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Echolocation and strategy used by Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus
orca) during foraging.
Echolocation and strategy used by Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus
orca) during foraging.
Wilfredo Santiago BenítezUniversidad Metropolitana
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Wilfredo Santiago BenítezUniversidad Metropolitana
San Juan, Puerto Rico
IntroductionIntroduction
Differences around the world
Specializations
Top Predator
Differences around the world
Specializations
Top Predator
IntroductionIntroduction Research on echolocation and foraging
1. Barrett-Lennard, 1996 - different sonar use
between fish-eating and mammal- eating killer
whales
2. Baird, 2000 - Describe the behavior performed
between residents and transients
Research on echolocation and foraging
1. Barrett-Lennard, 1996 - different sonar use
between fish-eating and mammal- eating killer
whales
2. Baird, 2000 - Describe the behavior performed
between residents and transients
IntroductionIntroduction 3. Baird, 2002 - Concluded that deep dives, rapid
changes on direction and speed and tail-lobbing are
characteristics on foraging behavior on residents
4. Nottestad, 2002 and Au, 2003 - Both agreed that
salmon cannot pick up the echolocation of the whales
and that may be a reason for different on foraging
strategy between orcas from Northwestern
Washington and Norway
3. Baird, 2002 - Concluded that deep dives, rapid
changes on direction and speed and tail-lobbing are
characteristics on foraging behavior on residents
4. Nottestad, 2002 and Au, 2003 - Both agreed that
salmon cannot pick up the echolocation of the whales
and that may be a reason for different on foraging
strategy between orcas from Northwestern
Washington and Norway
IntroductionIntroduction Echolocation - a high-pitched sound (usually clicks) is
sent out by the whale. The sound bounces off the object and some returns to the whale. The whale interprets this returning echo to determine the object's shape, direction, distance, and texture.
Types-
1. Foraging
2. Traveling Clicks Trains - low-frequency clicks (called a train)
produced by the animal that bounces off objects and reflects (echoes) back to the whale.
Echolocation - a high-pitched sound (usually clicks) is sent out by the whale. The sound bounces off the object and some returns to the whale. The whale interprets this returning echo to determine the object's shape, direction, distance, and texture.
Types-
1. Foraging
2. Traveling Clicks Trains - low-frequency clicks (called a train)
produced by the animal that bounces off objects and reflects (echoes) back to the whale.
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Marantz Recorder Model PMD660 Audacity for Macintosh Apple
Operating System. Position Observation Photos Video
Marantz Recorder Model PMD660 Audacity for Macintosh Apple
Operating System. Position Observation Photos Video
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Analyzing clicks - each file consist a minute, each minute was analyzed in Audacity by zooming in and dividing the minute by 5 seconds an area and counted each click
Analyzing clicks - each file consist a minute, each minute was analyzed in Audacity by zooming in and dividing the minute by 5 seconds an area and counted each click
ResultsResults Echolocation clicks:
1. Foraging - Ten minute recording (Oct. 6) had 4,162 clicks (416.2 clicks per minute)
2. Traveling - Ten minute recording (Oct. 21) had 155 clicks (15.5 clicks per minute)
3. Rare pattern of clicks trains observed during foraging but not observed in traveling
Echolocation clicks:
1. Foraging - Ten minute recording (Oct. 6) had 4,162 clicks (416.2 clicks per minute)
2. Traveling - Ten minute recording (Oct. 21) had 155 clicks (15.5 clicks per minute)
3. Rare pattern of clicks trains observed during foraging but not observed in traveling
Figure 2. Print Screen of an echolocation minute recorded on October 6, 2005. This example shows the quantity of clicks in only one minute.
Figure 3. Print screen with a highlighted zone were the pattern of clicks was observed during a minute of a foraging record on October 6, 2005.
HistogramHistogramNumbers of Clicks per Minute (Foraging)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
11:4411:4511:4611:4711:4811:4911:5011:5111:5211:5311:54Time (Minutes)
Numbers of Clicks
Table 1. Numbers of echolocation clicks from 11:44 am to 11:54 of the recording of October 6, 2005.
ResultsResults
Foraging Strategy
1. Males - Offshore (1-2)
2. Females & Calves - Inshore (1-3)
3. Females/ Juveniles - Middle (2-4)
Foraging Strategy
1. Males - Offshore (1-2)
2. Females & Calves - Inshore (1-3)
3. Females/ Juveniles - Middle (2-4)
Coast
Sea
Blue – Adult MaleRed- Females or JuvenilesYellow - Calves
ResultsResults
Blue – Adult MaleRed- Females or JuvenilesYellow - Calves.
Blue – Adult MaleRed- Females or JuvenilesYellow - Calves.
Figure 4. Print screen of an echolocation minute recorded on October 21, 2005. The picture clearly shows the lack of clicks during the entire duration on the minute.
