
k)flouranthene
4.8600.8870.2480.1680.1150.1740.2790.1490.0980.058Chrysene
3.3840.4880.180.0920.0610.1560.1720.0950.0470.027Benz(a)
anthracene
7.2591.1120.2430.2180.1310.2720.3560.1910.1220.099Pyrene
9.6100.9460.3140.2560.1530.2960.4290.2340.1840.091Fluoranthene
0.5710.1090.1080.0710.0210.0360.0720.0170.0160.011Anthracene
5.6731.0450.2430.2110.1030.1700.3590.1450.1210.117Phenanthrene
0.3960.0730.0530.0190.0210.0430.0760.0090.0120.013Fluorene
0.216Not
Measured0.0170.0140.0150.0320.0350.0090.0100.006Acenaphthene
0.110Not
Measured0.076
Not
Measured0.0090.0270.0550.0040.0050.006Acenaphthlylene
0.384Not
Measured0.0550.2380.0350.0450.1450.0060.0090.013Napthalene
n=24n=10 †n=3n=2n=22n=13n=24n=10n=13n=256number of samples
OhioWashingtonKentuckyTexasArizonaNorth
CarolinaNorth
CarolinaNorth
CarolinaNorth
CarolinaSan Diego,
CALocation
ChuangChuangChuangMukerjeeLebowitzChuangChuangWilsonWilsonThis studyPAH
(geomean: µg/g)
Comparison of the PAH levels with other studies
Summary� There is a measurable and significant difference in the PAH
concentration and surface loading in dust between smoking and non-smoking homes.
� This study is the first study to measure PAH dust loading between smoking and non-smoking homes.
� The significant difference in surface loading coupled with the positive correlation between nicotine and PAH loading, suggests that ETS is a significant contributor to PAHs in dust.
� Smoking in one area of the home impacts PAH loading in dust throughout other areas of the home, including children’s rooms.
� The PAH concentrations in the house dust of San Diego homes are relatively lower than those in other areas of the country.
� Part 2 samples are in the middle of data analysis, which will investigate the long-term house contamination of thirdhandsmoke.
� Potential sources of PAHs such as traffic density and house features will be considered as variables with nicotine to conduct multi-regression model.
� The untargeted analytical approach will be applied to these house dust samples to assess human exposure to known toxicants and unrecognized/unexpected chemicals.
Acknowledgements • Ronald A. Hites• Linyan Zhu• Steven J. Lehotay• Katerina Mastovska• Walter Vetter• Christopher Reddy• Kristin Pangallo• Georg Matt• Jenny Quintana• Richard Hunt• Edgar Rodriguez