ECHR : Fraumens v. France : Application

8/3/2019 ECHR : Fraumens v. France : Application

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Dk emh~=+

++ Nmkv cm kth~ nt 6= ndfdo`pd 0::: mt cd d bmkuhdp 0::=# OakvhdtpB+C+N+M+ m d~d cm fh`cd ndfatzv nd edt ~hpdv ndzthv tk udlhftcd >|> nak~ cd pd}tdpmk~ d~mh~ zpazphd~mhpd# omhv nmkvcd}tdc hc kd vd ~patumh~ zmv mt oaodk~ ndv emh~v+

++ Fd vahp/Hm# cd pd}tdpmk~ d~mh~ fldr ndv mohv zatp ed~dp cm Vmhk~/Vxcudv~pd# Udpv 00 ldtpdv#vak epdpd mffaozmgkd nd Oakvhdtp O+E+# cth m ndomknd nd cth zpd~dp vak udlhftcd >|>+

++ Cd pd}tdpmk~ m zpd~d vak udlhftcd m fdv ndt| zdpvakkdv+ Vtp cm pat~d# cdv ndt| hk~dpdvvdvak~ dt tkd mc~dpfm~hak mudf Oakvhdtp B+C+N+M+# fakvdft~hud m tk mffhndk~+ Dk deed~# cd >|>mumh~ d~d zdpft~d zmp Hd udlhftcd nd Oakvhdtp B+C+N+M+

Mzpdv fd~ mffhndk~# cd epdpd nt pd}tdpmk~ dv~ vap~h vtp cm pat~d zatp ndomkndp ndvd|zchfm~hakv m Oakvhdtp B+C+N+M+ Fd ndpkhdp dv~ vap~h nd vm uah~tpd dk `pmknhvvmk~ tkdmpod nd zahkg+ Cd epdpd nt pd}tdpmk~ d~ Oakvhdtp O+E+ ak~ hoodnhm~dodk~ zphv cm eth~dnmkv cd >|># kak vmkv dvvtxdp ndv fatzv nd edt domkmk~ nd B+C+N+M+ Oakvhdtp O+E+# }thafftzmh~ cd vhdgd zmvvmgdp# v'dv~ mcmpv vmhvh n'tk etvhc }td cd epdpd nt pd}tdpmk~ mumh~ ndzavdvtp cm `mk}td~~d mpphdpd# HH m phzav~d d~ m ~hpd nmkv cm nhpdf~hak nd Oakvhdtp B+C+N+M+

H~ Zmvvd cd fatz nd ohkth~# hgkapmk~ fdv emh~v# cd pd}tdpmk~ m ndfhnd n'mccdp fldr vm odpd zatpcth vatlmh~dp cm `akkd mkkdd# Zatp fd emhpd# hc m dozptk~d cm @OW nd vm faozmgkd+ Vtp Hmpat~d# hc m d~d zphv dk flmvvd zmp tkd Oh~vt`hvlh mhkvh }td zmp tkd Gace UW }th v'dv~mudpdd mzzmp~dkhp m Oakvhdtp B+CN+M+ Cd pd}tdpmk~ v'dk dv~ vap~h vmhk d~ vmte d~ dv~ mpphudhkndokd fldr vm odpd+

Cd pd}tdpmk~ m ~atbatpv meehpod }t'hc k'd~mh~ zmv zpdvdk~ mt oaodk~ nd c'mffhndk~ vtpudktmudf vm uah~tpd dozptk~dd zmp vak epdpd d~ zmp O+E+ HH k'd~mh~ zmv nmkv fd udlhftcd d~ k'mnakd zmv zt ~hpdp nmkv cm nhpdf~hak nd Oakvhdtp B+C+N+M+ Vak mch`h dv~ fakehpod zmp cdvzdpvakkdv mudf }th hc mumh~ pdudhccakkd fd vahp/cm+

Nmkv cd fmnpd nd fd~~d meemhpd# Hd pd}tdpmk~ m d~d faknmokd m ~pdk~d mkv nd zphvak edpodzmp cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv n'mzzdc nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cm Pdtkhak+

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Dk deed~# vth~d mt| emh~v# tkd hkeapom~hak btnhfhmhpd mumh~ d~d atudp~d m c'dkfak~pd nt epdpdnt pd}tdpmk~ d~ nd Oakvhdtp O+E+# nt flde nd ~dk~m~hud n'laohfhnd uacak~mhpd#

C'hkv~ptf~hak fakvdft~hud zph~ tkd ~atpktpd zmp~hftchdpd zatp cd pd}tdpmk~ mzpdv Hd ndfdvnd Oakvhdtp O+E+# mt~dtp ndv fatzv nd edt# vtpudkt dk vdz~do`pd 0::4# mzpdv tkmffhndk~ nd oa~a+

Btv}td/cm# vdtc Oakvhdtp B+C+N+M+ mfftvmh~ eapodccdodk~ cd pd}tdpmk~# Mcmpv }td zdpvakkdk'mumh~ zt fcmhpdodk~ Hd od~~pd dk fmtvd# hc et~ zatp~mk~ ohv dk d|modk Hd =7 ompv 0::5 ntflde nd ~dk~m~hud n'laohfhnd uacak~mhpd+

Dk fakvd}tdkfd# hc et~ zcmfd dk nd~dk~hak zpauhvahpd zmp apnakkmkfd nt btgd ndv ch`dp~dvd~ nd cm nd~dk~hak Hd 00 ompv 0::5+

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Vthumk~ apnakkmkfd nt 4 ndfdo`pd 0::5# Hd btgd n'hkv~ptf~hak dk flmpgd nd H'meemhpdfakvhndpm }t'hc pdvtc~mh~ nt navvhdp ndv flmpgdv vteehvmk~dv fak~pd cd pd}tdpmk~# zatp muahppdk~d nd nakkdp cm oap~ m Oakvhdtp B+C+N+M+

Cd => ndfdo`pd 0::5# cd pd}tdpmk~ hk~dpbd~m mzzdc nd fd~~d ndfhvhak+ Zmp mppd~ pdknt Hd 07 ompv 0::7# cm flmo`pd nd c'hkv~ptf~hak nd cm Fatp n'mzzdc nd Vmhk~/