HistogramHistogramNumbers of Clicks per Minute (Traveling)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
12:2412:2512:2612:2712:2812:2912:3012:3112:3212:33Time (minute)
Numbers of Clicks
Table 2. Numbers of echolocation clicks from 12:24 pm to 12:33 pm from October 21,
2005.
ConclusionConclusion
Echolocation clicks - used more during foraging than traveling
Pattern of clicks trains observed more during foraging
Foraging strategy - at least three types of groups were observed during foraging
Echolocation clicks - used more during foraging than traveling
Pattern of clicks trains observed more during foraging
Foraging strategy - at least three types of groups were observed during foraging
Comparison of Average Echolocation Clicks per Minute based on Behaviors
416.2
15.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Foraging Traveling
Behaviors
Numbers of clicks
ReferenceReference Au, W.W.L., J.K.B. Ford, J.K. Horne and K.A. Newman-Allman. 2003. Echolocation signals of free-ranging killer
whales (Orcinus orca)and modeling of foraging for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115 (2). February, 2004.
Baird, R.W. 2000. The killer whale- foraging specializations and group hunting. Pages 127-153 in Cetecean societies: field studies of dolphins and whales. Edited by J. Mann, R.C. Connor, P.L. Tyack and H. Whitehead. University of Chicago Press.
Baird, R.W., M.B. Hanson, E.E. Ashe, M.R. Heithaus and G.J. Marshall. 2002. Studies of foraging in “southern resident” killer whales during July 2002: Dive depths, burst in speed, and the use of a “crittercam” system for examining subsurface behavior. Report for the NMML, NMFS. February 28, 2003.
Barrett-Lennard, L.G., J.K.B. Ford, and K.A. Heise. 1996. The mixed blessing of echolocation: differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales. Animal Behaviour. 51:553-565.
Domenici, P., R.S. Batty, and T. Simila, and E. Ogam. 2000. Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on schooling heering (Clupea harengus) using underwater tail-slaps: Kinematics analyses of field observations. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203:283-294.
Nøttestad, L., A. Fernö, and B.E. Axelsen. 2002. Digging in the deep: killer whales’ advanced hunting tactic. Polar Biology 25:939-941.
Au, W.W.L., J.K.B. Ford, J.K. Horne and K.A. Newman-Allman. 2003. Echolocation signals of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca)and modeling of foraging for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115 (2). February, 2004.
Baird, R.W. 2000. The killer whale- foraging specializations and group hunting. Pages 127-153 in Cetecean societies: field studies of dolphins and whales. Edited by J. Mann, R.C. Connor, P.L. Tyack and H. Whitehead. University of Chicago Press.
Baird, R.W., M.B. Hanson, E.E. Ashe, M.R. Heithaus and G.J. Marshall. 2002. Studies of foraging in “southern resident” killer whales during July 2002: Dive depths, burst in speed, and the use of a “crittercam” system for examining subsurface behavior. Report for the NMML, NMFS. February 28, 2003.
Barrett-Lennard, L.G., J.K.B. Ford, and K.A. Heise. 1996. The mixed blessing of echolocation: differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales. Animal Behaviour. 51:553-565.
Domenici, P., R.S. Batty, and T. Simila, and E. Ogam. 2000. Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on schooling heering (Clupea harengus) using underwater tail-slaps: Kinematics analyses of field observations. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203:283-294.
Nøttestad, L., A. Fernö, and B.E. Axelsen. 2002. Digging in the deep: killer whales’ advanced hunting tactic. Polar Biology 25:939-941.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Beam Reach Program Board and Instructors -Dr. Scott Veirs, Dr. Val Veirs, Michael Dougherty
USDA Public Service Leaders Scholarship. Captain Todd Schuster -Gato Verde Sailing Adventures Mrs. Leslie Veirs, Dr. Annie Reese, and Liam Reese My peers- Brett Becker, Celia Barroso, Laura Christoferson, Nicole Lee,
and Courtney Kneipp. Dr. Robin W. Baird Dr. Richard Osborne - The Whale Museum Dr. Fred Felleman Kenneth C. Balcomb III - The Center of Whale Research Dr. David Bain Judy Mickel, Kevin Wood, Bob McLaughlin, and Rachael Griffin My family & friends To my late friend, Adamaris
Beam Reach Program Board and Instructors -Dr. Scott Veirs, Dr. Val Veirs, Michael Dougherty
USDA Public Service Leaders Scholarship. Captain Todd Schuster -Gato Verde Sailing Adventures Mrs. Leslie Veirs, Dr. Annie Reese, and Liam Reese My peers- Brett Becker, Celia Barroso, Laura Christoferson, Nicole Lee,
and Courtney Kneipp. Dr. Robin W. Baird Dr. Richard Osborne - The Whale Museum Dr. Fred Felleman Kenneth C. Balcomb III - The Center of Whale Research Dr. David Bain Judy Mickel, Kevin Wood, Bob McLaughlin, and Rachael Griffin My family & friends To my late friend, Adamaris
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