Ndkhv nd cm Pdtkhak fakehpom c'apnakkmkfd nd ohvd dk mfftvm~hak d~ pdkuaxm cd pd}tdpmk~nt flde nd ~dk~m~hud nd odtp~pd# hkepmf~hak zpdutd d~ pdzphodd zmp cdv mp~hfcdv 00=/=# 00=/ d~ =0=/4 nt Fand zdkmc epmkfmhv+

Cd 7 ndfdo`pd 0::7# cm fatp n'mvvhvdv nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cm Pdtkhak zpakak39m vakmf}th~~dodk~ d~ apnakkm vm pdohvd dk ch`dp~d+

Cd =0 ndfdo`pd 0::7# cd zmp}td~ hk~dpbd~m mzzdc nd fd~~d ndfhvhak+++ Ndvhgkdd zmp mppd~ nd cm flmo`pd fphohkdhcd nd cm Fatp nd fmvvm~hak epmkfmhvd dk nm~d nt

07 eduphdp 0::< zatp v~m~tdp vtp c'mzzdc hk~dpbd~d# cm fatp n'mvvhvdv nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cmPdtkhak# vthumk~ mppd~ pdknt Hd 6 af~a`pd 0::


3/12

0+ Fakfdpkmk~ cm pdfdum hch~d ndv pd}td~dv# c'mp~hfcd 64 nd cm FDNL nhvzavd }td2Mp~ hf c d 64+ Fak n h~ ha k v n d p d fd u m `h ch ~h= + Cm F at p k d z d t~ d ~pd vm hv hd } t'm zpd v H'd zt hvd od k~ n dv ua hd v n d pd fa tpv hk ~d pk dv # ~d - } t'hc d v~ d k~d kn v dca k cd vz phk fhz dv n d n pa h~ hk ~d pk m~ha km c g dk dp mcd o dk ~ p df ak kt v# d ~ n mk v ~~k n dcm h n d v h| o a hv m z m p~hp n d cmn m ~d n d cm n d fhv ha k hk ~d pk d n hb hk h~hu d +0 + Cm F a tp k d p d~ hd k ~ m t ft k d p d} ~c d~ d h kn hu hn t dcc d hk ~p an t h~d d k m z zchf m~ ha k n d c'm p~ hf cd 6># ca pv }t d "m + n hd d v~ m ka =-Bo d # + a t` + n hd d v~ d vvd k~hd c cd od k~ cm o do d }t '~~k d pd }t d~d z pd nnd oo dk ~ d|m ohkd d z mp cm F atp A ~c n ebm va to hvd mt kd m t~p d hk v~m kf d hk ~d pk m~ha km cd n 'd k} td ~d a t n d p dg cd o dk ~# d ~ v h n hd k d f ak ~hd k~ z m v n dem h~v k at ud mt |+6 + Cm F at p n df cm pd hppd fd tm `cd ~a t~d pd }~cd ~d hk nhu hn td ccd hk ~pa nt h~d d k m zz chfm ~ha k n d H'm p~hf cd 6 >#c ap v} t 'd cc d d v ~h o d cm p d} ~cd ~d hk fa o zm ~h` cd m ud f cd v n hv za vh~ha kv n d cm F ak udk ~ha k at n d vd v Z pa ~afa cd v#o m khed v~d o dk ~ o m c e ak nd d a t m `t vhu d+> + Cm F a tp p ecbd ~~d ~a t~d p d} td ~d } ~c'n cd f ak vhn dp d f ao o d hp pd fd um `cd z mp m zz chf m~ha k n t z pd vd k~ m p~hf cd +@ hcd z dt ~ z pa fd nd p m hk vh m ~a t~ v ~m nd n d cm zpafdntpd +

6+ C'mp~hfcd 64+= nd cm FDNL nhvzavd }td ~at~ pd}tdpmk~ zdt~ vmhvhp cm Fatp mzpdv muahp dzthvd cdvuahdv nd pdfatpv hk~dpkdv# nmkv tk ndcmh nd vh| oahv mzpdv cm ndpkhdpd ndfhvhak ndehkh~hud+Dk c'dvzdfd# cm ndpkhdpd ndfhvhak hk~dpkd ndehkh~hud pdkntd nmkv cd fmnpd nd c'dzthvdodk~ ndv uahdvnd pdfatpv# dv~ H'mppd~ nd cm Fatp nd fmvvm~hak nd Epmkfd pdbd~mk~ cd zatpuah nt pd}tdpmk~# }th m d~dzpakakfd cd 8 ndfdo`pd 0::8+ Ndv capv }td cm pd}td~d dv~ hk~panth~d nmkv cd ndcmh fakudk~hakkdcnd vh|oahv# cm zpdvdk~d pd}td~d dv~ pdfdum`cd p m ~h a k d ~ doza p hv +C'd|hgdkfd nd c'dzthvdodk~ zpdmcm`cd ndv uahdv nd pdfatpv hk~dpkdv m zatp `t~ nd o d km gd p m t|@ ~m ~v f a k~ pm f~m k ~v H 'a f fm vha k n d z phh dk hp a t p dn pd vv dp c d v u ha cm ~ha k v m ccd g td d v f a k~p d d t | m um k ~ } ~cd f d v m ccd g m~ ha k v k dva hdk ~ vato hvd v mt| a pgmk dv nd cm Fakudk ~ hak + ,Uahp Fatp dtp+ N+L+# mppd~ FMV^HCCAMCGMP f+Dvzmgkd nt 0< af~a`pd =888# 66+(

Cd pd}tdpmk~ m hk~panth~# m c'dkfak~pd nd c'mppd~ nd cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv n'mzzdc nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cmPdtkhak# tk zatpuah dk fmvvm~hak+ Hc m d~d nd`at~d cd 8 ndfdo`pd 0::8+ Nd cm vap~d# hcm t~hchvd~at~dv cdv uahdv nd pdfatpv nhvzakh`cdv dk npah~ nd cm zpafdntpd zdkmcd epmkfmhvd#

Cm Fatp# fakvhndpmk~ }td cm pdgHd ndumh~ v'hk~dpzpd~dp mudf vatzcdvvd# m fakv~moodk~ omhk~dkt}td H 'mp~hfcd 64 n d cm F ak ud k~ha k k 'd |hg d } td H'd zt hvd od k~ n dv pd fa tpv m ff dvv h` cd v# m nd }t m~v d ~ pd cm ~hev m t|u ha c m ~h akv hkm ho hkddv + ,Uahp Fatp dtp+ N+L+# mppd~ cM^PHNHVf+ Gpdfd nt 04 ompv =888# >7+(

>+ Cm pdgHd nd H'dzthvdodk~ ndv uahdv nd pdfatpv hk~dpkdv m dgmcdodk~ zatp fakvd}tdkfd }t'ak kdzdt~ zap~dp ndumk~ cm Fatp dtpazddkkd }td cdv gphdev zpdmcm`cdodk~ hkua}tdv dk vt`v~mkfdndumk~ cd btgd km~hakmc+ Dk n'mt~pdv ~dpodv# ~at~ oaxdk hkua}td nmkv cm pd}td~d ndumk~ cm Fatpnah~ kdfdvvmhpdodk~# zatp d~pd vtvfdz~h cd n'd~pd mfftdhcch# muahpd~d eapotcd ndumk~ cdv btphnhf~hakvhk~dpkdv+ Fdcm m d~d emh~ ndumk~ cm Fatp nd fmvvm~hak+ ,Uahp cm zhdfd 0 / Odoahpd mozchm~he ntpd}tdpmk~ ndumk~ cm Fatp nd fmvvm~hak nd Epmkfd +(

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Cm Fatp hk~dpzpd~d fd~~d pdgHd m udf t kd fd p~m hk v va tz cd vvd d ~ vm kv ecpo mchvo d d |fd vv e 9 h c vt eeh~ } td c 'hk ~d pd vvdm h~ va t c d ud 'm t o ahk v d k vt` v~m kfd # d ~ nm k v cd v fa kn h~ha k v d ~ n d cm hv z pd vfp h~v z m p Hd n pa h~ hk ~d pkd 2 cd v gp hhev } t 'h cd k ~d kn ecpo tcd p zm p cm vt h~d nd um k ~ cd v a 'c~mk d v nd cm F ak udk ~hak + ,Fatp dtp+ N+L+# mppd~ FMV=DCCVf +Dvzmgkd nt 06 muphc =880# 07+(

Dk hkua}tmk~ c'mp~hfcd 5+= nd Hm FDNL zatp m~~m}tdp H'm`vdkfd nd oa~hum~hak nd Hm ndfhvhak nd HmFatp n'mvvhvdv# dk mzzth nd vak odoahpd dk fmvvm~hak# Hd pd}tdpmk~ m hkua}td Hdv npah~v nd HmFDNL dk vt`v~mkfd nd omkhdpd fakfpd~d d~ zpdfhvd+

Mhkvh# hc m zt d~pd btgd }t'hc kd vmtpmh~ d~pd pdzpafld m t| hk ~d pd vvd v n 'm ua hp eck nd cd tp pd fa tpv Y++ + B vt p cdvdt - n pa h~ hk ~d pk d Y+++ B n d v ca pv } td cd t pv o }xdk v fa ~kf hn m hd k ~ d k vt `v~mk fd mud f fd t | n ak ~ hc v ak ~ vm hv h cmFaooh v v h ak + ,Uahp Fatp dtp+ N+L+# mppd~ @TPGLMP^R f+ Vthvvd nt 00 eduphdp =88># 0:+(

Cdv uahdv nd pdfatpv hk~dpkdv ak~ nakd d~d dzthvddv d~ Hdv npah~v# hkua}tdv dk vt`v~mkfd+

5+ Dk at~pd# phdk k'hknh}td }td Hm zpdvdk~d pd}td~d dv~ hkfaozm~h`cd mudf Hdv nhvzavh~hakv nd cmFakudk~hak at nd vdv zpa~afacdv# at }t'dccd dv~ omkhedv~dodk~ omc eakndd at m`tvhud+ C'mp~hfcd64 nd Hm FDNL dv~ nakd hk~dgpmcdodk~ pdvzdf~d#

"""7+ Zmp~mk~# cm zpdvdk~d pd}td~d dv~ pdfdum`cd+

HC Uhacm~hak mccdgtdd nd cm Fakudk~hak d~ nd vdv zpa~afacdv

GPHDE TKH]TD ~hpd nd cm uhacm~hak nd Zmp~hfcd 5+= nd cm Fakudk~hak dtpazddmkd ndvnpah~v nd Zlaood# nt npah~ mt zpafdv d}th~m`cd fakvmfpd zmp fd~~d nhvzavh~hak# dk fd }tdZmppd~ nd cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv n'mzzdc k'dv~ zmv oa~hud+

Vak mpgtodk~m~hak d~mh~ pdvtodd faood vth~2

=+ Nmkv Hd vdfakn oaxdk nd vak odoahpd mozchm~he dk fmvvm~hak# Hd pd}tdpmk~ m ndkakfd cd ndemt~nd oa~hum~hak nd c'mppd~ }th cd ndfcmpmh~ fatz m`cd ndv emh~v zatp Hdv}tdcv hc d~mh~ zatpvthuh+

UHA CM^HAK nd v mp~ hf cd v 5# ~" n d cm F ak ud k~ha k d tpa zd dk kd n d vm tud gm pn d n dv n pa h~v n d c 'la oo d#48= d ~ 486 n cc f an d n d z pa fd nt pd z d k m c d # d kvd o` cd u ha cm ~ha k n dv n pa h~v n d cm n hed k vd # n hem t ~ n d o a~hev d ~o mk}t d nd `m vd cd gm cd 9DK F D ]TD c'm ppd ~ n d cm f at p n 'm vv hvd v k d f ao z ap~d m tf tk o a ~he9M CA PV ]TD ~at ~ b~~g do dk ~ A Hc m p pd ~ n a h~ fak ~d k hp cd v o a ~hev z pa zpd v h~ bt v ~hehd p vm nd f hv hak 9 } tdc 'h kv ~h eehv mk fd n d o a ~hev d }t hu mt ~ h~ cd t p m `vdk fd 9 }t d c'm` vd k fd nd o a~hum ~hak nd c'm ppd ~ n d cm f a t p n 'm v vh vd vk d z dpo d~ z mv h~ cm F at p nd F mvvm ~ha k n'd|dpfdp h ee hf m fd o d k ~ v a k fak~pncd vt p cm cd g m ch~h n d cm nd f hv hakm ~ ~ m}td d +

0+ Cm Fatp nd fmvvm~hak m nd`at~d Hd pd}tdpmk~ dk fakvhndpmk~ }td2

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M ~~d knt }td c 'd k vdo `cd n dv pd zak vdv # pdz phvd v nmkv c'm ppd ~ n d faknmo km~ha k # }t 'd k cd ~ce hk ~h odf a ku hf ~h ak # o m g hv ~p m~ v d ~b tp dv f ao z a vm k ~ cm f a tp n 'm vv hv dv n 'm z zd c# v ~m ~t m k~ n m kv cm f ak ~hk t h~d n d v n d `m ~v h ~u a~d vd fpd ~ d ~ h ~ o }ba ph~d }tm chehd d nd v ndt | ~hd pv# a k ~ nakk d mt| }t dv~hak v vtp cm ft czm`hch~d za vhd vf a ~hea po do d k~ m t n hv za vh~he n d c m n d fh vha k n d p dk ua h d ~ v ato hv dv h~ c m n hv ft v vh ak n d v z mp ~h dv 9] td va k~ m hk vh vm ~hv em h~d v cd v n hvz avh~ha kv n d H'm p~hn d 5 nd cm F akudk ~hak n d vm ~cud gmpn d nd v n pa h~v n dH'la oo d d ~ nd v c h`d p~d v eak nm od k~m cd v# vt p H 'd |hg dk fd n 'tk z pan v d }t h~m `cd # n dv capv } td va k~ mvvt pd vH'h~hea po m~ha k z pd mcm `cd n dv f lm ~9g dv ak nm k~ H'm ff tvm ~ha k# Hd ch`pd d |d pfhfd n dv n pa h~v n d cm n peed kvd d ~ cmg mp mk ~hd n d H 'h o zm p~hm ch~ d n d vbt g dv 9N'a hc h c vt h~ } td Hd o }x dk k d vm tpm h~ d ~pd m ff td hcc h 9

6+ Nmkv cd zpafdv nt pd}tdpmk~# dk mzzdc# Hd btpx ndumh~ pdzaknpd m ndt| }tdv~hakv# ch dccddvfaood vth~2

= / Ccmfftv EPMTO DKV N muhn dv~/h~ fatzm`cd n 'm ua hp # h ~ Vm hk ~/N dk hv ,P dt kha k( Hd ="bmkuhdp0 ::= # ~d k~d n d n ak kd p u aca k~m hpd od k~ cm o ap~ h ~ N M +# cm nh~d ~d k~m ~hu d# o mk hed v~d d z mp t k f ao o dk fd od k~n 'd |d ft ~ha k# k 'm xm k~ o mk }t d va k d hed ~ } t'd k pm hva k n d f hpf ak v~m kfd v hk nd zd kn mk ~d v n d cm ua ca k~d n d va km~~~d~~p 1 P dz ak vd 2 a th h ~ cm o }ba ph~d n d n h| ua h| m ~- o ahkv +0 /Cm ~ d k ~m ~ hu d v z d f hb hd d f h /n d v v tv m / ~ / d c c d d ~d f aoo hv d m u d fz p do dn h~ m~ ha k 1 P dz akvd 2 at h h ~ c m o } ba p h~ dn d n h| ua h| m ~- o ahk v+

Vth~d m fd udpnhf~# tkd zdhkd nd ~pdk~d mkv edpodv m d~d hkechgdd mt pd}tdpmk~# M katudmt# mtftkdoa~hum~hak kd zdt~ d~pd hvacdd zatp btv~hehdp cmnh~d zdhkd+

C'mppd~ d~ cm chv~d ndv ]tdv~hakv d~ pdzakvdv kd fak~hdk~ mtftkd mt~pd }tdv~hak zavdd mt btpxfakfdpkmk~ Hd pd}tdpmk~+ Cdv }tdv~hakv 6 d~ > fakfdpkmhdk~ cd epdpd nt pd}tdpmk~# ]tmk~ m cmftczm`hch~d# mtftkd oa~hum~hak k'dv~ nakf hkvfph~d nmkv c'mppd~ fphohkdc nd faknmokm~hak+

Zmp fakvd}tdk~# Hd pd}tdpmk~ k'm# m c'ldtpd mf~tdccd# mtftkd fakkmhvvmkfd ndv dcdodk~vnd~dpohkmk~v zatp cdv}tdcv hc m d~d faknmokd zmp cdv btphnhf~hakv pdzpdvvhudv epmkfmhvdv# Hfh#c'd|hgdkfd nd oa~hum~hak vd emh~ vdk~hp fakfpd~dodk~ d~ pdud~ tkd hozap~mkfd fakvhndpm`cd zatpc'd}th~d nd cm zpafdntpd+ Dk deed~# ut }td Hd pd}tdpmk~ nmod vak hkkafdkfd d~ }t'hc m d~d mf}th~~ddk hkv~mkfd# c'hozpdvvhak }th vd ndgmgd nd fd~~d ndfhvhak dv~ tkd hozpdvvhak n'hkbtv~hfd d~n'mp h~pmhpd / mudpd at kak+ F'dv~ mtvvh tkd hozavvh`hch~d nd faozpdknpd zatp}tah cd pd}tdpmk~ md~d faknmokd# Tkd btv~d d~ kapomcd faozpdldkvhak nt udpnhf~ zatppmh~ zatp~mk~ v'mudpdpvmct~mhpd mehk nd vd emhpd tkd pmhvak# at mehk nd zatpvthupd tk fao`m~ btnhfhmhpd d~ vafhd~mc uhvmk~ memhpd pdfakkmh~pd tkd m`vdkfd nd ftczm`hch~d# Dk at~pd# Hd zdtzcd epmkfmhv# mt kao nt}tdc H'mppd~dv~ pdknt# odph~d dgmcdodk~ nd vmuahp zatp}tah c'mzzmpdhc btnhfhmhpd m faknmokd catpndodk~ tknd vdv odo pdv+ k dk um nd cm kdfdvvmhpd hkeapom~hak n'hk~dpd~ gdkdpmc }td Hd zt`chf dv~ dk npah~nd pdfcmodp nd vdv mt~aph~dv d~m~h}tdv+ Dkehk# c'm vdkfd nd oa~hum~hak m `hmhvd c'd|dpfhfd nd uahdvnd pdfatpv / }td fd vah~ dk mzzdc at dk fmvvm~hak# fd~~d ndpkhdpd btphnhf~hak mxmk~ ~pmkfld vmkvphdk vmuahp ndv nakkddv emf~tdccdv# emhvmk~ nakd c'hozmvvd vtp ndv fak~paudpvdv n' apnpd btphnh}td}th mtpmhdk~ zt d~pd ndfdcddv vh cm ~dkdtp ndv ndch`dpm~hakv nt btpx mumhdk~ d~d fakktdv ndv fakvdhcvnt pd}tdpmk~#Fdv fakvhndpm~hakv k'ak~ zmv d~d zphvdv dk fakvhndpm~hak nmkv c'apnpd btphnh}td hk~dpkd+ Zatp cdpd}tdpmk~# fd k'dv~ zmv mffdz~m`cd+ HH v'mgh~# vdcak cth# n'tkd uhacm~hak nd c'mp~hnd 5+= nd cm FDNL+

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Dk deed~# c'mp~hfcd 5+= nd cm FDNL nhvzavd }td2

>+ Cd pd}tdpmk~ meehpod }td c'mp~hfcd 5+= nd cm FDNL fak~hdk~# u hm tkd btphvzptndkfdhk~dpzpd~m~hud# tkd d|hgdkfd nd oa~hum~hak ndv ndfhvhakv nd btv~hfd# zatp }td fdv ndpkhdpdv vahdk~pdkntdv nmkv cd pdvzdf~ ndv v~mknmpnv nt zpafdv d}th~m`cd+

^ at ~d z dp v ak kd m n pa h~ h~ f d } td vm fm tvd va h~ d k~d kn ~cd d }t h~m `cd o dk ~# z t` ch} td o dk ~ d ~ n mk v t k n dcm hpm hva kkm` cd # z m p tk ~ph`t km c hk nd zdk nmk ~ d ~ ho zmp ~hm c # H~m ` ch z m p cm ca h# } t h n d f hn d pm # va h~ n d vf ak ~d v~m ~ha kv vt p vd v n pa h~v d ~ a `chg m~ha kv n d f m p m f h d p d f hu hc # va h~ nt ` hdk ea kn d n d ~a t~d mfft vm ~ha k d ko m ~hd pd z dk mcd n hp hg dd f ak ~pd d chd + Cd btg do dk ~ n ah~ ~~pd pd kn t z t` ch}t do dk ~# o mhv c 'm f fd v nd cm vm c cdn 'mt nhdk fd z dt ~ d ~pd hk ~d pn h~ h~ cm z pd vvd d ~ m ~c zt `chf z dkn mk ~ cm ~a ~m ch~c A ~~ t kd z mp ~hd nt zpan v n mk vc 'hk ~cpd ~ n d cm o a pm ch~c # n d c 'a pn pd z ~~` chf A ~~ nd cm v d ft p h~ d k m ~h ak m cd n m k v t k d v a fh d~ c n doa f pm ~h }~ ~d # capv}tdcd v hk ~cp d~v n dv o hk dt pv A ~~ cm z pa ~d f~ha k n d cm u hd zp hu dd n dv zm p~hd v m ~c z p an v c 'd |hg dk ~# A ~c nm kv cm o d vt pb ~~ g d d v ~p h f~ dodk ~ k d f d v v m h p d z mp Hd ~p h` tk mc# ca pv }t d n mk v n dv f hp fa kv~m kf dv v zd fhm cd v c m z ~c` chf h~d v dp mh~ n dkm~tpd h~ z ap ~d p m ~~d hk ~d m t| hk ~d pd ~v n d cmbtv ~ hfd +

Fd~ mp~hfcd m d~d hk~dpzpd~d zmp cm btphvzptndkfd nd cm FDNL faood hkedpmk~ tkd oa~hum~hakmnd}tm~d ndv ndfhvhakv nd btv~hfd+ C'mppd~ PTHR ^APHBM fak~pd Dvzmgkd c'd~m`ch~# nmkv cm chgkdd ndc'mppd~ UMK ND LTPI fak~pd Zmxv/@mv# nmkv tk m~~dknt fdcd`pd d~ fakehpod zmp cm btphvzptndkfdnd cm Fatp2

08+ Cm Fa t p p m zz d cc d } ~c d c 'm p ~h fc d 5 zmp + = ,mp ~ + 5/=( a` c hgd c d v ~ p h ` kkm h a 2 h ~ o a ~ hu d p c d h m v ndf hv hakv #o m hv } ~c 'h c k d z d~ ~~ v d f ao z pd k np d f a oo d d |h gd m k~ m k d p dz a kv d n d ~m hcc hd h ~ f `m } ~ m p9 g~ co d k ~, ua hp c 'm pp d~ U m kn d Ltpd f + Z mx v/@ mv n ~c =8 m u/phH=88> # vd p hd M k 0


7/12

Cdv zpaedvvdtpv Bmf}tdv UDCT d~ Ptvdk DPGDF kd nhvdk~ zmv mt~pd flavd2 Cd npah ~ m t k z pa nvd }t h~m `cd d |hgd # d k pd ghd # } td cd v bt gd od k~v vf hd k~ o a~hud v+ Cd z phk fhz d vd f ao zp dk n mhvdodk~ + Cd b~c v~hf hm `c d v dzdphah2 n dv } td cm btv ~hfd m d Kem h~d d ~ } td cd v o }xd kv mp ~hf ~~cd v ak ~ h~d d |m ohk dv z mp c d _ +t gd + D k a t~p d# H'd ka kf hm ~ha kn dv z ahk ~v n d n pa h~ a t n d em h~ vt p cd v} td cv cd _+t gd v'd v~ e ak nd # n ah~ o d ~~pd Hdbt v~hf hm `cd m o d od n 'd um ct dp vd v f lm kf dvn d p df at pv + Cm o a ~hu m~ha k d v~ n ak d t k d cho d k~ n d ~p mk vz mpd kfd n d cm bt v~hf d# hk ld pd k~ m ~ at ~ mf ~ dbt ph n hf ~ hakkd - + G +UDCT d~ P+ DPGDF# Cm F ak ud k~ha k d tpa zd dk kd n d vm tu dg mpn d n dv n pa h~v n d c'la o od # @pt|dccdv# @ptxcmk~#=88:# z+ >=7


8/12

oa~hum~hak nd cm ndfhvhak nt btpx pdvhnmh~ nmkv cdv pdzakvdv meehpom~hudv mt| }tdv~hakv vthumk~dv 2

]tdv~hak k 04 /EMH^ ZPHKFHZMC^M\]TD^ Phflmpn# mfftvd hfhzpdvdk~# dv~/hc fatzm cd#Faood mt~dtp at famt~dtp nd H'hkepmf~hak+N'muahp m Chdgd# cd =< bthccd~ =88=# uacak~mhpdodk~# mudf c'hk~dk~hak nd nakkdp cm oap~# faoohv tklaohfhnd vtp cm zdpvakkd nd YFM+_ 1]tdv~hak k 05/FHPFAKV^MKFDMGGPMUMK^D#'C 'laohfhnd uacak~mhpd mudf c'hk~dk~hak nd nakkdp cm oap~ pdzphv m cm }tdv~hak zpdfdndk~d m/~/hc ldfaoohv mudf zpdodnh~m~hak1]tdv~hak kA07 /EMH^ ZPHKFHZMC^M\]TD^ Phflmpn# mfftvd hfh zpdvdk~# dv~/hc fatzm`cd#Faood mt~dtp at famt~dtp nd H 'hkepmf~hak+N'muahp m Chdgd# Hd =< bthccd~ =88=# uacak~mhpdodk~# mudf c'hk~dk~hak nd nakkdp cm oap~# ~dk~d ndfaood~~pd tk laohfhnd vtp cm zdpvakkd nd Y= + O/L(# cm pdvact~hak nd faood~~pd cd fphod mxmk~ d~domkhedv~dd zmp ndv mf~dv d|~dphdtpv }th eapodk~ tk faoodkfdodk~ n'd|dft~hak nd fd fphod d~ }th k 'ak~d~d vtvzdkntv at k 'ak~ omk}td cdtp deed~ }td zmp ndv fhpfakv~mkfdv hkndzdknmk~dv nd cm uacak~d ndH 'mt~dtp 1]tdv~hak k 0< / FHPFAKV^MKFD MGGPM UMK^D#'Cm ~dk~m~hud n'laohfhnd uacak~mhpd mudf c'hk~dk~hak nd nakkdp cm oap~ pdzphvd m cm }tdv~hak zpdfdndk~dm/~/dccd d~d faoohvd mudf zpdodnh~m~hak1

Nmkv cd navvhdp ^M\]TD^# cm @dcgh}td v'dv~ emh~ faknmokdp zmp cm Fatp dtpazddkkd ndv npah~v ndc'laood zatp uhacm~hak nd c'mp~hfcd 5+= nd cm FDNL+ Cm Fatp pmzzdccd nmkv tk zpdohdp ~dozvc'a`chgm~hak fcmvvh}td nd oa~hudp cdv ndfhvhakv nd btv~hfd2

>: + Cm Fa t p p mz z dc Hd } t d# v dc ak v m bt ph vz p~ ~n d kf d f a kv ~m k ~d # cd v n d fh vh ak vbt n hf hm hp d v n a hu d k~ h kn h} m dp n dom k hd pd v ~h ee hv mk ~d c dv oa ~ he v v t p cdv}md cv n hd v vdea kn dk ~+ C 'd ~d kn td n d f d n du ahp zd t~ u mp hd p vd ca k cm k m~t pdn d cm n df hv ha k d ~ n ah~ v 'm km ex vd p h~ c m c to h d pd n d v f hp fa k v~ mk f dv n d f `m }t d d vz df d , mp ph ~v P thR ^ aphhm d ~ L h pa@ mcmk h f + D vzmgkd n ~~ 8 ndfdo`~ =88># 08 d ~ 07 pd vzdf ~hu do dk ~# vd p hd M kA v6:6/M d ~ 6:6/@ d ~L hgg hk v d ~ mt ~pd v f + E pmkfd n =8b dup hdp =880# P df ~cd hc = 88


9/12

6+ Ap# d k H 'd vz d fd # cm e a po t cm ~ha k n d v } t dv ~ha k v z a v d d v m t b~~p x e~m h~ ~d ccd } td Hd p d} tepm k~ e~m h~ eck ne m vdz cm hk n pd } ~~'hc h gk a pm h~ cd v o a ~h ev z a tp c dv }t d cv hc m um h~ ee e p dz a kn t z a v h~ hu do d k ~ m f lm f t kd n d f d cc dv /n # m ca p v} t'hc k hm h~ ~at ~d ho zchfm ~hak z dpva kk dccd nm kv cd v em h~v pd zpa flev + Cm Fatp dv~ho d }td fd v pd zak vd vc mfak h}tdv m n dv } td v~ha kv e cp ot ced v n d o m khd pd u mg td d ~ gek ep mcd a k~ z t n ak kd p m t p d} tep mk ~ H'ho z pd vv ha kn 'tkd bt v ~hf d m p` h~pm hpd d ~ z dt ~pmk vzm pdk ~d + Vmkv mt o ahkv tk pdvto e nd v z phkf hzm cd v pm hvak v zatpcd v} t dccd v cm f at p n 'm vv hv dv v 'd v~ n ef cm ped f a ku mh kf td n d c m f tc zm `h ch~e n t p d} t ep mk ~# f dct h k 'e~ mh~ z m v m odo dnd fao zpdkn pd / d ~ nakf n 'm ffdz ~d p / cm n df hv ha k n d cm b tphn hf ~ha k + F dcm pd ud ~ ~at ~d vak ho zap~mk fd dkpm hvak nt em h~ }t d Hd bt px kd ~pmk fld zm v vtp `m vd n ~~ na vvhd p o mhv vt p `mvd nd fd } ~~'hc m dk ~d kn ~~ mH 'm tn hd kf d+ HH d v~ n ak f ho za p~m k~# n mk v ~hk va tfh n 'd |z ch} ~~d p Hd ud pn hf ~ m H 'm ff tv e o m hv m tv vh m H 'azhkhakz t` ch} td # m t zd tz cd ((# m ~~ k ao nt }t dc em n dm vha k d v~ pd kn td # n d o d~~pd d k m um k~ cd v f ak vhn dpm ~ha kv } tha k ~ f a ku mh kf t H db tp x n d cm f tcz m `hch~d A ~~ n d c'hk k af dk fd n d H 'm ff tv d d ~ n 'hk n h} ~~d p c dv p mhv ak v f ak fp d~d vzA ccpcd v} ccd ccd v h c m e~e p ez a kn t z a vh~hu d od k ~ := = k egm ~ h udodk ~ h~ f lm f t kd n d v } t d v~ ha k v+

Cd pd}tdpmk~ ndodk~ d~pd c'mt~dtp nd c'hkepmf~hak nak~ hcdv~ mfftvd+

Vth~d m fd pmhvakkdodk~# cm @dcgh}td m d~d faknmokdd zatp uhacm~hak nd c'mp~hfcd 5+= nd cm FDNL+Vtp cd zahk~ nd cm oa~hum~hak# cd fmv n'dvzdfd ^M\]TD^ fak~pd @dcgh}td zpdvdk~d nd kao`pdtvdvvhohch~tndv mudf cd fmv nt pd}tdpmk~# Dk deed~# nmkv cdv ndt| fmv 2

Cfudpnhf~ vtp = m ftczm`hch~d k'fv~ zmv oa~hud+

Cd pd}tdpmk~ dv~ faknmokd m tkd catpnd zdhkd nd zphvak mt ~dpod n'tk zpafdv n'mvvhvdv#mzpdv vm faozmpt~hak ndumk~ tk btpx+

Tk emh`cd kao`pd nd }tdv~hakv cmfakh}tdv vak~ zavddv mt btpx / nt ~xzd 2 c'mfftvd dv~/hcfatzm cd at kak nd fd emh~# mudf ~dccd fhpfakv~mkfd mggpmumk~d# d~f+ 1 HH x dk m }tm~pd zatp^M\]TD^# ndt| zatp cd pd}tdpmk~#

Ndv pdzakvdv cmfakh}tdv vak~ nakkddv / nd ~xzd 2 ath# kak# vmkv zctv nd zpdfhvhak+

Vth~d m c'd|dpfhfd n'tkd uahd nd pdfatpv dk fmvvm~hak# dk pdzakvd mt| a`vdpum~hakv ntpd}tdpmk~# cm btphnhf~hak nd fmvvm~hak dv~hod }td cdv pdzakvdv mt| }tdv~hakv zavddv mt btpx~hdkkdk~ chdt nd oa~hum~hak vteehvmk~d d~# zmp~mk~# }td c'mppd~ nd faknmokm~hak pdvzdf~d cdzpdvfph~ nd c'mp~hfcd 5 nd cm FDNP+

Cd pd}tdpmk~ kd vmh~ zmv zatp }tdccd pmhvak hcm d~d faknmokd# Cd pd}tdpmk~ kd fakkmh~ zmvcd at cdv dcdodk~v ndfhvhev }th ak~ emh~ }td cd btpx m ~pmkfld nmkv tk vdkv at nmkv tk mt~pd+

"""

Fakfdpkmk~ cm oa~hum~hak ndv ndfhvhakv nd btv~hfd# ak zdt~ meehpodp }td cd fmv nt pd}tdpmk~ dv~dkfapd zctv gpmud }td fdcth nd ^M\]TD^# ut }td cd zpdohdp mumh~ d~d mf}th~~d dk zpdohdpdhkv~mkfd+


10/12

HHC Vm~hvemf~hak d}th~m`cd d|fhzdd nd Zmp~hfcd >= nd cm FDNL=+ Vdcak c'mp~hfcd >= nd cm Fakudk~hak2

V h cm Fa t p n d fc mp d } t 'h cx m d t u ha cm ~ha k n d cm F a ku dk ~ha k a t n d vd v Z p a~a fa cd v# d ~ v h c d n pa h~ hk ~d pk d n d cmL m t ~d Z m p~ hd f ak ~p mf ~m k ~d k d z d po d ~ n 'd ee mf dp } t'h o zm ~e mh ~d o d k~ c d v f a kv d }m d k fd v n d f d~~ d u ha cm ~h ak # cmF a tp m ff ap nd m cm z m p~ hd c dv dd # v' h cx m c h d # ~ hk d v m ~h he m f~ ha k d } ~ ch ~m ` c d+

0+ Zmpoh cdv dcdodk~v zphv dk fakvhndpm~hak zmp cm Fatp# capv}t'dccd v~m~td dk cm om~hdpd# ehgtpdk~ cdnaoomgd om~dphdc# f'dv~/m/nhpd cdv zdp~dv deedf~hudodk~ vt`hdv dk fakvd}tdkfd nhpdf~d nd cmuhacm~hak mccdgtdd# d~ cd naptptmgd oapmc# f'dv~/m/nhpd cm pdzmpm~hak nd c'd~m~ n'mkgahvvd# ndvndvmgpdodk~v d~ ndv hkfdp~h~tndv pdvtc~mk~ nd fd~~d uhacm~hak# mhkvh }td n'mt~pdv naptptmgdv kakom~dphdcv+Dk at~pd# capv}td cdv nhudpv dcdodk~v fakv~h~tmk~ cd zpdbtnhfd kd vd zpd~dph~ zmv m tk fmcftc d|mf~ /at }tmkn cm nhv~hkf~hak dk~pd naptptmgd om~dphdc d~ naptptmgd oapmc vd pdudcd nheehfhcd /# = m Fatpzdt~ dgmcdodk~ d~pd modkdd m cdv d|mohkdp gca mcdodk~+6+ Cm pd}tdpmk~ v'dk pdod~ m cm Fatp zatp H'dumctm~hak ndv naoomgdv vt`hv+ ==cth ndomknd ndzpdknpd dk fakvhndpm~hak cd emh~ }t'hc m ~atbatpv nmod vak hkkafdkfd d~ }t'm c'ldtpd mf~tdccd#mtftkd oa~hum~hak k'm d~d nakkdd mcm catpnd vdk~dkfd }th v'dv~ m`m~~td vtp cth / ~pdk~d mkv ndzphvak edpod zatp tkd ~dk~m~hud nd odtp~pd# fd }th k'dv~ zmv kdgchgdm`cd# d~ zdt~ vdo`cdpa`bdf~hudodk~ d|fdvvhe+

Y +++ _ D k pd um kfl d# o do d v 'hc d v~ n heehf hcd n d c 'd um ct dp # Hd pd }~cd pm k~ m hk fa k~d v~m `cd od k~ vt `h ~hk ~a p~o apm c d k pm hvak nd fd o mk}td odk ~ Ym c'mp~hfcd 5 nd = m FDNL_+ V~m ~tmk ~ dk d}t h~d # fao o d cd ud ~ c ~c 'mp~hfcd >= # cm F at p ct h m ccatd nakd cm vao od nd >::: DT P

Cm Fao m n'mhccdtpv ndbm nakkd tkd dv~hom~hak nt oak~mk~ nd cm vm~hvemf~hak d}th~m`cd ndumk~hk~dpudkhp dk fmv n'm`vdkfd nd oa~hum~hak n'tk mppd~ n'mvvhvdv# nmkv c'meemhpd ^M\]TD^# 8= ~~ce hkd2

Cd pd}tdpmk~ dumctd vak zpazpd naoomgd m 4+:::#:: +>+ Fakfdpkmk~ cdv epmhv d~ ndzdkv nt pd}tdpmk~# V n ak cm bt phvz pt nd kf d n d cm F a tp # t k pd }~cd pm k~ k d zd ~h~a `~ dk hp Hd p do ` a tp vd o d k~ n d v dve hk hv d ~ n d zd kv } t d n mk v c m o d vt pd A ~'cv d ~p at ud k~ d ~m ` ch v c dt p p dm ch ~d # c dt p k df dv vh ~hd ~ hd f m p m m d p d pm hvakkm` cd nd cdt p ~mt| ,ua hp # z m p d|do zcd # Dk ~pd z phvd v Pa`d p ~ N dc`pm vv hk d VM + d ~ mt ~pd vf + @ d cg h} t d# k > 80 :> !8 8# 64# p b~chc cd ~ 0::> # d ~ @ a~~mR he' f + H ~m chd YG F_# k 6>


11/12

5+ Dk fakvd}tdkfd# cd pd}tdpmk~ pdfcmod cdv vaoodv vthumk~dv 2

>+:::#:: m ~h~pd nd vm~hvemf~hak d}th~m`cd mt vdkv nd c'mp~hfcd >= nd cm FDNL# 7+4::#:: m ~h~pd nd epmhv d~ ndzdkv# vatv pdvdpud n'dumctm~hak tc~dphdtpd ndumk~ d~pd

eatpkhd nmkv cd et~tp d~# Hd fmv dfldmk~# mumk~ ~at~ nd`mp ndumk~ cm Fatp# nmkv cdpdvzdf~ nt zphkfhzd fak~pmnhf~ahpd+

Cd ~at~ ombapd n'hk~dpd~v oapm~ahpdv m eh|dp zmp cm Fat~a

"""

Katv uatv pdodpfhakv nd `hdk uatcahp fakvhndpdp cm zpdvdk~d fapkod zcmhk~d hk~panth~d mtzpdv ndua~pd btphnhf~hak hk~dpkm~hakmcd h~ c'dkfak~pd nd cm PDZT@CH]TD EPMK{MHVD d~ nd katv emhpdzmpudkhp tk eapotcmhpd nd pd}td~d }td katv uatv pd~atpkdpakv ntpkdk~ faozcd~d+

Katv uatv pdodpfhakv zatp cdv `akv vahkv }td uatv mzzap~dpdr h~ c'dkpdghv~pdodk~ nd cm zpdvdk~d#

Zatp cm VZPC OHVVAK# @tpdmt n'muafm~vCtf HuHHVVAK d~ Chakdc I+MDKV

Nmkv c'm~~dk~d nd uatv chpd# katv uatv zphakv n'mgpddp# Oakvhdtp cd Gpdeehdp# c'd|zpdvvhak nd kavvdk~hodk~v nhv~hkgtdv+

=0


12/12

Navvhdp nd zhdfdv / Hkudk~mhpdFatp dtpazddkkd ndv npah~v nd H'lapkod

F Ahcd + " EPMTODKV ! PDZT@CH]TD EPMKF2?MHVD

=+ Mppd~ nd cm Fatp nd fmvvm~hak nd Epmkfd nt 8 ndfdo`pd 0::8 / > zmgdv+0+ Odoahpd mozchm~he nt pd}tdpmk~ ndumk~ cm Fatp nd fmvvm~hak nd Epmkfd / 8 zmgdv+6+ Mppd~ fphohkdc nd cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv n'mzzdc nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cm Pdtkhak nt 6 af~a`pd

0::< / > zmgdv+>+ ]tdv~hakv d~ pdzakvdv nt udpnhf~ pdknt zmp cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv n'mzzdc nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd

cm Pdtkhak cd 6 af~a`pd 0::< / 0 zmgdv+4+ Mppd~ nd ndza~ nd cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv n'mzzdc nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cm Pdtkhak nt 6 af~a`pd0::< / 0 zmgdv+5+ Zpafdv/udp`mc ndv nd`m~v nd cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv n'mzzdc nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cm Pdtkhak ndv 6:

vdz~do`pd# ="# 0 d~ 6 af~a`pd 0::< ,% ^hpmgd nt btpx nd btgdc==dk~(/ =7 zmgdv+7+ ]tdv~hakv d~ pdzakvdv nt udpnhf~ pdknt zmp cm Fatp n'mvvhvdv nd Vmhk~/Ndkhv nd cm

Pdtkhak cd 7 ndfdpk`pd 0::7# ~hpmgd nt btpx d~ zpafdv udp`mc ndv nd`mpv meedpdk~ m fd~~dzpafdntpd / =4 zmgdv+

PhbdpdccddB n d em V Z P C bS9Y =4V AK @ccpdmt n 'M t a fm ~v " =>

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ECHR : Fraumens v. France : Application